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Role of Benthic Amphipods in Antarctic Trophodynamics: a Multidisciplinary Study

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Role of Benthic Amphipods in Antarctic Trophodynamics: a Multidisciplinary Study Faculté des Sciences Département des Sciences et Gestion de l'Environnement Systématique & Diversité animale UNIVERSITÉ de Liège ROLE OF BENTHIC AMPHIPODS IN ANTARCTIC TROPHODYNAMICS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDY FABIENNE NYSSEN Dissertation presented in fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Sciences 2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 Table of contents CONTENTS AKNOWLEDGEMENTS OBJECTIVES......................................................................................... p. I CHAPTER 1: General Introduction.....................................................p.5 CHAPTER 2: A stable isotope approach to the eastern Weddell Sea trophic web: focus on benthic amphipods. ...................................................................................................................p.51 CHAPTER 3: Trophic position of Antarctic amphipods - enhanced analysis by a 2-dimensional biomarker assay. .................................................................................................................p. 73 CHAPTER 4: Antarctic amphipods feeding habits inferred by gut contents and mandible morphology. ................................................................................................................p.105 CHAPTER 5: Thecrustacean scavenger guild in Antarctic shelf, bathyal and abyssal communities. ................................................................................................................p.139 CHAPTER 6: Amphipods as food sources for higher trophic levels in the southern ocean: a synthesis. ................................................................................................................p.177 CHAPTER 6: General discussion and Conclusions ................................................................................................................p.191 APPENDIX: Biodiversity of the Southern Ocean: a catalogue of the Amphipoda Acknowledgements Cette recherche a été réalisée dans le laboratoire d’océanologie de l’Université de Liège ainsi qu’au sein du laboratoire de carcinologie de l’Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique à Bruxelles. Cette double appartenance, bien que peu évidente à gérer au début sans pour autant me rendre scliizo (à Bruxelles: tiens via la Liégeoise! A Liège: tiens via la Bruxelloise!...) n’a rendu ce travail que plus riche en expériences de vie et professionnelles, en rencontres intéressantes et surprenantes, bref, en tout! Mais le risque d’oublier l’un ou l’autre se voit doublé... Tout d’abord, je voudrais remercier le Professeur Jean-Marie Bouquegneau qui m’a accueillie dans son labo au tout début et qui m’a de ce fait pennis d’accéder aux joies (et aux peines parfois) de la recherche en océanologie. Ensuite, c’est avec plaisir queje remercie ceux qui sont derrière cette thèse depuis sa genèse, mes promoteur et co-promoteur, le Professeur Patrick Dauby et le Dr Claude DeBroyer. Claude, merci de m’avoir ouvert les portes de l’Antarctique, ce lurent deux expériences magnifiques qui a elles seules peuvent effacer sans peine les moins bons côtés d’une thèse et la sueur qu’elle a fait couler sur mon Iront sincèrement merci ! ! Quant à Patrick, pour m’avoir supportée (au sens propre comme au sens figuré... ) sur terre comme sur mer, pour tes conseils, pour ton humour qui me perdra, pour ton soutien dans les moments moins comiques, pour le café du matin (! !) et pour tout le reste, sincèrement MERCI. I am pleased to thank the Dr Thomas Brey, for all he gave me during tiffs thesis. First you did contribute by providing me my first Antarctic samples. A bit later, I had the pleasure to meet you on board Polarstem where I have had the privilege to appreciate your bitter sense of humouf’ and your optimism for all situation (Alles wird sgut! !!!)!!! Maybe ny mind will change when I’ll be under your “authority” next year to carry our Marie Curie Project but I don’t think so... But anyway. THANK YOU! All my gratitude will go also to the other “Gennan contnbution” to tiffs thesis: the Professor Gerard Kattner and more particularly, the Dr. Martin Graeve. Thanks to Acknowledgements liave welcome a messy giri like me in your tidy and so efficient laboratoiy. I learned al lot and did appreciate your kindness and your dispombility. Thanks also to Marco Boer who had “the pleasure” to teach me how to “cook” fatty acids... To go on with Gennany, I’d like to thank those who gave me the opportunities to meet Antarctica: Prof. Wolf Amtz & Prof. Angelika Brandt. Big thank to all the Polarstem “Mannschaft” for his professionalism in resolving all tricky situations and for his kindness. Numerous places have been a bit as homes for me and I thank here all persons who made me feei as if I was home: ny Polarstem roommate in the Blue Cabin: Katja, who also welcomed me at her place every time I had to come to Bremen, I am glad to thank you and your family for the wann atmosphere I had the chance to share. I would like also to say thank you to all the other Gennan and non Gennan mates I had tlie pleasure to share work and to have fun with, from Chile to Antarctica through South Africa: Ute, Eva Kerstin, Felix, Nils, the “Bender team”, Olaf, John, Mike, Louise, Pedro, Mercedes, Julian (thanks for the wonderful pictures). Fani Enrique, Nuria Casey and the others, without forgetting Dieter Gerries and his wife Sabine and Rainer Knust for all they are ! ! Après les relations internationales, j ’en reviens à ma petite Belgique où j’ai aussi des tas de gens à remercier. Pour commencer par l’IRSNB, milliards de milliards de mercis à Pollux et Thierry et Isa et Gauthier pour avoir fait de mon travail à Bruxelles, un plaisir ! ! ! ! Sans oublier d’ajouter qu’un ami comme toi. Polio, ça se garde précieusement ! ! Merci à Henri pour les dépannages ‘supennégaurgentissimesdedemièreminute’ dans de nombreux domaines ! ! ! Je remercie aussi tous les membres de l’IRSNB que j ’ai eu le plaisir de côtoyer : Frank, Pico, Françoise, Laurence, Yves, Julien (merci pour les photos au scan), Ariane, Veerle et bien d’autres encore. Poursuivons par le labo d’océano où j’ai fait mes premiers pas dans la recherche. Acknowledgements Tout d’abord, merci à Gilles pour tous ses conseils, son aide précieuse dans les analyses, ses expressions bien à lui, sa patience à toute épreuve et sa gentillesse. Merci à mes deux expat’, ex-collègues préférées : Rachel et Nadège, on a ri ensemble, on a pleuré aussi ensemble mais, à recommencer, je signe des deux mains. Merci pour votre amitié ! ! Je remercie Sylvie, Krishna, Denis, Virginie, Laure-So, Baptiste (merci pour ton amitié, ton humour parfois douteux haha et pour les foireux lurons que tu as un peu partagé avec moi, on s’est bien «piché» comme tu dis...), Mare, les étudiants, Martine, Isa et Emmanuelle (pour les agréables et comiques pauses de midi) Renzo, JMT, et les autres membres de la famille océano, pour vos conseils (dans tout domaine !), votre disponibilité et votre agréable compagnie au laboratoire. J’en profite car on ne le fait jamais assez dans une vie pour remercier mes parents pour m’avoir pennis d’aboutir, mon frère et ma sœur, pour ce qu’ils m’apportent ma famille pour être ma famille et mes amis pour être restés mes amis ;-) Finalement je voudrais te dire merci Olivier pour tout ce que tu es pour moi, pour tout ce que tu m’apportes (et tout ce que tu as fait pour alléger ces looooongues dernières journées ;-)) et pour notre petit J... qui, par son arrivée, malgré les nausées, les kilos en trop et les coups de pied, m’a donné l’éneigie nécessaire poury arriver.... Ce travail a reçu l’appui financier du Fond de la Recherche pour l’Industrie et l’Agriculture (FRIA) et des Services Fédéraux pour les affaires Scientifiques Techniques et Culturelles (SSTC, Programme antarctique, phases IV et V) OBJECTIVES Objectives The purpose of this work is to assess the ecological roles of amphipod crustaceans in the Southern Ocean and, more particularly, on the continental shelf of the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula. South Georgia Island Scotia Sea.. Fa k and Is ands Elephant Island ^VT¡erra i H del Fuego Drake Passage tJshuaia Weddell Antarctic : Peninsula Within this ecological study, focus has been made on the significance of amphipods in Antarctic trophodynamics through: A systematic determination of gut content composition. The amphipods have been chosen because they cover an extremely wide trophic spectrum; from sampling gathering suspension-feeders such as Ampelisca richardsoni to micropredators such as Epimeria similis , as well as scavengers such as Waldeckia obesa. The species considered in this work are representative of the Antarctic continental shelf amphipod community. 1 Objectives An scan examination of the morphology of the mouthparts and especially of the mandibles in several species, representative of different trophic types. A systematic analysis of stable isotope ratios -S13C and S15N - in all the sampled species in order to estimate and compare their respective trophic position. The isotopic ratios have also been measured in specimens of other benthic groups to investigate the trophic relationships built by amphipods in the Antarctic benthic food web. The determination of the fatty acid composition in several species of amphipods to delineate the trophic links between amphipods and the rest of benthos. This multidisciplinary approach allows tackling the complex problem of amphipod trophic role in the Southern Ocean from different angles, each adding a particular aspect to overall food web picture. The general introduction and results are presented
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