DOCSLIB.ORG

Analysis of the Status of the Hague Cases in North Macedonia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analysis of the Status of the Hague Cases in North Macedonia ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS OF THE HAGUE CASES IN NORTH MACEDONIA Luboten, North Macedonia. Photo: EPA/Georgi Licovski Irena Zdravkova Published by Biljana Volchevska December, 2020 Table of content Introduction 3 Relevant International Documents 7 War crimes and statutory limitations on persecution 7 Amnesty of war crimes 9 Case law of the European Court of Human Rights with regard to amnesty of war crimes 12 Relevant local legislation 17 Domestic legislation related to the statutory limitation on war crimes 17 National legislation with regard to amnesty 17 Transfer of the Hague cases 23 The procedure and status of The Hague cases prior to being taken over by The Hague 23 The process of transferring the cases to the ICTY 27 The process of returning the cases from the ICTY to RNM 33 Taking over the cases from Macedonia after the decision of the Judicial Council of the court in The Hague 35 Conclusions 38 Reflections on the role of the ICTY 38 The Hague cases as a factor for negotiation of the new government 4​1 2 Introduction The armed conflict in the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) officially ended in 2001 with the signing of the Ohrid Framework Agreement,​1 ​ thus reaching an agreement for the complete stop of hostilities, the complete and voluntary disarmament and disbanding of ethnic Albanian armed groups. Regarding war crimes committed during the military conflict, in RNM five cases were initiated in 2002​2.​ These are the following cases: The ‘Mavrovo Road Workers’ case​ refers to the abduction of five road workers from the ​Mavrovo​ construction company, on 7 August 2001, who were tortured for eight hours by members of the NLA (National Liberation Army). The ‘Lipkovo Dam’ case​ refers to the 40-day cease of the flow of drinking water to the city of Kumanovo, by closing the valves of the Kumanovo water supply system at Lipkovo Lake, which at that time was under the control of the NLA, resulting in 120,000 citizens being left without drinking water. The ‘Neproshteno’ case ​includes abduction of 12 civilians in July 2001, by members of the NLA from various locations surrounding Tetovo. In the ‘​NLA Leadership’ case​, the principle of command responsibility was applied, with a combined charge of multiple war crimes, for which the complete leadership of the NLA (10-20 persons) was accused.​3 Finally,t​he ‘Ljuboten’ case ​for war crimes perpetrated in the village of Ljuboten in August 2001 under the leadership of the Minister of the Interior at the time, Ljube Boshkovski, and then member of the MoI, Johan Tarchulovski. 1Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, “Ohrid Framework Agreement”,August 13, 2001, https://www.osce.org/skopje/100622 2 Oliver Stanoeski, “​Transitional Justice in the Republic of Macedonia. 2010-2011 Report​“, Skopje: Centre for Research and Policymaking, 2013, 20-21 3 Vejce case – the killing of members of Macedonian security forces; Brioni case – hotel was blasted together with two guards tied up inside, and the Chelopek case – killing of two civilians. 3 Later, by request of the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY), RNM ​released five cases​ formed against perpetrators of crimes related to the 2001 conflict. On ​4 October, 2002,​ the ICTY passed a formal decision according to which Hague prosecutors took over the first four cases as the competent authority. Two years later, in 2004, the ICTY took over the Ljuboten case as well. Six years after taking the first cases, the ICTY stopped its investigation and in February 2008​, the four cases against NLA members​4 ​ were returned to stand trial before the Macedonian judicial authorities. The Ljuboten case remained within the competence of the ICTY, and on 9 March 2005, the indictment in connection with the investigations in this case was upheld, and a verdict was later handed down​5.​ With regard to the returned cases, the then Chief Prosecutor Carla del Ponte stated that the ICTY had no other choice as the UN Security Council requested that all investigations should be completed by the end of 2007.​6 The cases were returned to the Ministry of Justice, who in 2008, handed them over to the Basic Public Prosecutor’s Office (BPPO). After filing the cases, the BPPO submitted them to the then Investigative Department of the Basic Court Skopje 1. According to the statements given by the Basic Court Skopje 1, the BPPO only submitted three cases​7,​ that is, they never received the NLA Leadership case.​8 ​ On the other hand, the BPPO has stated that the NLA Leadership case was delivered and is currently under investigation in Basic Court Skopje 1.​9 ​ What is known is that 4 ICTY, “​Mavrovo road workers, Lipkovo Dam, Neproshteno and NLA Leadership​”. ICTY, Boškoski & Tarčulovski (IT-04-82), ​https://www.icty.org/en/case/boskoski_tarculovski (accessed, May 14. 2020) 5 ICTY, ​Judgment Summary For Ljube Boškoski and Johan Tarčulovski​, https://www.icty.org/x/cases/boskoski_tarculovski/tjug/en/080710_Boskoski_Tarculovs ki_summary_en.pdf​ (accessed May. 14) 6 Balkan Insight, “​Hague Cases Returned to Macedonia”, ​February 19, 2008, https://balkaninsight.com/2008/02/19/hague-cases-returned-to-macedonia​ (accessed May. 14) 7 Oliver Stanoeski, “​Transitional Justice in the Republic of Macedonia. 2010-2011 Report​“, (Skopje: Centre for Research and Policymaking, 2013), 22. 8 Ibid. 9 Ljubisha Stankovikj, „​The trial begins for the Hague case for the workers of "Mavrovo​“, Utrinski Vesnik, 16 September, 2008. http://www.utrinski.com.mk/?ItemID=4B41D8947CB8794BA3F6C5015F4BD431​ ​(accessed, May 20. 2020) 4 the BPPO filed charges only for the Mavrovo Road Workers case, for which a legal proceeding was initiated.​10 ​ It is assumed that the other two cases remained in investigation proceedings. Regarding the NLA Leadership case, there are no sources as to whether it was handed over to the investigation department in Basic Court 1, or "lost" on the way to the Prosecution and the investigative bodies. One of the assumptions regarding all cases that has been presented both by the media as well as politicians is that with the adoption of the authentic interpretation of the Law on Amnesty, the procedure was terminated in all four cases. However, it is worth noting that towards the end of this research, we did receive an answer from the public prosecutor's office which was rather confusing and opened more questions than it answered. Regarding the status of Lipkovo Dam”, “Neproshteno” and “NLA Leadership” cases, the prosecutor office stated that “no decision has been made by BPPO”. This means that the​ ​amnesty law has not been applied to these cases until now. This is opposite to what has been already for years told in the media, namely that the amnesty law has been applied to all these cases. The purpose of this analysis is to find accurate data on the status of these cases, through the use of tools for obtaining public information. Another purpose is to give a critical review of the shortcomings in the conduct of the state and the ICTY. Despite the efforts to secure the mentioned information from the competent institutions, the general conclusion is that RNM lacks data on the status of the cases before their transfer to the ICTY, as well as a lack of information on the process of the transfer, and the procedure for returning the cases. There is almost no information on the status of the cases after ICTY send them back for deliberation to the national decision-making authorities. BPPO was asked several times about the status of cases sent back to RNM, as well if the Law on Amnesty and the authentic interpretation of the RNM Assembly have been applied to those cases. On 5 October 2020, we received an answer from the BPPO that in the “Lipkovo Dam”, “Neproshteno” and “NLA Leadership” cases, no decision was made. The BPPO informed us that “since the requested data are part of the criminal procedure, and according to the Law on Criminal Procedure all actions taken in the 10 Court hearing held on 1 April, 2010 5 pre-investigation procedure by the public prosecutor or police are considered confidential, we find that the data you requested is not available to the public”​11.​ We would like to emphasize that for the purposes of this document, most of the data was obtained as a result of the cooperation with persons responsible for maintaining the archives of the ICTY, containing information available to the public. Therefore, in the second part of this analysis, which refers to transfer of ICTY cases, we will try to quote or paraphrase the statements of representatives of the institutions. From these statements, we will draw conclusions about the status of the cases at the ICTY and at the national level. Having in mind the assumptions that the cases are "closed” – due to the amnesty for the perpetrators of war crimes, with the adoption of the authentic interpretation of the Assembly – the document will address: issues related to the absence of a statute of limitations for the prosecution of perpetrators of war crimes, amnesty, practice and attitudes of the international courts regarding the amnesty of the perpetrators of war crimes as well as the legislation related to amnesty in RNM. 11 Response to the request for free access to public information, received electronically on 5 October 2020 6 Relevant International Documents War crimes and statutory limitations on persecution International law provides for universal jurisdiction to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes by instituting criminal proceedings before national or international courts. The most common types of international crimes are known to be genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. In this article, we focus on war crimes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COVID-19 in North Macedonia - Update 61
    WHO North Macedonia COVID-19 Update – 24 JUNE 2020 24/6/2020 COVID-19 in North Macedonia - Update 61 In North Macedonia, from Feb 26 to 23 June 2020, 22:00pm CEST, there have been 5,311 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 251 deaths. NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 EPI SITUATION EUROPE COVID-19 SITUATION NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 HEALTH RESPONSE NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT AND RESPONSE SUPPORT TO NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 EMERGENCY WHO SUPPORT TO NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 EMERGENCY WHAT IS [NEW] WEBEX SESSIONS FOR THIS WEEK The world is in a new and dangerous phase. Many people are understandably fed up with being at home. Countries are understandably eager to open up their societies and economies. But the virus is still spreading fast, it’s still deadly, and most people are still susceptible. Over the last 4 days – Data as of 23 June 2020 20:00 - Total tests performed ( % positive) : 1363 (8.7%), 665 (13.2%), 776 (13.0%) and 1364 (13.6%) on Tuesday, Monday, Sunday and Saturday, respectively. - Targeted screening tests (number positive): 77 (0) - New cases: 492 (118, 88, 101 and 185 new cases registered on each day, respectively) - Recovered: 185 COVID-19 patients - Fatalities: 29 new COVID-19 deaths - Hospitalized: 388 patients of which 53 severe on oxygen; (108 in CID and 127 in hospital 8 September) Cumulative registered COVID-19 as of 20 June – 5106 (Incidence rate: 245.8/100,000) – see daily curve - Cases among health workers: 464 (9.1%), of which 261 (56%) recovered, and one death case is registered.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 0 1 8 a N N U a L R E P O
    A N N U A L R E P O R T R E P O R T B Y 2 0 1 8 T H E A T L A N T I C T R E A T Y A S S O C I A T I O N A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 8 A publication of Atlantic Treaty Association Club Prince Albert Rue des Petits Carmes, 20-24 B- 1000 Bruxelles Tel: +32 2 502 31 60 Email: [email protected] Web: www.atahq.org 1 CONTENTS MISSION & VISION FOREWORDS ATA President ATA Secretary General NATO PUBLICATION GENERAL ASSEMBLY BUCHAREST ATA MEMBERS Albania Italy Armenia Lithuania Austria Montenegro Azerbaijan Netherlands Bosnia & Herzegovina North Macedonia Bulgaria Norway Canada Portugal Croatia Romania Estonia Serbia Georgia Slovakia Germany Slovenia Greece Spain Hungary Ukraine Iceland United States (US) Israel 2 MISSION & VISION The Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA) is an organization of 37 national chapters that, since 1954, has been conducting research, analyses, training, education, and information activities on foreign policy, security and defense issues relevant to the Atlantic Alliance. Relying on its extended and highly qualified network, ATA produces top- notch knowledge on strategic themes and promotes a variety of programs and events. ATA initiatives draw together government and institutional authorities, political leaders, decision-makers, diplomats, civilian and military officers, academics, economic actors, media representatives, as well as young professionals and researchers, in an effort to further a cooperative approach to security and international relations. 3 ATA has established cooperation programs with likeminded organizations in countries of the NATO Partnership for Peace, Mediterranean Dialogue and Istanbul Cooperation Initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • Approfondimento N. 12/Maggio 2021
    Approfondimento n. 12/Maggio 2021 TURKEY’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE BALKANS: PAST, PRESENT AND PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE Muhamed Ali Con il sostegno di 1 Summary Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 1. What is considered the Balkans? ......................................................................................... 3 2. Short historical review of Turkish foreign policy towards the Balkans .............................. 4 a) Turkish foreign policy towards the Balkans until 1990 ...................................................... 4 b) Turkish foreign policy towards the Balkans in the 1990s................................................... 7 Turkish-Bulgarian relations .................................................................................................... 8 Turkish-Albanian relations ..................................................................................................... 9 Turkish-Macedonian relations .............................................................................................. 10 Turkish-Greece relations ....................................................................................................... 11 Turkish-Romanian relations.................................................................................................. 12 Turkish-Croatian and Turkish-Slovenian relations ............................................................... 12 Turkish-Yugoslav (Serbian) relations
    [Show full text]
  • With an English Translation
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LX,.D. EDITED BY fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. tW. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. A. POST, M.A. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.r.hist.soc. LIVY XIII BOOKS XLIII—XLV m^( LIYY WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION IN FOURTEEN VOLUMES XIII BOOKS XLIII—XLV TRANSLATED BY ALFRED C. SCHLESINGER, Ph.D. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OP CLASSICS IN OBERLIN COLLEGE LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MCMLI Printed in Great Britain V.I3 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE A FULLER report of the text is given in this vohmie than in the immediately preceding volume. The attempt has been made to present all emendations subsequent to the editio pri?iceps ; but a few repeated misspellings of proper names and similarly obvious corrections are not reported. A few of the emenda- tions of the princeps have been included exempli gratia. The apparatus of Giarratano (Titi Livi Ah Urhe Condita Libri XLI-XLF, Rome, 1933) has been constantly consulted, but not always followed. The maps are intended to show the location of all places mentioned in the volume, if the location is known. Kiepert's Atlas Antiquus has been used in preparing these maps ; places not located by Kiepert have a question-mark following the name. Where the name is spelled by Kiepert in a way conspicuously different from the Livy text, the Kiepert spelling will be found in parentheses in the Index. The map of Rome is taken from O. Richter, Topograpkie der Stadt Rom, Miinchen, Beck, 1901 (Iwan MuUer, Handbuch, III, 3), by kind permission of the pub- lishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Indictment in the Case Boskoski and Tarculovski IT-04-82
    THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Case No.: IT-04-82 THE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL AGAINST LJUBE BOSKOSKI JOHAN TARCULOVSKI INDICTMENT The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, pursuant to her authority under Article 18 of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ("the Statute of the Tribunal"), charges: LJUBE BOSKOSKI JOHAN TARCULOVSKI with VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OR CUSTOMS OF WAR, as set forth below: THE ACCUSED LJUBE BOSKOSKI 1. Ljube BOSKOSKI was born on 24 October 1960 in the town of Tetovo in the Republic of Macedonia of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. From May 2001 until November 2002, Ljube BOSKOSKI was the Minister of Interior of FYROM. At this time, he was a prominent member of the governing political party known as the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity ("VMRO- DPMNE"). JOHAN TARCULOVSKI 2. Johan TARCULOVSKI was born on 17 November 1974 in the city of Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 2001, he was a police officer acting as an Escort Inspector in the President’s Security Unit. His duties included providing personal security for the President. At the same time he was a member of VMRO-DPMNE. INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY Article 7(1) of the Statute of the Tribunal 3. Johan TARCULOVSKI is individually criminally responsible pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Statute of the Tribunal for crimes referred to in Article 3 of the Statute of the Tribunal as alleged in this Indictment, which he committed, ordered, planned, instigated or aided and abetted.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyber Defence Strategy
    Minister Radmila Sekerinska Jankovska CYBER DEFENCE STRATEGY ii Content Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Key challenges for cyber defence of the Republic of North Macedonia ......................... 3 Vision and Mission ........................................................................................................................... 5 Vision ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Mission ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Strategic goals .................................................................................................................................. 5 1. CYBER DEFENCE CAPABILITIES ................................................................................... 7 2. EDUCATION AND TRAINING ......................................................................................... 10 3. COOPERATION AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ........................................ 122 4. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ........................................................... 144 Implementation ............................................................................................................................ 166 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • National Myths in Interdependence
    National Myths in Interdependence: The Narratives of the Ancient Past among Macedonians and Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia after 1991 By Matvey Lomonosov Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts CEU eTD Collection Advisor: Professor Maria Kovács Budapest, Hungary 2012 Abstract The scholarship on national mythology primarily focuses on the construction of historical narratives within separate “nations,” and oftentimes presents the particular national ist elites as single authors and undisputable controllers of mythological versions of the past. However, the authorship and authority of the dominant national ist elites in designing particular narratives of the communal history is limited. The national past, at least in non- totalitarian societies, is widely negotiated, and its interpretation is always heteroglot . The particular narratives that come out of the dominant elites’ “think-tanks” get into a polyphonic discursive milieu discussing the past. Thus they become addressed to alternative narratives, agree with them, deny them or reinterpret them. The existence of those “other” narratives as well as the others’ authorship constitutes a specific factor in shaping mythopoeic activities of dominant political and intellectual national elites. Then, achieving personal or “national” goals by nationalists usually means doing so at the expense or in relations to the others. If in this confrontation the rivals use historical myths, the evolution of the later will depend on mutual responses. Thus national historical myths are constructed in dialogue, contain voices of the others, and have “other” “authors” from within and from without the nation in addition to “own” dominant national ist elite.
    [Show full text]
  • The OSCE Secretariat Bears No Responsibility for the Content of This Document and Circulates It Without Altering Its Content. Th
    The OSCE Secretariat bears no responsibility for the content of this document FSC.EMI/234/20 and circulates it without altering its content. The distribution by OSCE 23 June 2020 Conference Services of this document is without prejudice to OSCE decisions, as set out in documents agreed by OSCE participating States. ENGLISH only Republic of North Macedonia Information Exchange on the Code of Conduct of Politico-Military Aspects of Security May 2020 Section I: Inter-State elements 1. Account of measures to prevent and combat terrorism 1.1 To which agreements and arrangements (universal, regional, sub-regional and bilateral) related to preventing and combating terrorism is your State a party? The lists of multilateral and bilateral agreements the Republic of North Macedonia is a party to are given in Annexes 1, 2 and 3. 1.2 What national legislation has been adopted in your State to implement the above- mentioned agreements and arrangements? Pursuant to Article 118 of the Constitution of Republic of North Macedonia, international agreements ratified in accordance with the Constitution are a part of the internal legal order and cannot be changed by law. The Criminal Code sanctions the following: International terrorism (Article 419), Association for enemy activity (Article 324), Punishment for preparation (Article 326), Punishment for the most severe forms of crimes (Article 327), Terrorist organization (Article 394-a), Terrorism (Article 398-b) and Financing of terrorism (Article 394-c). In addition to the criminal offences foreseen
    [Show full text]
  • Who North Macedonia Covid-19 Flashupdate 14 July 2020
    WHO FLASH UPDATE ON COVID-19 in NORTH MACEDONIA – 16 JULY 2020 COVID-19 in North Macedonia - Update 65 In North Macedonia, from Feb 26 to 16 July 2020, 13:00 CEST: 8,522 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 393 deaths. COVID-19 cases per 100 000 population 409; Deaths per 1 000 000 population: 188.6 NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 EPI SITUATION NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 HEALTH RESPONSE NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT AND RESPONSE SUPPORT TO NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 EMERGENCY WHO SUPPORT TO NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 EMERGENCY EUROPE COVID-19 SITUATION WHAT IS [NEW] @WHO? LEARNING SESSIONS FOR THIS WEEK NORTH MACEDONIA COVID-19 EPI SITUATION Over the last 4 days – Data as of 14 July 2020 21:00 - Daily tests performed ( % positive): Total: 4768 (11.7%) (and daily : 1259 (10.7%), 973 (9.0%), 991 (13.7%), 1545 (12.9%) on Tuesday, Monday, Sunday and Saturday respectively). - New cases: 558 (135, 88, 136 and 199 new cases registered on each day, respectively) - Recovered: 508 COVID-19 patients - Fatalities: 21 new COVID-19 deaths Cumulative registered COVID-19 as of 14 July 21:00 – 8332 – see daily curve - Tests performed: 79 392 SARS-CoV-2 tests. - Patients recovered: 4468 (53.6%) COVID-19 recovered patients. - Active cases: 3475 (41.7%) COVID-19 active cases - Fatalities: 389 COVID-19 fatalities (CFR 4.7%) registered. - Hospitalization as of 13 July: 92 patients are hospitalized at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases of which 52 are on oxygen support and no patients are on respirator. 23 adult COVID-19 patients, 5 COVID-19 confirmed children and 1 suspect child are hospitalized in Kozle Hospital.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Interaction in the Shala Valley of Northern Albania
    READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD LIGHT AND SHADOW READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD COTSENCOTSEN INSTITUTE INSTITUTE OF OFARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS PRESS MONUMENTA ARCHAEOLOGICA Volume 27 Last House on the Hill: BACH Area Reports from Çatalhöyük, Turkey edited by Ruth Tringham and Mirjana Stevanović Volume 26 The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1 edited by Martin Peilstöcker and Aaron A. Burke Volume 24 The Early Iron Age Cemetery at Torone by John K. Papadopoulos Volume 23 The Plain of Phaistos: yclesC of Social Complexity in the Mesara Region of Crete by L. Vance Watrous, Despoina Hadzi-Vallianou, and Harriet Blitzer Volume 22 K’axob: Ritual, Work, and Family in an Ancient Maya Village edited by Patricia A. McAnany Volume 21 The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project: Social Approaches to Regional Archaeological Survey by Michael Given and A. Bernard Knapp Volume 20 Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece 1968–1970 Volume 2: Final Report edited by Ernestine S. Elster and Colin Renfrew READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD LIGHT AND SHADOW Isolation and Interaction in the Shala Valley of Northern Albania Michael L. Galaty, Ols Lafe, Wayne E. Lee, and Zamir Tafilica Editors MONUMENTA ARCHAEOLOGICA 28 COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS is the publishing unit of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA. The Cotsen Institute is a premier research organization dedicated to the creation, dissemination, and conservation of archaeological knowledge and heritage. It is home to both the Interdepartmental Archaeology Graduate Program and the UCLA/Getty Master’s Program in the Conservation of Archaeological and Ethnographic Materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Livy, Book 45: Historical Commentary and Study of Sources
    LIVY, BOOK 45: HISTORICAL COMMENTARY AND STUDY OF SOURCES by DONALD WALTER BARONOWSKI B. A., McGill University, 1972 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF,; MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Classics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1974 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Donald W. Baronowski Department of Classics The University of British Columbia Vancouver, B. C. V6T 1W5, Canada September 4, 1974 ii ABSTRACT In Part One the composition of Book 45 of Livy's Ab Urbe Condita is studied and an attempt is made to trace portions of the book to a small number of principal sources. It is demonstrated that Livy used the work of the Greek historian Polybius for his account of Roman activities in the Hellenistic east and for Roman relations with the Hellenistic states. Livy's Latin sources in this book were the Sullan annalists Valerius Antias and Q. Claudius Quadrigarius, of whom Claudius may have been the more prominent. Livy used these late annalists for his account of events in Rome and the west, and for administrative details such as lists of magistrates.
    [Show full text]
  • North Macedonia
    NORTH MACEDONIA Region : Europe and Central Asia Income group : Upper-middle income Summary : North Macedonia has reported 2 metadata sources, which collect information on international labour migration statistics, such as the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings and the Labour Force Survey carried out by the State Statistical Office. Geographically all the sources cover whole country, however different population groups such as: • Nationals (citizens) in the country (covered by the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings and the Labour Force Survey ), • Nationals (citizens) employed in the country (covered by the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings and the Labour Force Survey ), • Nationals (citizens) living abroad (covered by the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings and the Labour Force Survey ), • Nationals (citizens) living and working abroad (covered by the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings and the Labour Force Survey ), • Foreigners (non-citizens) living in the country (covered by the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings ), • Foreign workers (non-citizens) living in the country (covered by the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings ), • Refugees (covered by the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings ), and • Asylum seekers (covered by the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings ). Periodicity of data collection varies depending on the type of source. The Census of Population, Households and Dwellings was last processed in 2002 and the Labour Force Survey is carried out on continuously basis. In the Labour Force Survey , persons aged 15 to 79 years are examined. The five essential demographic characteristics covered by all sources are age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, and household size.
    [Show full text]