.'J.., 0' _. L.. I FeM ' ~ ~r.t:'( L J 25.Subhl:.fl Rtud. D.-nra Dun

REPORT ON THE RESOURCES OF ( )

FOREST SURVEY OF INDfA EASTERN ZONE 1987 REPORT ON TL-IE FOREST' RESOuRCES OF CACHAR DISTRICT(ASSAr,!)

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIJ\

El\STERN ZONE

1987 Erstt-rhi le C..J.char di strict of '\ssam is nO·I.. .z two administracive units viz. S~]Ch~r and Xarimganj. Recorded forest area of the di strict is 2396 .. 20 S·.,I. km. The of Cachar district in the past was tbe main source of timber supply to the S~hl~c ~stricc und adjoining areas of undivided Bengal prior to 1947. r·1anagement of these forests in the past on the system of seLection dS .l?er the choice of the purc~"l.3.sers caused SUljstdnt.id~ damaga. Silvic~ll:.ure and regeneration aspects of imporcant species were ignored in the .t?rocess o£ eX,21oi.tation of tLnber from the £orest:s. Shi£ting culcivation altl.lough was practiced in the past in cachar valley .is now very much li.mited and it is mostly found in the north cachQr hills. Flora of Cachar Tropicdl ~v~rgceen and semi-evergreen forests is ~Clrgely di ~tinyci shed by occurrence of Cham (_-\.rl:.ocarpus chd.__J?lasha) Bon ame 1an,.,i fer.:l S!?p.)" P~'"lg(.£ynom02tra ?,olyandca ), Gamari(Gmelina arborea} and non-clum'pin~ bamboo lil~e Muli (1'-lalocana bdr.,bozoi des) .

The present invenl:.ory ref)ort is l.)a.sed on a low de~ree of. sampli ng and. i t.s aim is\:.o depict the general condi tion of veget.J.tion coVer ~n the dist.rictsof Si~char and rCa rimga.l1j. Oc:::urrence of ba.mboo is imL')ortau E in the districf -i"l vi ew of estdbli.shm~nt of a paper Mill at PanchgraHl n~ar Badarpur by Bindusthan Paper Corporation Ltd. The stock c£ b~mboo £rom .si l.char and Karim9an j districts and addi ti...Jondl stoele from adjoining State might fulfil the r~re~ent of raw Pulp rna terial of "the proposed paper Hi 11. Est.ima t.ion o£ bamboo stock on u hi.-Jher degree of sampling i.s su-.;·~ested .in order to trJor~'C out t.he measures of .l:?roc llrin 9 r~t·1 ,,:)l..llJ) material 'for the Paper Hill.

Forest based industries in the distr.ictsa.re noe =tet developed alth ough scope of runn~n~ and V~nt;e.r ....1ills exist i.n t he dist.ricts Rf3C1uirement. 0.... 'rco;), chest by the Tea Industry in th~ dis c::rict..s 'Wi.ll i.ncr~as~ in future b.ecause of target of high8r tea ~roduc-tion. rh~r~fora, attention is requirt;d in the matter.. of prodl.lction of more tea ch.;st from the locally available cimber resources. Exploitation of timber ~nd fuelwood from the forest.s of patta land under t he control of ::i vil adninistration is never carried oue in a proper mann~r. Harking of I]oes not £ind any importance in the whole procedure and the Divisional Forest O£fic~r m-2rely controls tne mover."Ient of forest produces tnro~gh issue of transit ~ass. In this process £ore~ producacsD are extracted ~.d thout any scientific consid~ra­ tion not only from patt~ land but also frQ~ tea garden areas.. Present inventory also indica.tes that the total growing stock in the district of and Karimganj remains most.ly unwarked 't"l1h.ereas the dern2l.nd of the local people and local industries are met from suppl~' through other so:..lrcas. Import of timber from adjoining States of r1a.nipur and Nizoram can not be considered as tl"E chief source of me~ting the demand of the peo~le. n~erefore~ it is necessary to work out a rational progr~~ne of extraction of torest ~roduc-e5 through de~artmantal agencies and meet the demand oti' the l~al ?eop1e as far as possible.

Development of tribals and other ba-c;.;:t/ard classes yet to occur. This is because lack of ~ntrodu~tion of suitable ~chemGs ~nder N.R.E.P. & K .. L.£.~.P. Im~lementation of social on a very large scale is ~ossible if

more funds are av~ilable under the schene3 of ~.rt.E.P. & R .. L.E .. G.P. 'Ibis ·will not only help the it!lprovem~nt of

vegetation cover of the d.'i-strict but:. '\,-li 11 also help the poor and backward class of people to get an econo~ic li£t. The State Forest Department may consider the scope of implementation of the above, tlvO scnemer; on a. larger scale. Tnis report has been drafted by Sri P.Sengupta~ De~uty Director. Thanks are due to the staff- who offered hard labour in t.he pr~p-aration of thi s inventory report. Tha.nks are also due to the Divisional Forest Offi.cers and their staff of Si.lchar and Kari.mganj Forest DiVisions. -(\11 co-operation obtained from Civil Authorities of Silchur and lCa.rimgun j di stricts are ackno\-Iledged 'Wi. th t.hanks. CONTEN'IS

Para Page I'b. No.

Need for survey 1 1 cat.chment 1.1 1 Loe ali ty fac tor 1.2 1 Clil'nate 1.2.1 2 Temperature 1.2.2 2 Ra~nfall 1.2.3 3 Topography 1.3 5 Aspect 1.3.1 5 Slope 1.3.2 5 Drainage l.3.3 6 Geology, roc!, and soil 1.4 6 Rocl< system 1.4.1 6 People and their socio-economic condition 1.5 7 Land holding pattern 1.6 8

Land use classification 1.6.1 ~ Occupati~nal pattern 1.7 9 Rural employment 1..7.1. 1U Education 1.7.2 11 Dnployment in forestry sector 1.7.3 11 Classification o£ forest by types 1.8 11 CachDr tropical evergreen fo~ests 1 .. 8.1 12 cachar·tropical semi-evergreen forests 1.8.2 12 Local v~riations 1.8.3 12 Forest 1;:>a sed industries 1.9 13 Saw milling .- .. 1.~.1 .13 Products from saw.llU:lls 1.~.2 15

Utilization of capacity "o~ the mills 1.~.3 15

B<:I.\'/ milling wastage 1.~.4 17 Sa,,, mill si.~es 1.9.5 18 Inputs in SaW mi I1s 1 .. '::1.6 18 Price of sawn timoer 1.9.7 20

Furni ture and fi)cture industries 1.~.8 2u Bamboo rna t industri es 1.9.9 21 Cane industry 1.~.10 22 para l'b. Page No.

~nor £orest produce co~lection 1.9.11 23 P1Y"lood industr.ies 1.9.12 24 Firewood reta.il sale' 1.9.13 25 Dw~boo retail sale 1.9.14 25 Tea i.ndus try 1.1.0 26 Tea c-u.lti vat.ion 1.1U.1 26 Vegetation in tea gardens 1.10.2 27 Expansion of industry 1.1U.3 29 s trCl ti £i c a I.:.ion 1.11 28

Legal sta.tus ~.11.1 29

Demarcation and forest s-e-ttlement ~.11.2 29 Rights and privileges 1 • .11.3 29 Present manag~nent l.11.4 30 Forest resources in:fonnation 1.12 31 Infrastructure ~.13 32 Admini st.rat.! ve ",""'1"6 1.13.1 32 Communication £~cilit.i.es 1 • .L3.2 32

Objectives 2.1 34 Photo-interpretation and map~ing 2.2 34 Inventory design 2.3 34 Sa.... nplin g design 2.4 34

F~eld ,"{ork 2.5 35 Field instruction 2.5.1 35

General 3.1 36 JI!anual processing 3.2 36 Processing on uni t r€:'Cord machine. 3.3 36 Processing on e~ectronic comput-er 3.4 36 Calcul~ tiorf o~ area 3.4.1 37 VoLume studies 3.5 37 Volume o£ trees enUin-erated '3. s. ~ 3~ Plot volune 2.5.2 3~ density study 3.6- 39 I-liscellaneous stratum 3.6.1 39 Bamboo stratum 3.6.2 40 Volume studies 3.7 40 Hi scellaneous stra tum 3.7.1 40 Para l'b. Page No.

Bamboo stra ta 3 .. 7.2 41 Volume by strata 3 .. 8 42 Standard error 3.9 42 sampling design(bamboo) 3.1U 42 Bamboo data 3.11 42 Culms per hecture 3.12 43 Muli bamboo 3.12.1 43 Clump fOJ:TT\ing 3 • .12.2 43 Bamboo weight 3.13 43 CHAPTER. RESULm OF I.l\IVEt-I'1""ORY. IV

General 4 45 M~scellaneous st~atum 4.1 45 Cl assi fication of mi sa. stratU'l'l acc orCing to landuse pattern 4.1.1 46 Open tree forests 4.1.2 54 Bamboo stratum 4.2 57 Yield 4.3 63

General information 5 .. 1 65 Extraction of forest produce 5.2 65 Rafting 5.3 66 Dcpa.rtmental timber operation 5.4 67 CHAPTER. VI. C01\J'::''U-lPTIO.N STUDY.

Introd.uction 6.1 7() Ob j e= ti ves 6.2 7u Consumption by large industries 6.3 70 Consumption by SJl1c3.11 industries 6.4 70 Housebol d con S"..:mlption 6.5 71 l1ethodology 6. S.l 71 Estimation of us e of wood in the hOUSel'101ds 6.5.2 71 l'lood used for house construction 6.5 72 llood requira-ilent of fUrni ture 6 .. 7 73 t'iood requirenertt' 'for agricul tural implement.s 6.8 73 Uood requirement for firewood conSUfllption 6 .. 9 73 Kerosene oil requirement for consu.-n,?t.ion 6 .. 10 74 Bamboo requirement 6.11 75 Para Fage lb. No. Present .per capita annuul usage of "'Iood consu""lption for different purposes in rural areas 76 Present per capita annual usage of bamboo in the district for construction purpose s in rural area 6.12.2 76

Present per capita annual usage of l.~ood conSU1Clption for different purposes­ urban area 6.13 .. ~ 76

Present per capi ta annual usage 0 £ ~amboo in the discrict tor constructiont:urban area 0.13.2 77 Conclusion 6 .. 14 77

CHP.PTER. VII. s.;OliOOICAl." CHANt7-ES & S~L':\TUS OF FLOrtA & FAU.NA

;:L.·el~~lbo...... Degree of?-- ... 7.1 80 Quantitative assessment 7.2 81

CHAPT,t;R. VItI. RESULT5 A..'\I,u C(J:.\TC;LUSIoNS.

Results .8.1 84 Racommendcltions and proposals 8.2 65

B I BLI o.;P,..'\PHY. 88 LIS'!' OF TABLES

Ta.ble E'art.iculQ rs stratum Page No. No. ':"'~

1 .. 1 Sterlls/ha.by sp~~es and dla.classes(.in em.) Hisc. 89 ~.2 - do- Bamboo 96 .- 2.1 Voluue/ha. by species. and d1.a. classes(in am.) ltisc. 99 2.2 do- Bamboo lUS 3.1 'lbtal. st;.6t'ls(in ·000 un:i. t )by spec.i.€s and d1a.classes(in ern.) Hisc. 108 3.2 - 00- Bamboo 118

4.1 'lbta1 volune(in I OOOm3 )by speci.es and dia. c1 asses (in em. ) Hisc. 122 4.2 do- Bamboo 132 5.1 Di.stribution of nwnoer of culms/na.. by age and soundness !-lise. 135 5.2 - do- Bamboo 136 6.1 Ba(\1boo dry \/e.ight/ha.il1 connes Misc. 137 6.2 - 00- Bamboo 138

l-U\PS AND DIAGMt1S

1. Hap of :rndia sh\'o1oing the project area of Cuellar District(Assam) Scale: 1:15000000 2. Survey design for cachar District. 3. Hap o£ Cachqr ,district sho'tving distribution o£ grids and foreats : scale: 1"=4 mile. 4. Timber rafting in Cachar Oi.strict:Scala: :1"=4 miles. 5. Pai Chart: i) Strati£icac~on of recorded forest ii) Degradation c:£ £orcst 6. Bar Chart: i) Percentage dist:.rj,bution of b..:mboo culm by culm si.zes. ii) Bu.--nboo \-1ej,ght and tree volune per ha. by stratum. BACKGROUND INFORHATION

1. ~ Need for survey J

~geographical area of undivided Cachar Uistr~ct~is 6941 k.m2 and reported forest area under Forest Depart.ment is 2396.2U km2. The primary need of undertaking the present. survey is to assess the forest resources of the district along \·,ith infrastrUctures available for forestry planning in future.

Presence of iJ. number of forest:. based ~ndustries in the district have impact on local employment. Current study 'also includes

the assessment of these industriesc and incorporates various dat.a in this regard for future planning of such industries. Data presented in this report may bG utilised by State For~st Departinent to uevelop a data based plan in forestry sector Clnd monitor the changing situation in the forest:. cover of the dist-rict.

1.1 Catchrnent: The principal river of the district is Barak which rises from t .. he hilly tract of !.J'agaland and floliolS through the northern bound.:lry of: the district along "lan~pur St.ate. Tnis ri ver joins Jiri ri VGr and turns to\"lards west a.nd flows in a tortueus coUrse and touches Badarpur and Silchc::lr Covlns. The ri.ver Bara!~ di vide.. s into t,ro COUl-ses namely Surna and Kuslliara. The length of the river is nearly 187 km. in Cachar district.

Jiri river rises from north Cachar hi:lls and flows about 117 kIn. to join Barak r~ ve_r. River Long]chas rises from the southern slopes of the hilly ranges near Halflo~g and joins Barak a 1i ttle to the west of LakhiJitlPur village. Ocher important rj_Vers are Jhat:inga, Dha.lll::!s\~ari., Lcnga.i, sonai., Moniarkhal, and Katakhal etc.

Jh~tinga river rises south of Halflong and flows west: and south through hi.ll.y tract.Go a.nd jo:ins Bil-rak. Dhales\'Jari. river rises. from the Nizo hills and joins Barak a little to the eust of Baaarpur.

1.2 Local.i ty factor-: various locality factors are mentioned in the subsequent paragraphs. ~ 2, .,

1.2. i. Climates

Ex:cess.ive humid c~.1mate i.s the characteristic of Cacl'ar va~~ey. The c~imate'is opress~ve during summer. 'lhe rainy season .1.s marked by heavy rainfa~~ when atmosphere remains surchar­ ged with moisture. Rainy season starts from the month of May and continues upto OCtober. 74% of annual rainfal~ is received during this period. In OCtober4' nights are cooler but days are very hot. From N:>vember the w.1nter sets in Cachar. Light showers in January and February _ake the weather cooler.

:1.2.2,.. ;remeeratures

High day temperature is noticed from April and continues upto OCtober. Showers.in rainy season do not bang any apprec.iable change in day temperature when humidity increases very high.

Weather reports from Kumbir gram Meterolog~cal Centrel S1.1char are furnished below :-

------Year ---Month------Mean max. Mean mn. Relati ve hum.1d.i. ty in . C i.n ·c in percentage(%) 1 2 3 4 5 1980 January 25.0 11.2 16 1981 25.7 12.5 78 1982 27.2 12.4 75 1983 24.6 11.0 73 1980 February 26.5 13.9 84 1981 26.3 13 .. 9 76 1982 25.6 12.4 75 1983 21.1 12.2 69 1980 March 29.7 17.7 74 1981 29.5 16.9 73 1982 30.5 16.3 65 1980 Apr.!l. 32.3 20.7 78 1981 30.0 19.6 75 1982 29.1 18.9 79 1980 May 30.0 21.8 84 1981 -30.9 22.0 82 1982 32.8 27.2 11 1980 June 32.5 25.3 87 1981 32.9 24.2 82 1992 32.1 24.3 86 '3

1 2 3 4

1980 JUly 32.5 24.8 85 1981 31.3 24.5 89 1982 31.6 23.4 90 1980 August 32.9 24.6 86 1981 32.5 24.7 87 1.982 32.7 24.7 82 1980 septemper 32.3 24.0 81 19B1 32'.8 23.a 83 1982 31.9 23.8 6"1 1980 OCtober 30.7 21.0 81

~9a1 32.4 21.7 77 1982 32.~ 21.2 77 1980 November 30.9 16.0 81. 1981 31.3 17.6 N.A. 1982 29.0 16.8 76 19BO December 28.0 13.0 73 19B1 27.8 13.9 14 1982 26.1 1.2.1 18 ------.-. ------Average maximum and minimum temperature and humid! ty for 1980_1981 and 1982' are £ urnished hereunder:-

Year Average- max. Average minimum Average hum£dity terrperature temperature in ~C in percentage(%) l.n ~c

1980 30.2 19'.5 80 1981 30.2- 19.6 '19 1982- 3Q.1 19.6 18 -- - i.2.~. Rainfall ,

RaJ.nfal.l. starts with light showers i.n January and February. Heavy rainfall occurs between May to october when nearly 74% of annual. ~a1n£all occur. Monsoon is perceptible from April and lashes on the valley £rom May and maximum rainfall occurs.in JUne. The rainfall data for stations at

Silchar and .Kumbh.1gram are £urnished below 1- • ~ •... •... • .. • ...... • • .. •" ... • .. • Ll'tO 00 o ...... CDr- C'") 0\ --. .." ...... , . . . • • ...... , .. .. "00 COlO Oct) ..:(. <:0 .. .. '00 00 Lf'lO ... • ... .-f ...... • \.0\0 Z .. • ...... • • ... • .. • .... • ...... • -t 0 00 N od' • ... \0 C'J I.l\ 0\ n coo riO t- ,...., \.0 ... ~...... <-I CD ...... - · . • • ...... o Ii ...... \.0 \0 . . . • . .. 0('<) ~O (0 .. u", N t-..o r-CO CO ... ..• \D t.iI rl IJ") 0 ...... ,t N • • • NN CI\~ Oq- ... .. rl ...... •... • .. • • ...... '4 • 0'\ \.0 ~ ... 0 .. ..c: • r- \!) \.0 CO • () • • ." t...... N 0'1 'q'r­ ...... J • .. • or-( .. • COo ....-IL() 00 00 ... til • ... t' t- . U"\ \!'\ 00 00 • .. • -• • ... ..• E • • ...... If) rt)O • E .", o ["­ ...... • ... ,. 0 .. N\O OM COM • . . .. ~ !: • '00 O'IL1"I . " .. ~ ... 01..0 MOO. • .. \.0 C"I MM ... • • N C"} C'JN ftf .. ... MN ..• .. • l(I -:i .. N • '0 O).,q- -+ .. OLn ,...f • . .. • • .. . ,...... -10 e"}CQ ~ .. • 10 • 0\<::0 00 C4-f .. ...-:IN 00 • e ...... •...... & ...• .. • • ... 0"1 0 CD .. .. I..? LI") r-O'I en • •" ...... N ~ ... . . • • . .. • • N LJ') • ...... -i .....t ~< CO • ... .. \r\ .. NO ... • ...... -iZ o • -...... • ,...... - • + • ttl .. .. "CD <.. 0("') • .c ..· til .. :z; • • ...... 1.[10 .. O'\N 00 ...• ...... 00 • • ...... • ..... •... • ... •.. .. CD CD • ... < L{lO .. ... • • • \00)...... <-~ • LJ")• . ... • ... -oof> r') cD­ .. . ~ mN r.f)..-f .. "• ~ 00 ...... r'"IM t-Q) 00 ...... • • ...... •...... • .. ...• • • ...... 00 • .. 0:> ...... • • • .. ...• ...... 4! .. ... ,.c: .. • .u ... 'c " •.. z;:0 ".. ~!nual averaga r~nfall in some selected station~ are furnished bclow:- Silchar' : 31.01.38 r:l.m. Longai Va~iey T.E.3710.12 m.m. Bikrampur T.E. ":::!06.63 r:t.m. I<:ai l.1ne T. E. 4!;)t;1.66 T1l!I\.

a_"WoJ.." Averagc,A.rainfal.i iu C )undi vided Cacho:lr di strJ.ct i.s 3795.05 m.m. calculated on figurc~ of la~t decade.

~pography : (., ~ yndivided Cachar district .1s a hcterogenoUG land mass composed 01: high hills" va.1J.eys, .level and 10\'1 lands. Borail hills in the district is a conspicuous land foa.ture in a:;; much as this hi.!l runs almost from south-\",est to the north-west across the Uistrict and forma a contin~uous wall of mounta~ns. Ridges a.nd valleys give a typical land :foz:rn. llighlakandi sub-divi-sion. represents typical valLey area. 7n ganeral, the to~graphy represents a nwnber of ridges in the district of 'YThich nhuban h.il.Ls may be mentioned. Bhuban hiJ..lS emorge from Hizo hills and runs along the eastem boundary of the di!Jtrict.. The topography in Karimganj and adjoining arca5 is gentle but number of om~ll., hil.Lock3 ara £aund ".lith exposure of rock outcrops. Chatachurra range is .::mother important range \-those summit J.s 620 .. 87 metre. Near Badarpur the terrain is hilly •. "::. The 9~nera~ aJ.citude 1.n, this part i.s 304mtr. above sea level.. These smal1 hil.locks arc kno~m as Badarpur hi11g which ara 30 mtrs. or more in h~.ight. There ara very 101'11 hills in Highlakand1 sUb~division vlhich are separated froM each by considerable tract of p~ain .land.

Th~ tract under survey has various land~orms like ridges, spurs (gentle to steep) vali.eys and 10\", lands. The country as a vlhole is hi9~ly undulating except in Highlakandi sub-divis.ion, whera the land forrll is of valley type. !\.Ll aspects 'I.'Iere rccorded £rom field. j.3.~, Slope: It may be interesting to note that the slope perccnt~ge in the project area are uithin s.Lope parcentag:e 30. Distribution of surveyed areas may be grouped acco.t:clino to slope percentage as

.foJ.lowo~ - S.lope upto 30r. Arca • 5u.27% I. 31 to ~- 45% • 22.25% t. 46 to 60~'. •· 17.34~ .. above 60% • lO.l)..;Yo • I:, " Drainage:

7IL prinCipal river ~s Barak in. the area Cising from Nagaland and it £lo".,s \a[€sterly and souther~y to Tipairnukh ~lhel.1 .it tU.D'lS sharply to the north. After its junction t'lith the Jiri river it turns again to the 'lrlil::it and takes a z~g-zag conrse across the l~ddle o£ undiviued CQcbar district tilL oadarpur. At Hanitikar Barak is-divided into Kushiara flowing into sylhat district of B~ngladesh and Su.rma flo-~-ving a.long boundary of the district. Numero~s tributeries feed the Barak and these are the Jiri, the Cluri, the Jha:t.inga, the Sonai, the Dhaleswari, the KataXhal, the Ru1-c.hni, the Shargra. The principal tributarie~ of Kushiara in. Karimganj sub-di vi sion arc the Lon gat and the Sin g1a. Th~ rivers are hilly and vlater holding capac.ity o£ these rivers being limdted flood occurs in many occasions.

Geology, roc1c and soil :

Geolo9ical £ormature in the area include various group~ like Precambrian, Eocene sedimonts and Oligo-mio-pliocen~ sediments and unclassified older and newer alluvium.

Rock syste'1l:-

Geological succe3sion in the area can be class~fied in the follovling sequences:

I., .,.,.1.'.'.'.#.'.1 • .,.,.1.'./41.,.,-,.,., ., .• ,.,~,,,. ~ .,.'''1-# Rccen~Cunclass~fied) Newer" to low level clay,sand,s1lt, alluvium.. shingle ------unconfmrrnity------~ Phistoc£ne{un~l~ssi£ied) Older or higher" Clay,co~rse,shinglo, alluvium gravel,boulder deposit

------_ .. - ..... -. - tlllconformity- -- ".------* --- ._- ..... ~ - ~

Phicene Dibang group z:;dhang £orm~tion" Rabbles, ~..ilt, sandy" .- clay, conglomerate, grit, san~~tone . ------~-----~- unconformity ------~------Miocene Tipam group Girnyan formation .l-1ottl.ed clay,sandy Tipam sandston e shakes, Sandstone (false bidded)clay sha1e,conglomerate. Surma group Bora!l formation Shale, sandy, shale, s~lstone,mudstone

Bhuban formation ALternutm of sandstone and stako .. , 1 !

OligoCene LaraiL group Reng~ formation Bedderd mass~ve sandstone Jenu.'1l" £ o:tTflat~on Sh-'ll e, sandy .si.a ale, carboraceous sh~la. La~song £ormation l1ell bidded compact flaggy sandstone.

- - - --. ~ ------geosynctoral shelf ------_ _ Eocene Disang group Shale formation Sylhat Sanc1stolle"sy~hat limestone: ------~ unconformity - ~ - ---- ~ - ___ _ ~recambrian Ster110ngseres (not classified) Quartzites,Phyllites, schi.rts. - - - - ~ -- ~ - -- ~ --- - -uncon£ormity ------_ - ~ _

The tertiary sediments "resting, over weathered prec~rians arc snocessm.ily Eocene Disang( geoS.r-nc1inu.l) group o:f. Lower territiar~" sequ~nc7and it is overLying Barai~lsurma ~nd Tispam of upper territiary sequence. t,D1..S" People and their .:Joc.io-economi.c condition:

The total popuLatiOl1 o£ C3.char diDtrict(undividcd) is

17 1 13,318 as per 1971 Census. t-lo CcnSU5 data £o:r;: ~ 981 U.re availab.le. Th~ total popu~atm.Qn. o£ ;\ssam as per 1971 Census is 1,46,25,000. So, in Cachar n~arly 11.71~ of to~al population are found. The population detaiis as per lY7~ C~nSU3 ~re furnished below:- Year D.issr.1.c~ sub-d.i. vis.1on. Male Female- Total i971 C~char ~ilchur 4139,434 3,Y4,081 8,25,515 Vlcarimganj 3,01,554 2,80,474 5,32,108

~ghiakandi 1160,038 1,47,657 3,07/6~5 n.' Taking into ·con::iideration of 2% anJ.Jual Popul.ation growth, the population in the decade end1nq 1~81 may be 20,56,Ouu. The

den s..i..t y of ,t)Opu~3tion as per 1~71 Census ,..,as as fol~o'tls:

APsam ·• 186 Si~char ..• 218 High.lakandi • 232 Cachar ..• 246 .. roLr.irng~n.J · 316 ,I 8 ·•

~~ thus appears that the undivided eschar district is denseL~' populated compared to other parts of Assam except­ ing t

Si.lchar • Urban('/.) Rural C1.) 6.74' 93.26

Karimganj : 9.96 90.0~ l~ilakiind.i ..• 7.20 92.80 cachar(undivided) • 7.93 92.07

1.6 -Land hold.in0 -oat-tam:

~d holding pattern docs indicate that neurly 64.75% holding 'falls within the category of 0.1 to 1 hectare. Sal sm~iL farmers in an agrar~an economy con3titute a major portion. 0.55% o£ the holders possess land more than 10 ha. Under 3uch ci-rcumstances the questionro::E under employment or unemployment in rural sector are 111,ely to be :Jevere. Further,_cultivation of liabi crops is limited on account of the follovling : i) limitation of sULtable land .i.i:) lacJ~ of irrigation fa.cilities 1i.1.) -shortage of quality seeds.

The cuitivation of rabi crops inc~ude the Pulses~ l-"[ustard, potato" t-ihe.:lt and "linter vegetables. Progr~m-nc of gro\tJing mung, Soyabean, groun<,Jnut \-la.S taken up during 1933-84. sugarcane cultivation is also im.i?ortaf~t 35 a caah crop. Sugar 'prod-u_ctioni in 1980-81, 1.981-82, & 1982-83 ~ 17,,050 quintals, 43,344~nt. and 37,4~5 quinta13 ruspectivcly. Some cultiv~abla lands are irrigated but 70% of the ~re~ de~nds on rainfall. So; lacK of irrigation remains as a In

Xn undiv~ded Cachar district the l~nd use pat~~nl is as fol.lo\"l.:3:

Category 0;( use SiLchur{ha. ) Karimnan,i (h.J.. ) tl11al<:andi (ho. ) Area under forests 1~~,270 50~469 74,059 Land not ava~1abLe 73,622 37,870 9,288 £or cu.lti va tion, Permanent pasture 3,150 2,830 550 and other grazing land

Land under misc. 21 ,4.10 7 , 9~1 3 I 52 S tree crops Cultivable \-Taste land 520 3,125 327 ~otal cropped area 1,36,289 1,U6,604- 51 .. 328 Gross croPlJed area 1,26,745 96,775 ~4-,551 Net cropped areu 1,.04,558 71,4t35 40,,806 Double cropped area 22,187 25~34D 13,745

~d under mise. tree crop doe~ not come under the juris­ diotion af forest departmeut. Ci~il administration admin1.stor the affa.i.rs of this categorya o£ land.. It '\iiOu.l.d appear that. occupat~on in l~vcstock~ fishery and forest;y do contribute naY.t to agriculture. Total farmdng f~ilies are 2.15 lakhs distributed over 15 development blOCKS. Non: w~rker in the area are 1,220 12,2U,372 ~s. as per 197! Census. This figure would be raised by 2-3% at the end of lYB1. ":t.!! OccupationaL pattern.:

Occupational pattern in un~v~ded cachar ~str1ct s~ows th.:lt agriculture is by far the most cormnan occupat1on. TherE' are 2.15 lakhs of £a~ing families. Distr1bution of workers ~s as £olJ.o\vs: CategoI:Y No. percentage to total population CUltivators 230358 13.30 l\gricultural ~a228 S.73 .labourC!rs.

Livestockl £i'sh~ry "60531 3.53 and forestry Minn.ing E, Energy 105 0.006 Glean factin~ ether ~~31 O.S7~ than househo~d industry Construction 5573 0.325 • Manufacturiny in 7917 u.462 househoLd industr,l' Trade & Commerce 23835 Trausport. et.c. llB85 Others .4.4543 • 1 0 l

~ral emp~oYmenc: is • RuraL emp l oyroent.,/\ m(l.~n1.y b.ased on .e"gr:!.:~u1.t:\lre. Tne ac;1ri~ul.tura.L labourers Constitute nearly 5. 73"}{' ot the total 'POPulation. DnP1.oymen"t. on this account is not a~w~ys w~ll r~unerated ana under e~p!oyment is a~so notic~. Var~ou~ Governm~nt sanemes during Sixth Five Year Plan contribut~d tow~rds rural ~~plo¥rnant. SCbcro~s Iik~ I~R.D.p, an~ N.R .. E.Poo mode ~ considerable rent on rural economy by gene­ ratin9 ernplc~ment partiaula~ly for weaker section. The ben e .fiei ari es llnder the p.L'oSlruIi1m~ of .I .. ,{ ~ D. P.. Co ula (;p.ga ge themselves fer dairying, poultry, piggerYI scriculture, f.isheries, cottage .industries \'lherein creat.ion of as~ets employment w~s generated. ~he scheme wa~ £r3med to cOVer 2.S~' Ot: the nll:a.l ~cpl~ 01: 1 S blocks :in, S.ilch~r and :Karimgunj. The beneficiaries inciuded sma~l and m~r~i~6l fanncrs,agricu1- tura~ ond non-agr~cultu~al ~ labourersf~ural artisia~s and craftsmen. Out of a tacget to cover 4500 familios only l800 f~ilies \<.r~re cOvered by the scheme tl,Pto 1984. Improvement of a

Under TRY~j:!."1 Scheme ruraL e.rtl.pLoyto.ent. i~. ~ar.i.o?~s trade~ h~ ve b~en atte."npted. 'L'lti..::3 scheme is framed t.o ::;.covide Gnplo:.rment £~):' ;(,ol..lths af't.er proper training in trad03s liKe carpentry,SlacJt­ sr.U.thy", Glazed ,Pott@ry, Fishing, net mal,ing, tailoring", bamboo and cane articles mtlkincJ etc. This Schc::me ~'lill help rural youths "I."I1ho are SChool arop out and,have no specific ~m!.Jl.o¥:ro.ent oP90rtu.ni.t~ in ~-ural seCtor. In Cachar (undividecl) district .it was tu.cgett:ed toe c.1:e:at.~ 9 ~a~'{."s oj. manclays u:nd~r l~. 'R. 'Eo.? Schem~ on~y iJ1. 15 blocks. N.e~rly 10% o£ tl'l~ total fund under N .R. E.'p. was i).vqi lable for social £orestJ:-Y YlorJ's"

lJn.·d:~~ an~thel:' sc:.ll.em~ of R. L.E.G.~. ~ R\.l:CC:.~ l.~nd~e.:os f-arnj.lies Emplo7m~nt GUdr~tee) 88 GaoD ~-anchydts aimed ta create 100 mariday~ of epplo!t"Ttl.(;f]t [:0 25 land.l.,-ss rurOJ.l ~lorksrs o£ 2. 5 such fami lias toJ~ing one form each fa'll.!lyoo The s will be uti.li:z:cd in thi::; vent Iolre. T.J-i:CJ.l 1.1 vectoc1~ in the area is :t4+5UU~ nOs. as per .1971

Census... Cacru.nl.l.n.i.ty b.ia-ga. .G pJ..~t.::; have 0..1$0 be.cn con·'.:.~m~l.at.~d. Education: ~tcracy in un~vidad cachar is 3U.S7% as against 29.14% in Assam. Scneduled tribc~ in Cach~r include Dormans who consti.tute 1.75% in S.ilchar' sub-divi'sion, 0.15io in sUb-uivision. and O • .lOA; in r,arirnganj Divn. L.teracy ~ among this g~QUP of Scheduled tribc(73)10no::l)is ~O.4-5% ~n 1971. Sched'..lled Custc~ in Cuchar i.~ 12 .10~~ (1,01,124) and lit'eracy among them is '27.04/0. The l'i.t~racf ~n' ganeral is 30.57%, so, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are not lackingb behind in education • .l. ,.!T. 3 .E:r.. ~p&oyment in forestry sect:.or:

Dnl'lloymcnt in forestry Doctor gener..ltes on ac~ount a£ forestry operations ~n timber h~rvesting ~nd affcres~at~on 'ltlorks. In SilchiJ.r and I<:arirngan j Forest Di vns. £orcstry o~er~~ions are virtualLY stopped. No fcll~ng of trees is ca.rried out e;ccepting son'le departmental opcrat;i..ons taken u_,:) in selected areas. Thus employment generacion in forestry sector in rural areas is virtually stopped. :!)cpartmental tim]:>er operations over 35 ha.. can generute d.'ppro~:imatcly 8000 maudays in a year. Since fellinqis virtud11y closed emplo~nent on account. of dCl?drtrnC"lt~l. timber hafveGting in Cach.lr cc:m .be nearly 20,000 mandayo. ~fforcstation proQr~~s in Silchar and I

c.las"dfication of forest by t fpe~:

~he forests in Cach~r dis~rict(undivided) can be cl.assified into t\-JO £olJ.o,,;ing types ils PGr available records:

a) IB/C3 cach~r tropicul .evergreen b) 2B/C2 Cachar tropical. semi-evergreen. These typas of forests do not ~cur in compact blocks over GXtensive areas. Unr~gul~te~ felling b~fore r&serv?tion of forests and inadequate r~gulated felling during post reservation period:.' havc bc~n the causu.tive factors in the present trend of distribution of the two £orest types. Besides these, there are factors like soiland topogru,t)hy \vhich also contributed enough in distribution of forest types.

l.i.,i Cachar t;-opdlcal ovc;p1re~ forestD:

These forests are largely compos~d of evargrcen species. The uPIJer storey is coc-nposed. of ChamC.I',rtocarpu§ chap!ilsna ) 80n Am (f.1ang_yera SP? >Sutroug( Lo"Ohonctol u.wn fibriaturn) Horicha .sundi(&scodoDh~ o1riden~i). The middle storey is represented by Jam(EuC1enia fruticosa ),Kurta (ca~o"l')hYl urn .,)01 vanthu-n) Karol CKav en f~o ribun da ) F.1n g ( Cyn omo~t ra pol" andra ) Dhrma ( Canariu.rn resinifrttm)Nages\-Jar(Hesua fgrra)etc. In the lower storey AgarCAguilaria agolocha) Chalrnugra(Synocardia ordorata) are important. BaJriboos are not al\-.rU.y3 conspicuous but DaJ.u (Ta.:lnostachyurn 0'1.11 G) and Pache (Dendroc lumus hami.1. toni) occur in certain places. :1. 8.2.. £achar tro~ca1 sern~-ever9reen forests:

These forests have both evergreen ·u.nd deciduo~s species which occur athe tops o£ the ridgc5 and hil.U:;. This forest type is characteris~d by deciduouz species 1ike Gurjan'DiptcrgcarDu~ tarbinalis), Gamari(QmeLina arpQrea)Koroi(AJ.bizzi~ nrgcera) Baldu (Adina cordi£olia) GugaJ. (D.:tos~yros· tooosia). Evergreen species tnat occur aLong with deciduous species are Ka~l'K~ye~ flosibunda}Ping(Cyn0rnetra mJ.va nclra }I

In the plains drained by rivers Barak, SonailDhaleswari, Longai etc. forests are found in patches where principal spec~es are Simul(Bombax ceibC!)and Tula(Tetramelu~nudiflo,@)_ Bahara (Tepminalia belerica). The forests are very open in the first socrey. The second storey is rather closed and consisting of Jarul(Laqerstroemia floseraginae)Poma(Cedrela £ebri£uqa)Cham h - -- (Artocarpy'§ chaplasha)etc. In swampy areas this fO.rest is characbcrised by presence o:f Ekra and Khagra. Occasional, stunted Jaru1 (Lagerstroemia flosraginae) may also be found.

Bamboo occurs on the under storey 2n various areas of the forests· described already. Huli(f-talocanna bambusoides) is

the main varieties in this area. In so~e areas bamboos are dominant and has replaced the tree forests. In rich clayee and humus soil of evergreen and semi-evergreen :forests cane may be found in thorny thicket in low lying areas. Cane bearing areas have been reduced appreciably due to settlement and cultivation. Forest based industries:

No forest ~ndustries have f10urished in the district excepting Saw Milling. Other forest based industries do not Play~y significant role in local economy. Status of such 'u industr~ are also studied to give an over-all picture of them.

:J...~,1. Sa\'1 Mi11ing:

Saw Milling is the.principal forest based industry in undivided cachar district. Besides,othar forest based indus~ries include cane industry, furniture making industry/. barnboo mat making industry) etc. In 1.~84 there were 42 sa\'1 mill.fng "Wlits of \..rhich nearly 50% are located in Silchar and adjoining areas. In Kar~mganj there nearly 15% of the total sa~..r mills. Balance 35% o£ Saw ~tills are distributed in various pluces like Badarpur,Hilakandi Katakahal,Lala Bazar etc. All these saw milling units are privately owned and 25% of %e them are register.sd. ., with S.S.I • P~ducts £rorn th~se saw mills are utilized by local, people but certain quantity is exported outside the district. Many saw mill owners import logs from Manipur and Hizoram to rW1 their mills. Source of supply o£ logs in these saw mills indicate dual source i.e. from Government and private individuals. IDeations e£ the sa",! mills also s!'lo'io'l1 that advantage of rail and road exists for disposal of produce. ltinirnum machinary installation and with least labour engugement the saw mills produce annually 500 m3 to 1500m3. sample survey of 17 saw mills at places ·like Silchar,Karimganj,Badarpur indicate that a large quantity of sawn timber is exPOrted outside the state of .Assum. Various kinds of sped:ies are sawn which include Gamari(Gmelina arborea)t

1. Supply t.hrough brokers or crop holders at m.ill site th.is i.nclude inoide and outside SOLlrces of Cachar. 2. Supply from Hizorar.:t or Manipur by direct purchi;ise. 3. Supply from local sources including private lands by direct purchase. 4.. Suppl~' from Government De~ot .by dirc.·ct L1urchus~. This includes supply £rom depots of Forest Deparoncnt in adjoining district. ~t is interes­ ting to ap~end the relevant. information regarding proport~on to utilization of various types.

1-,., -.,.~ .• ~ •. ,.,.~ .1. I.~.,.,.,. ,.~. #.,_.,., .11-1-,.,,,,.;. ,.~.,.,.~. Species '% to total supply input of logs in I:1ills. .·'·'·~·'-·.~-'.·.-#.~.'.'.'.';.I.'. , • ~ • , • I • I • ~ • ~ • , • I • , • , • I • , • I CharnCArtocarpus chaplasl1.a) 10-15 Gamar(Gmelinu arboreal 10-15 Jam (Eugenia frutico~) 10-15 namdala (Dua.banga .sonn e~iQ.:ide.el 10-15 POH\a( Cedrela £ebrifu~) 10 Kerdam(Anthocephalus cad~uba) 5 Rata(Amoora \-1allichii) lO Kurta( CaIOphYllum polyanthum) 10 Others(various soft "load 20

I • , • I • I • ~ • • • , • • , • • • , • • II • • , • _ • • • • I • II • , • , • , • , • ~ • , • , • • I • ~ • ~ _ , • , • , • i ~ • ~ • ':i. 9.~. \ irpducts from saw mills:

Product'of sawing includep scants~ planks and beams. Materials exported .outside Assam are despatched in che form " of beams for ultimate sawing into proper size at various destination points. The working of the mills are under­ rated owing to various unfavourable conditions. Tabular statement indicates the r~te of under utilization of the installed capacity of saw mills.

Mill Capdcity Actua~ Ut~.1.ization outturn (Z,) Habid Saw Mil~s, Hai~akahdi 25.71 1500 5B Cachar Saw Mills, Haila.]~andi lUSO 750 71 Bharat. Til!roer. Kari.mganj 1260 672 53 A .. R.Najumdar SaN' M.i.l.L, Silchar BOO 650 81. Sreerna Saw Mil~s# Silchar 1200 ~OO 7S Eastern Sa\'/ MiLLs, r

------

Utllization of can~clty of the Mills :

Under utilization o£ capacity is indication of various problems l."hich inc.lude :-_

1. 'Less supply of ra't'l r;.;.: .cix material like ~od. 2. Labour trouble. 3. old machinnries. 4.. Lack of -.LOCaL market.

supply of ra\v material from sources "''Iithin undi. vidcd Cachar district io totally limited in vie\., of suspensioJl of selling coupes to the purchaser. Very litt.1.e quantity may' be available from sale of .logs from depots .. As a resu.1t of this import o£.logs from Mani.pur and Mizoram is essential to run the Saw Mi.Ll.s. This Kind of i.mport of l.ogs in various miJ.Ls is upto 5U~~ of the tota.l requ; ranent. Transportation of ~ogs -from diotant pLaces may not be sufficientLy r~unerative for ~~all saw mill owners who depend on local market. Export o£ sawn prices outside the district or State may be remunerative if the mill o""ners can develop such contact and develop marketing of sawn prices of Gamar CGmelina arborea), Cham ()\rtoca.rk>US chaplasha )Bonsum' Phc: eb~ lanceol.at~) Tea7< (Tectona grandis) to fetch good price by export. Situation of supply of ra'ltl materials 1i1'\.e 'l.vood to the saw mills indicate the following situation .• -

Source of supply Remarks

Loca1 supply of logs 30 Local and import of logs ~O Mizoram-40% of the total. r~luirement Local: 60% Largely import of logs 30 l'olizoram: 50-60% Nanipur: 25-35% Local ; 1.5;'; Contribution of other inputs like labour, po~... er, machinaries in the r,d]'l 'was as follows in 1983 :

Sa", H.ills/r·2achinari es Po WEar

Horizental saw = l No. All electrically operated

Vertidal band saw: 1 No. No Use of captive power o~ Vmch "IIi th trolley= 1 No. diesel engine.

Conmmnly the hor~zonual saw is utilized for log braking. The mot! ve po'lrJer for horizontal saw may be vary.ing bet\..reen 15 H.P. to 20 HlP. Trolley fitted with wumch used for carrying ~ the bigger si.~ed logs for brea.king by the horizontal sa",,,. The motc:D:J;;'I:3po'Wer for the operation of trol.ley fitted- with ,,,,inch varies between 10 U.p. to 1.5 H.P. Vertidal band saws are util.ize<1 for production of planks~ scants and small sized beams. The metric po1.·ier in this case varies between 10-15 H.P. On average .5 H.P. or 50 H.P. is required in one saw milling illlit.

Various sizes of scants~ planks and bea~s that are produced commonly ar~ as follows:

Planks: 15·.24 cm. x 2.54 em. 12.70 em. x 2.5.4- ern. 20.32 cm. x 2.54 em.

10.16 ClO. x 2.54 cm. 22.86 em. x 2 • 54.c."Il .. 30;48 cm. x 2.54 cm. , i![. :

Scants:- 5.08 em. x 5.08 cm. 5.08 C:ll • .x 6.35 em .. '1.62, CIn. x 7.68 em. 7 .. 62 Ci(l. x 5.0 em" 10.16 em. x 5.08 CIa .. 10.16 C!{t. x 7.62 em. 10.16 em. oX: 7.6S"cm.

BeamsJ 30. 8 Clll. x 7.69 CP. • 22.86 em. x '1.68 en. 30. ,8 CM. x 7.69 em.

28.86 em. oX 10.16 Cin. i.~-~ ~al"! millj.!J'1 l.\Z~ '1t ~ f'T~ • On account of production o£ tbe above sized timber the wastage of wood varies considerably. The wastage in novmally 0'Yo but it may exceed this lim.it. Sawing "'"lastage in 8. fe-"'1 sa\-[ mills are furnished below :

=-~-=-~-~-=-=-=-=-=-~~-~-=-=-=-=-=-=-~-~-~-~-~-=-~-=- Saw 1-1 ill s % of lo/ast_age of \vood on survey.

Cachar Saw liiIl 21.00 Cachar. Timber 2.00 Deorai Saw Mill 2.00 Modanmohan Saw Mi11 " 2.50

A. R.Mazumdar -SCl1rT Mill 33 .. 00 Assam Timber 2.00 Ram RamS Saw l--1ill 25.00

super India Match Co.Pvt. Ltd.17f .60 N ... E.Tenders Sa"" Mills 33.30 Bharat Timbers 2·~"'.50 Average 20 .. 80

=-~--~-=~-=-=-=-=-~~--=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-=- :1B:

Distribution of sa~'1 mills in various size classes uS £u.r::ni3hed belo'''' is indicative that most of the Sa\.d..

Distril)ut;on of data class-Ni..~~

~~~_=_=_=_= ___ =_= __ =_=_=_= __ =~_~_=-~_u_=~~_= ___ =_=_;_=_=-= Class No. of Sa\-,T Average No.of. Average u.ltnual (Actual intaKe) Mill. workers. "-"lastage o£ \'lood ------~ -- ~ -- ~ 1 2 3 4- =-=-=--~-=~=-:-=-=~=---=-~-=-=-~-=-=-=-~-~~-=~:-=-=-=-=~-=- I (Below 200 m3) 3 9 .42.66 m3 II (200 -,00 m3) 4 10 150.92 m3 III C 00 < 800 mJ) 9 ~1 243.71 m3 I-·.j

C800'rn3) 26 23 566.512 m3

' ==_~~=~_=~_==_=~.. __ ~_=_~~_=_~a_=_ ~_==_=_==_=_=_=_= __ =_=M_

Tot.al pro due tion :tD 41 Su.\'>] ~ - mills is 35576. 77m3. Prod-qces £rom these 5.3.,\'] 'mills ,aL:"e mar'Ketted"'in the

fol

~I Market (0 of produe t_.t..on % 'of sa':1 miJ..!s Local 100 70 Local 50 30 outside district & State 50 30 i.9,6 Inputs in saw milJ.s:

Cost <=&nalysi3 o£ the sa"',, rrdll operat~on can be briefed as under iudicating the priceG o£ various input.s:

= == =:.~.=:~===~=:.= =~!:=~ ==.:~~.=~======~ ======.:= =.===== category of logs Pr~cc of ~Og3 on <:lverage(per m3) ======:======~======:=~==~== GmmarCGmelina arboreal Rs. 77 'j 900/- Cham (Artocarpus ehanlasha) Pos. 635 840/- Ramdak(ouab

O£fLce staff : 1 No. b. 550/- per month. SkJ.~1ed. labourersc 2 NoB. , b.. 12/- per day ... unsk111ed labourers.9 Nos. r b. 9/- per day. watch & ward staf£ : 1 No. I ~. 320/- ~ month. Usual.l.y a mill .1s operated 270 to 290 days .in a year depending oa t:he aV~J.abJ.Uty o~ power, logs and labourers. No.rmall:'l .in each day a mJ.IL rwlS not more tban a hours. However# op~at~on.~s d.irectly dependent on tho supply of logs. scarQ1.~y of labour(sk111ed and unskJ.lled) .i8 nouaalJ.l' DOt a bottleneck .in the .industry but dieputes ._ ." may cause some dislocatJ.on.in lIIOr)Co .. General..Ly local. people are empl.oyed. .in the m:Ll.l.s to avert the danand of shelter £rom the end of the labo\lrera. III v.i~ of lfmlted availal):Ll.ity of t.lmber from forests and ) "'fr,i teCl prodUcUon capilLcity of saw mill.a, the expoxt 0 f Umber fxom varJ.ous areas may be r:egulated to meet the ~oca~ ·dEmand and control of the, prJ.ce ri.a8 of timber. Export of t~er(sawn) from S1.1char. XarJ..mganj ~Badarpur is reJlPOoa.1ble for price hike of sa'WD t.1mber and more removal of t.rees from Patta lands. ReoQrds ·show that local sow.1ng (by hand) i.e pez:mi.tted by DXV.iaional Forest Of£.1cer to the land holders for. their use. The ultimate consumer of thed.r sawn pieces is not exact~y knO'WDJ and people .ay be ava1.1 1·ng the Local s1tua~on and exploit trees £Or trading only. Handsa~g Ln the v~~~ty Qf reserved forests may not be allowed to atop tone stealthy rElllova~ of trees of Govt.£orest.s • .No account is ava:Llable regarding pxoduct.1on and end .use of sawn pieces Produced from pa~ta land. EXJ.st.1ngjAct.s and rule" .in this beha.:tf cannot fh-£o~e any strJn<;Jezlt meas'-lr. to crub this sort 'of act.iv.ity.

Besi.des sawn, pi.ece8'~ saw dust and off cut produced .in the m.11.1s are so;ld .in market.. saw dust .1s used as a fuel .in rural areas. Pr1.c:e o£ saw dQst var..1es £.ran Jf,&. 2/- to b.S/­ per quJ.ntal.· : .2 0 .

Prj,ce of sawn tJ.mberl

The prJ.ce of &aWl timber of var.lous categor.1es are as :f61.low8 as per. preva.11ing market rates· of 1.983 I

Specj.es Pr.1ce 1.n ills. (per m3) Cham(ArtoaarRU,! chaplasha) 1050-1250/- Gamar( Gmel.1na arborea) 1500-1600/­ Jam (Buseld.a· frut.1oosa) '700-150/- Poma (Cedrella ffPr.1£uqa) 700-800/- Rantc1ala( waban. soDDffPt.191.des) 600-650/- Kholcan (Megua "erlea) 1~5-1S00/- Kusha (Qo~ophythum- POAytbum) 385-425/- sund;1 ( Mseodaphne spp.) 1 470-1500/- Sutrang(Lophop~tohem £lpriatum) 750-800/- Rata ( Amoora. wa4lfghtj) 700-800/- Sabra (Tem1naJ..1a belftrlsal 65O-70u/- MJ.sc. ao.ft 350-450/-

Locations of the saw mi.l.!. are l"rgely urban w.1th J.nfrastructures IJ.ke power supply,.road and rails. A 1arge number of saw mil~s .in s~lchar~Badarpur, Kar.1mganJ support this observatJ.on. On1y a few saw m1.11s .in. Lala Bazar. Hailakan~. tfat.1JurJ. comes w1.th1.n ~aL sector of the area. The proportJ.OD of rural and urban locaUons of saw 1%\1.118 may be 40r60. ProdUc!t.1.v.ity of u.rban saw mJ.lla .Is h1~r on accoUDt of reasons l1.ke better power supply, better market and easiness to export prod.uce outs1.de the district being nearer to rail head.. Rail heads at S.11char, Badarpur and Kar.1mganj offer fac;1l1ty of export of timbers and 10gB in d1.stant areas. Details o£ IBXPOrt of these and other !crest produce are discussed separately. .i,9Jl . Fw:nJ.tlJ'FA and futUre .industr.1esl

Local consumption of sawn timber can be noticed in furnJ.ture 'at'!d £J.xture J.ndustries. Like other plac~s o£ :India th.1s industry Jos aJ.so disorganized and its position ;1s rather 'Ul\certain. sample Survey 0"£ a few est.abli.shment under thi.s • category of indUstry. was Wldertaken in selected areas like Silchar, Kar;1mganJ etc. survey indicates the following in foEJllat.ions: -

Strength of An.Ilua~ J\nnUaJ. ,,,age Timber used establisbnellt. 'W'Urkfng conaumpt;..1on rate, days. .1nJm3 per day

3 Nos. (.1nc~uding 2,,10 20 lIS. 12-1.5/- aamar,Sundi, owner) rrd sc. wood. 2 Noa·t&;_ 250 1.5 1(5.12-20/- Cham ,Gamar. i sundt. 31. Nos. (owner) 250 1.5 Rs.600/- Gamar,SWldi, ~ per month Ramdala 2 Nos. (.1ncl.uding- 180 7.5 Rs.15-1B/- Gamar,Ramdala, oYler) m.1 so • wood.

3 MoS.( -dc- ) '2-40 2.4- Rs.15-25/- Gamar, Sunc:li , Tul.a.samgal.al:

survey i.ndLcates that owners of th.e furnJ.ture and fixture establishments invariably partJ.dpate i.n working. ~alysi.s of the collected data further .indicates the followi.nga

Annual consumption Average strength· Percentage of t.otal (including Owner) sampled unJ.t. Upto 5 m3 2 Nos. 3S 5-10 m3 3-4- Nos. 50 10-15 m3 - Nil 15-20 m3 3 Nos. 15 More .than 20m3 Nil

A -worker .1n this category of .indUstry can ea.rn on average Rs.300/- per month cons~der~g 20 days working per month.

'I'he prod\lCt~~ including various it.ens are locally . consumed and selling prices' are comparati.vel.y lower. ·ti.... .," ~'s Sawn.' ~ - . usually purchased from mi.ll owners otherw.1se A ' -ffl~':-r some people purchase logs and saw them according to A requirement.

Bamboo· Mat industry. Of MakingAbamboo mat ~s a household i.ndustry and no detail J.nfoonation is . ava1.1able. MuJ..1 bamboo(Ma~ocana bambusQJ,des) i.s largQly used .in bamboo mat .industry. One organized unit of this categary.1s located at Kar.1mganj styled as'Mull BaSh Hasta SLlpa 5amabaya' s~ty ~td! The relevant ~focmation of that co-operat1ve un.1t i.s furnished below .- Requirement of bamboo a 1~'", .,.~OO~OOO nos. Source of supply t Mi. 'Zoram- 70% eachar - 15" .K.ad.rnganJ- 10% Manipur- 5%

Spec1.e. , Mul.l(M&l.oaanpa Ram,bu§QJ.des)- 90% Others- 10%

Produai.ng cost , o.ao p. per bamboQ, F.in1.sbed product • oarma(mat)spl~tted bamboo# MOra(Bamboo stool) ITor. Tukr.1 etc. &Pp,loymeDt : 60.000 .1n Kar.1mganj d1st.r1.Et /. b.1O-lS/- per day. consumptJ.on • LOcal. 10% ~xt.90" Export • calcut.taJ SOn Gu.jrat. s 10% Bi.bar I 5" Assam , 30" Media of expore" • Calcutta by rul and steamer. Gujrat Iby rail, BJ.har ,by rail, A.!Isam :by raJ.l.by truck, .in case of non-ava1..1Bbi.l1.ty of rl.y. wagons to v~r1.ou8 des~at~ons. i.9.{~ cane J.ndust.rr"

cane l.naustrSa. in undlvided Cachar d:Lstr~ct 1.15 al.so disorgan1.zed l.:i.ke furni.t.ure and £~ure and bamboo mat. :Lndustri.es. cane 1.8 not sUff1.cient.J.y available from local resources and as S such large quant1. tJ.es are imported from adjo.:Lning 18tates o£ M.izoram and KarUpW:'. sale of cane through broker .1s the aOJlll\on syst.Em.

Major cane industries are located 1.n place"'}like BadarpurI Silcha r,.....4 I

Cane .industries pl:Qduce .items like SOfa set"T~le and ChaJ.r. Usually 60% of the" requirement of cane is imported from totan.1pur A-- and 40% from Mizoram. In respect of"..,typical cane 1.ndustrJ.al e5tab~i.shment the fo~low.i.ng i.n£ODna.ti.on ~s furnJ.shed 1- , 2 ~ r

Strength of establ.1sments 3 Nos. (.1nciluding owner) NUmber of· working days per xear: 200-300 days Zncome of a labourer(sk11~ed) c as. 15-18/-

.41: Bil.char '5 number of shops operate. The requirement

0-£ cane :Le l.argel.y met by import frOUl Manipur( 60~) a.nd r'Iizoram (40%). Nea;r1.y .25,000 number of c anes{ ~ .48cm. l.on8 end 1.9 om. dial are consumed for mak:ing csne furniturea and Ba~e of e ome quantity of cane -to outside b~ each UDi.t :is al..so notioed. !rhere :is export 0':£ cane to other p1.aces. AverllSe exPort o'f CQll.e to Tar i. OUS pl.e. oes :is as under : - C&l.cuttal 20~ MadraB: 25~ Del.b.io ,,0% ~dhra. lIrs.deeh: 15%

Ba1ance 10% ie oonsumed 1n 1.oc&1 market. Bes~des these~ there are some brokers in Sllobar ~Iho do not ha.ve a.DY fu.rni'ture m.a.k:Lng aoti.vity bu.t to BUPPl.y, ca.neS to the reguJ.a.r industri.al. units and a1.so pe.rt:i.ciPat:i.ng i.n export outside Assam. Be.oh piece of Cane :is ueual.~ 4m. 1.0n.g and price ra.nges :from 200 to '00/- per pc. Forest Department in Si1char and Karimsanj rea1is$s roy~ty 0 0.04 P. per 10m. i.9.H Minor forest produce collection:

lilvergreen e..Eld sem-evergreen £oreste of aQohar di.etrict jJ. ~ie.l.d a variety o~ m:inor forest produce. C ol.l.eot ion 0'£ the minor fa.reet produoe from forests haS impact ;in rura1 li.fe for 8mp~o~ment on eeaeO~ basis. Govt. of ASeam ~ Forest Department attaCh major importance in co11ection of minor forest produoe when a 1 l. other forestry Oller'ations ~ coupes have been o1oeed virtua.1l.y. Ch~ef ~Dor forest produoes are:

.Ba.mb 00. Chal.m.ua-ra. It C an.a. ~ e j~a.tt a.. Nag sew a;t" ~l.o'Wer. Agar oil., Chat-tal?ata, Gandhi. roo1:s, Rema. Be,rtak:L, .E:rra. Thatch, Xi.taPata, Stonee, .Bou2dere, sande •.

Col.l.ection of the ud.nor forest produce i.e oreanized normall7 b~ the eontre.c1:or in. the :forests. Sand and bou.1d.ers:r are al.so oo1.l.o cte,d by Government Department" and Armed aM other Pare.­ m:i.l.i.ta.ry iore-of! by t..l:L.eir departmental. 1.abourers. Colleotion or the m:Lnor for est- P;oduo~s. b3r oooperaii :i;v e agencies wa.e not not i c~d.

So t there ~e u.uderemp~oyroent &:mons: rural. fo~k{ men! women} in this

matter of col.~eat~on of miner foreet -produce. A ~a.rge portioZL of the mLnor f'orest produoe eo 0 o~l.ected Joe tra.nsported out' of' -the di.s'tr:lct and State. No d.ate. for ac"tual.. oollo ct:iOD of produces i.e D.va.:i.l.a.b~e ~e b.cnuse areaS a:r& l.eo.sed and qUaJ3.t:i:ty o£ -removal. is no't e-ti.~uJ..ated :in ee;lee.

P1yMQgd i.nd.uBtri,ee,s

P.1¥woad. :l.ndustri.ea i.n und:Lvide.d Cache.X' distri.ct i.e \m.de-r­

d&vel.oped al.though a v$riety o£ ~~wood species are aVa~~ab1e

~n the evergreen &Ad semi-evergreen forests. Scope of expand­

ing this indu stry :i.s eZlougb. be cause of pre sence of ~a::t'e:e number o~ ~e3 Gardens ~ the area. Study of p~wood i~dustr:l.es indicate tha.t the units a.:re under-uti.l.i.zed e.n.d J.oe: wte.ke :i.e ver7 poor.

Surma. v~~ey Saw I-H-Us Private Ltd. t of Bllchar and Surma Ma.tch &. 'I.nd. ('Pvt. ):Ltd. o~ Xa:r~mganj prod·uce 'P~wooa o£ both I.S.1. and DQn-ISX type. Tea-chasts ere manufactured am eo~d to t he Tea.

Ge,rdene. Vari.o'W!ll -tYi)e~ of timber used in these mills eX' e e.B fol.l.owes.

~~o (Mansifern ~dicA) 40% BQhera(Termina1ia be~1erice} 10% Xadam(4nthooepha~ue cadQm~) 20% Pooma(Cedre1.1a £ebr~£oeG) 5% R,e:te.(Am90r~ "'R~1i.chi.") 25- 20" Chatian(Al.stonia echo1eria ) ) 5- 10% Dumboi.J.(Bom~ ceibe.) ) Hol.~ock(~erm~na~~e M¥r~ooerpe)~

These p1ywood mi11s ar~ not equipped with enough modern 'me.ch:i.Ila:r:ies. ~bere are onl.y some ol.d macbi.n~ies to run the mi.lle., 'I:heee mi.l.~B a.r e r",n b:,J two ,ca.t eBor:i.ea o£ s'te.:r~ ne.me~y ~ta.f:f on monthl.y sal.a.ry and. workers on oai.1y wage ba.sis. Avere.ge rate for eki1l.ed worker on dai1y wage i.s ~.10J- per day ·and tbe.t -£or '\Uleki~l.ed ''Worker i.e Its. 7.50 NonthJ.¥ sal.ery of staff rangeS from 300.00 to 450.00 per month depend~s on the nature o-f work. CaPacit:Les o~ ~he m:L]'l.s ere a.S f'o.l.l.ows: Surllla. va.~J.e:y Saw mi.l.].e p::t·:i.vate Ltd.-2628m,/yr. ~b.e S~ma. Ma:t cb. 6: Industria s(Pvt • )Lta • -2520 m.3/yr. Pu:t'ohase 0-£ t i.mber :ie ueu&lly arranged through broker and e~~otmeDt :iSl received £rom Government for runni.ne; these :induetries.. ;l';r:oduoti.on of p~wQod ~n these two mi~B may be 175000 m~ p~ov~ded 90% or more of the oapaC"i. ty ~e UtUi.l2H~d. S~nce tl~e u:ll.l.s e;re under u-t'il.i.zed, the

product~oD ~s far too 1ess aDd units ere siok in n&ture.

\-food wa.stes i.n these m:l.l.l.s are 1.lti1:l.zed for runn::L~ boi~er or so~d as :tue~. Ohj.efl.y the raW ma:ter.:la1a a;E"e brought from Mi.zare.m e:nd Man~pur ae because foreet:r:-;;y operetj,ons :in CQcb.~ i.e aJ.moet rli.l.. Departmenta.l. opere.ti..on in sel..ected area. are no't enough 1;:0 meet vari.ous 1.00e.l. demands for aUP'P1.7 of 1.0gB 0'£

various epec~es. J.. a.its Firewood ~ta~ e~el

tM~ V:S.rtua~ ~ ~::Lrcwood~ie used to get energy for Qomeetio purpose. Sa.1e 0 f firewood in pl.a.oee l.i.ke Karim.sa.nj ,Ha.il.~kaDd:l., Si.l.ohe.r e.nd other areaS CaD be not1ced.. F~:rewood. i.s ei"ther obtai-ned £rom l.oca.3. eouroef5 or brought from Mani.pu:r aIld MLzoram. :Various m:leceUa,n.eous spec:1es a;re ueed as f;lrewood. Fj.rewood

reta~1 B~e does Dot provide a~ emp10yment exoe~t~ng the owner

end earning thereof is aLso not b~gh1y 1ucrative.Xn Kar~8anj

there ~e neerl..y 100 f:Lre'Wood retc.~l. ehops. S:i.m.i.l..~ numbe-r oof

reta.il. shope mEl" be ~ou.nd ill S~l.char.. TheBe un:l.te a;re seneral-1.y

a~1 aud &LClOS-t a1J.. 0 f ~hem ho.ndJ..e:r:Le e,rl.y B-1 Om' per year.

Onl.y owner ·anf;&.s-ee hitllSel.f to spl.~t the fi.rewood and &.a1e 't hem. Eernins '£rom "these unite :I.., too l.ow. The owner purchases f.irewood :trom various sources s:t the rate of Rs.15-20 per qui.ntal. and -th:i.a ~1r&wood i.e so~d at is. 35-40/.. per qnntal- with onl..y ~n:pu-t of seJ..~ J..a.cour o£ the owner wb.~ch d oub~e_P; 1b ~ pri.ce. So emp1.o:yment of 1arser number o£ workers and he;a:ldJ..inS more f:lrevood mS3 enSure more eerni.ng. UsuaJ.1¥ ,00 de.~e per year are ave.i.~ed 'for thiliiJ kind of trade. tTnsk:1.11ed l.abourer engaged .i.s spJ..i.tt:l.ng firCiilwood oan ,.. ern Bs.1 0/ - pel.~ d~. trnite with han

the unite b.a.nd~ e-15m ' per ;year.

BAm~oo retai1 ~el B@5boo re-tai.l. sal-a :I.e f'l.eoAot~ rade i.n -forest produce. Thi.s i.e noti.oed i.n e~~ect&d ~l.a.C&s. The objective of the trade :i.e to export of bamboo. Goneral.1y th~e category of traders are not1ced in Bada;rpur 'Ghai::. ~h~e oe:teBor~ of traders do export o':f bamboo

o:f' nearl.;;y 10.000 number'S in s. ~ear. One bamboo cOste on average ~. 0.70 at Badarpur. Bxpcrt of ba.mboo :from Bade,rpur is a;rraJlged by ra.i.~. st&,QIIler .a.nd truck

depend:i.ng on the dest:i.Jle.t~OXL. CommoD.~Y wagons o.nd'trucke are

~va.:i.l.ed for t h~a p-urPOBG. Iturchaae of bexnboo i.e made by 1he traders from the I·Ish.a.~de;rs onJ.;,y. ~ l.erge quanti. t;:v- of bamboo • • :ie exported to Ca,l.outta by wagOll. Usu~y a trader Ba.ine

Rs. 500-600/- per thousand by ea,l.e. Nearl.~ 18.96,000 pcs. of bamboo are exported outsi.de the districts. Some ,. quant:i.ti.ea are e;:cpo:rted to Gu~ra.t basi.dee aal.cutta..

Bamboo consumed l.ocal.~y ie us~a1Jy- eol.d a.t ~.8~0-100o/- per thousand through. retail out1ote. Ch::Lef~y r~u1.:i Bamboo ( Me1ocs,nne &embusoildes) :I.e used for me.ki.nS huts. SotP.e qUa:llt:l;t.y is consumed in houeehol.d induetr:;'f for ma.k::Lng Umbre11.& haDdl.es.

:rea. ;tpduBta:

In C~char diatr:i.ot(und:i.~ded)there are 115 ~ea Gardens aa per the 1981-82 Sta"ti.eti.oB o'f Tee. E oa.rd. ~hE:8e T 69- GB:rdene are grouped UDder Tea ,Aeeooi.at:l.on of :tnd ia and. e.u.rms. valley Bro;n en. Xadi.e.n Tee. AJ!_so cia.-t:ion. !rheae Tea. Gardens are important in J.oca1 econo~ becaW38 the i.ndustry provides J.a:;a"se aumber of skil~ed e.nd 'Wl.k~J..1ed empl.oy-V\en"t in rural. aroa19. j.10.J. I ::rea yu1tj.VAti,on 2

'.ree. production :in Cache.%" ela.tes back ~ong t:lme be~ore :I.ndel'_ence. Gra.d.ua.1 r:f.e8 in demand of tea :in J.ocaJ. a.nd outs~da co~try have reeu1ted :f.~ the 8xl'a.neion of tea. gardens. • CUrrentl.y tea inauetr~es occupy 32,111 ha.(area under tea ~t~vat~on)~D S:f.l-char. Xsrimganj e,Z)d Ha;tJ.aka:ndi areas. N ()s.r~ 30% of the tota~ popul.a~:i.on in the di.striot tie dependent on th~s in4ustr:;'f. Various ca~egor:f.eB of workers are emp~oyed iD te~ garden wh~~ :incl.udea .mal-es. fema.J.e aDd minors. On a.n a vera,ge nee.r~ 45,000 to 59,000 workers are engaged 'ion the i.nduatry of which ,0%0 a;re Don-resi.dent 'Wo:l.'kers. Wa.gs rate of non-res:ident workElre are J

Ma.e : 6.28 ~er day F.eme.J..e s 6.18 :p.r da.Y MiJler ; ,.20 per d~ Tea gardens have shoW%!. a riose in tea production. Tea. produot~oD8 are ~ f~~~owe duri~ recent years:

Yen'%' Ergduction(kg. ) Decrease (ks.) 1980 3.21 ,·70,000 1951 2,99.50,000 2,220,000 1982 2,90,82,000 6,68,000 19S'(upto SePt)2,04,50,OOO 8.6,52,000 i.io,~ Vegoto.ti.on 'ip teg, gardens:

~ea gardena OOVQr maQy areaS w~tb trees of forestry species. These 1ande were Dot prqper~~ managed to get a sustained supp~ of forest ~.eources :Like timber and fue.:Lwood. A.B a reBul.t of this

ma~ areaS under the oontrol. of tea gardena are DOW denuded w::l.th l.~t'tl.e or no vegetati.on. ~heBe :Lande under tea. gardens ere not u'til.i.zed ~or tea cul.tivation and were brought UDder aurp1us :Land oeiling. ~he extent of such aurpl.us l.a:nd may be upto 40,000 be." ~ie l.and ~l.l. be Qvail.ab1e lat Si.l.Char aDd Kar~ganj and maY be util.i.zed for raising pl.antat::l.oDs of forestr~ trees ••~ 0'£ 'tea. gardena Q,re ael'£ suff:io::l.ellt for 'BU.pp~ of 1h eir 'timber and :fuel.wood requirements :in tbe:ir gardens. Use o~ coe.l- :in some tea gardens :ie common. Coal. oonsumpti.on ill th~s .industry :is as fo:L1ows = Year C 0ol.( Isg • ) 1980 3,5,,67,000 1981 '3,29.45.000 1982 3,19,90.200 1983(upto Sept)2.24.95.000

Consumpt~Qn of ooa1 b~ the garden is not gradua:L:Ly ~ncreaBing. J'Jld Dependency o'ft fuel.wood,A source of sup];tl.y to tiJ,e

earden& is in the :fo:L~ow~ns Pattern~

Fuel.wood ~a extracted from garden forests and 8180 b.v 1oppi.ng ; of shed trees. ~imber ~s :Largel.y obtained :from garden forests and m:l.nor colle cti on... from market I:De.Y be Dati. cad. 1.10.3 E?spans.ion of i.ndustry:

Tea ~ndustry is Like1y to expand during 7th F~ve Year P1.an when requ:1.r1Sl\\ent of £uelwood and timber w.ill increase. TO meet the additional requirement of fuelwood in t~er, Tea gardens ndght have to _exploit their resources i.n view of .increased price of £ue1wood and tJ.mbe~. Immediate problem of tJ.mber and fuelwood supply may not be surfaced· but Ln the long run sustenance on own resources by the gardens may not be possible. So ~ tea gardens need be encouraged to restore their own areas w~th fast growing species chiefly to meet the requirement of fuelwood for supp.ly to their work,ing people.

1 • .11 strati ficat.1on: Forest area in cachar distr.i.ct .is 2396.20 km2 which can be stratified into two strata viz. ~scellaneous- and bamboo strata. The rodscel.laneous strata is 1arger in area and is character.1sed by the presence of various species like Cynomeria polyandra, PYSOXyl2a binecteri£erium and Syzygium cum1ni~ etc. Most o£ the trees in the strata are below 30cm. in diameter. Presence of bamboo in this strata 1s noticeable which includes both clump.i.ng and non-clumping varLeties. The proportion o£ bamboo current growth is higher compared to 1 or 2 years old or more than 2 years old growth. Clump forming bamboo actual.ly constitutes the bulk of the bamboo stock in the strata.

Barrboo strata contains both bamboo and miscel laneous trees. Among the miscellaneous trees Macaranga species are found in larger proportion. In this case~ also most of the trees belong to lower diameter class(below 30cm.). Bamboo stoc k Ln this strata contains largely clunp fa~n9 species. The proportion of current bamboo growth ~s nearly 30%. 'lhe ratio of clumping and non-clumpi.ng bamboo ..in th.is strata is nearly ~~

Legal staCUSJ

As per the records avai ,lable i.n the ..stace Forest Department of Aaaam# the forest areas under the, control of Forest Department are mostly reserve forests. AnQcher c-ateoory o£ land which are not under the control of State Forest Deptt. have some tree gro¥th. 'ttlese ~ands are aaninistered by the Deputy Commissioner through· the agency of'Land Revenue Departmen~ 'I'tlese lands with miscellaneous tree tJrowth •• usua.ll.y known a.s U.S.F. wherein people enjoy some r~ghts ana extract forest produces on obtaining peruussJ.on of saVing from the DivisJ.onal Forest Of£icera at S11char and Karimganj. Demarcation and forest settlement. Foresc.s Wlder the con:. rol of Di vi. sional Forest Of f.1cers at Silchar and KarJ.mganj were demarca.ted on the ground by boundary p.tllars, compartment lines and block lines. 'I'here is no eV~d.nce that the forest boundaries have been dema.rcatea ~n recent past and the length Qf boWldary .1~ .not known.

h"i.thin the forest areas forest v~,11ages were .set up in the pa.st to ma.:inta.i.n local labour force for creation ,0£ planta­ tion, making forest roadsl extraction of timber and ~ualwood. These forest villages are d1strJ.buted al~ over the forest areas. Forest villagers are settled under certain terms and 'conditions for varioUS forestry works on the basis o£ payment of' wages. . .~ There are altogether 135 forest villages/as per the ~nfo~at1on availab Ie in the working plan fo~ the peri.od 1957-56 to 1971-72. Forest v1llagers enjoy certain rights and concession~ in respect -< . of forest produce.

R! ghta and prJ. vi lc.:gesl

General public in the district do not enjoy any r~ght or priv.1.lege in the affairs of . SOme c:onces.1.on~ . t are allowed in respect of the forest dwellers 1.n forest villag~. supply of tire\ilTood pole~ tha~ch etc. are allowed at;. free of cost .. Zn terms of Assam ,ettlements fUleolease is o£~ten g~ven in respec~ d- . of un~ssed scate Forests for settlement and in th.is process certain kinds' of rLghts are developed on ~be trees by the lessee. But this .is being safe guarded under section 32A of A:ssam Forest Regulation which stipulates tbQt certa~n kinds of treee like Cnalmugra~ Rata, Sisoo, p~n9, ~oan1 etc. are not allowed £or removal. p.rov:ision under Assam Set.tlement Rule ,is exerc1.sed"by L~, local Deputy COlamiss1.oner and as a re~u.lt of which. ma.ny lands with tree growth have been degraded. partic~rly where repeated cu~t1n9 has b~en allowed. Trees like Chalmugra. Rata. ~soo. P~ng, pandala, Khokan etc. are considered. to be reserve trees and cannot be felled in the leased land a m permits from these areas are allowed when the Forest Departmen: does not come into picture. PermLssion is solicited by the 10cal villagers from Forest Department for removal of trees from stump site or sawing of the timber. Peoniss.1on is solicited from the Di vi.sional Forest Of£.icer whose control is very much remote. There are chances whereb y Wlauthorized felling of trees and its conversi.on by sawLng whi.ch cannot be ruled out. 1.11.4 Present management: At present the forest land under the Forest Department in Cachar ~stri.c't is no~ managed under any working pl~ ....v..~ prescripti.on. Past method of' leasing out of' ;t:bta biEfr coupes as per the prescript~on of worki.ng plan(1957-SB to 1977-72}

may not be advocated as a pr~~er measure because of extension o£ le ase peri.od w.i~~ endanger the removal of better growth from the forest. Further extension t:£ lease may encourage a lessee to operate the timber bearing area evena:-i.ng the growing

season. Uhder such situation ~~r harvesting has been reduced to a large extent. SOl Umber operation is allowed on a smal~er scale through Contractor's agency_ Departmental timber operation in both Cachar and Karimganj Forest Ddvisicns 1.s carried out. 'Ibere are scope for increased departmental timber operati.on and the same has not gained any momentum till the timber resources o£ the area surveyed and assessed. Departmental operation real~y provide chances in the betterment of rural economy and improve situation of rural employment. Besides working £0£ forest coupes for timber, bamboo bearing areas are worked on lease basis for extraction of bamboo. Ear:lier in the "lorking Plan 1957-58 to 1971-72 leasing out of bamboo coupes was prescribed. 'Ibe same tradition of leasing out of bamboo coupes ( locally known as bamboo mahal) i.s conti.nu­ ing. In this process of management extension of time for working 1.8 granted to the lessee as a result of whi.ch chances of oyer cutting particularly the current growth remains. However, unless the working pl~n is revised and the banboo resources is correctly assessed no suitable prescription can be advocated by the State Forest Department. · ~i :

1.12 Forest resources info::r.:mationa

Var~ous kinds of major arid minor forest produces are o avai~able in the reserve forests and other tree bearing areas of cachar distrJ.ct. :It wi.ll. be J.nteresting to note that at the moment only minor forest produces are worked ~ largely by the state Forest Department. Possibility of work~ng in Nareas with tree growth is remote unless the working plans for both the forest divisions are revised and implemented.

Consideri.ng the ava~labj:lity of various forest resources ~rom forest, it may be pointed out that minor forest produces like sand and stone are removed now at a very large sca1e from the various river beds and queries. This kind of operat.ion if conti.nues as such ecoilogical imbalance cannot be ruled out. Excess removal of stones and sands from rJ. ver beds may Likely change the course of the river which may ultimately cause flood. Regarding removal of sand it may be pointed out that excavation o£ sand from queri.es margi.nal to forest .la nd will deteri.orate the ecologiaa~ condition in the forest area and in this process chances of successful a£fores­ tati.on will be destroyed. Therefore, i.t is necessary to control the removal of these two produces from both Cachar and Silchar FOrest Ddvisions.

Regarding timber operation, it may be pointed out that sort of regulations has to be developed to stop the working of the forest with more than 80% pole crop. Repeated workLn9 excess removal, destruction of better tree growth ~n this part of the forest caused serious damage to the forest area and avai~lability of bamboo and timber has been reduced. Removal of various kinds of minor forest produces like Chalmugra,Agar, Rema etc. are oone without any scheme of working and there 1s no evalua~on of these resources. Working of various agencies wi. thi.n the reserve forest areas can be seen .1n respect of the above. As the manpower potential in these two forest d1visions are not enough, it will be diffi.cult to control exercise on the removal of such forest produces and chances of unregulated removal by stealthy manner may destroy the production potential of these forest produces. 1.13 infrastructure:

'!he in£rast"ucture in the dis~r1.<::t is not developed particularly i.n respect of power and cOItlllwUcat.ion. Major items of .infrastructure are fUrnished .in sUbsequent paragraphs.

Forest managertent in Cachar district is controJ.led by two Ddvisional Forest O£ficers. These two D.F.Os actuaJ.ly function from their Headquarters at Silcnar and karimganj. Executive staf£ of various categories assist the D.F.O. for managene nt of forest.

DeputY·Commiss~oner at SiJ.char and Karimganj overse~ the forest. management from administrative angle. Unclassed State Forests are ~rectly controlled by them.

Economy of Caahar isba sed on agric ul ture and people primarily devote themselves 1n cultivation. Agricuitural labourers are available but not in rainy season. The district is situated along the border of Bangladesh and as result -migratory labourers are available from time to time. population.pressure on the local economy is very high" and on account of this wage rate of the ordinary l~bourer is higher than many other places .in the State. Ava..:llahillty o£ stilled labourer is not enough. 'lherefore, opening 0 f i.ndustries in any sector should haVe a progratnme of importing skilled labourer 1n the area.

1.13.2 Comrnunicat~on faci~~ties~

Roa.d communication 1n the district is yet to develop. National High. \fays serve t he main connecting link with the adjoin­ ~ng states of Meghalaya and T.r1p~a. Prevailing road in tne district are Kuchha type which actually Cb not serve the comrnunication purpose i.n t.h~ rainy Season. Inner areas remain disconnect..ion w~th the distr~ct and S~c-div~sional Hea~uarters during rainy season. As the dJ.str.ict is agro based in economy open1.n9 of better new roads wil~ not commensurate with productivity. Railway lJ.nks are available in a few ~laces. Metre gauge railway line enters into Cachar th rough uumbding Rly_Junction. Maj or ~a1lway links are from Bada~ur.Rly.JUnction. ·Ra~l~ay link actuall¥ serve the central portion of the district and to some extent in the northern part. Currently a scheme is going to connect Si1char with Bhairavi. i.n Mizor~ and Jirimukh in Manipur. If these two railway connections are developed not only Manipur and ~zoram will be benefited but trade and commerce activities in silcbar, Badarpur, HaJ.l.akandi and Lala wil.l be increased to an appreciable extent.

A third line of commWlication .1n the district are the waterways. 'lhere are number of ri.vers in the area which connect several rural and urban areas. n-ds mode of corornWli­ cati~n is availed by the rural popula:t.ion to an appreciable extent. Country-made boars, bamboo and timber rafts are the common mode of transport used by the rural peopl.e for the journeys from one place to another. However. this mode of journey becomes really d1f£~cult duri.ng the rainy season when the river move very swiftly. Power development in the district is very poor. Only a few places are provided with this facilities. Lack o£ power supply is one of the impediment in the matter of industr.ial development. Tea gardens usually get power from their own resources. This kind o£ captive power generation is not possible for small units of industries which do not earn so much of profj.t to sustaJ.n the cost of ~nerat.ion of power. Lack of infrastructure really retarding economic develop­ ment in the area. Large water resources and forest resources can prov.1de adequate base for rural industrial developrrent. But in both the sectors of power and forestry organised and systematic development are yet to be achieved. ., 54 : CHAP'!-ERIl::I

INVESTIGATION AND ~mTHQDOLOGY

The principa~ Qbjec~ives of the present iaventory are appended be10w I- i) to estimate the tota1 erowing stock of the area within ~n error mars~n o~ ~10% at 95%~robab~~ity ~eve1,. ~~) to estimate the tota1 dry we~ght of groW~ng Btock of bamboo in the project area. iii) to determine the composition of t~e forest and distribution of vari.oue spe ci.ea by si.lZe classes end vo1ume tbereof, iv) to assees the wood consumption for domestic and

industr~a1 purpose, v) to p~ovide euitab1e data base in strategic p1snning for forest deve1opment.

~he entire project area ~B cov~red by aeria1 photo­ inte:rprctati.on. Ground. i.n-ventor,; wa.s ba.aed on the Survey Of

India topographica1 Sheets. The fo~1owing topograPh~ca1 eheets in 1: 50 ,-000 aCa1e were used ~-

83 0/12, 83 U!4. 83 D/5. 83 n/6. 83 n/7, B~ D/S, B3 D/9, 83 D/10~ 8, D/11, e3 D/12, 8, D/1J. 8' D/14, 83 D/15. 8, D/16,

B3 GIll. 83 HI, t 83 H/2 t 8, H/,_

2.' Xn~entQrz design: 'rna ete..nda.rd des5.sn 1'or ground i.nventory work prepared

by Forest Survey o~ Ind~a ha9 been adopted.

2.4 Se.prpllns- design s

Each topographica~ mapBheeta of sca1e 1:50,000 re1at~ng to CaCbar d~str~ct wasaLv~ded' into grids o~ 2Y2 t x 2Y2' whioh formed a. un:it. The p~ot centres of" two 8a.mPl.~ p1.ots "-Jere Ele~ected in each ~ia. wh.i.ch were 1ocs:ted in the fie1d. A ,;>~ot of .1 4. Ua.s ~a.:Ld C\l.t around the p~c"t c&ntre and 'i.nveXl:t ory

of thios es,mp:L.e p~ot \,1a,B d ODe. ~:b.. P~" O.:D.'tZO •• ot 'the 1;.0 .aapl..e PCJ.D". :LD .aa'b. po£cJ vC'. ..1. crte4 £il "th.' :f'011o.£A{f -.IID.S' I ho :r_40. J:l,UIIlb... 'Wezo. ..141 crtea ~om 'the raa40m J:N.__ 'ta"bl.. wb.Sab. ~oZ'. -the b ••~ _ o~ X _4 'I' ooo:r4£Da"' •• o~ "*b. p1o'tl aenotr. o~ OZI.• .,~l.e »101:. doth -the la"ti.1:U4••• ... • I • :z. ax!.. ana

1ozur!. .. 'ua •• 5 r .x£.-. _ A aDd ..'the south ••.-t COrD.. • fd 2'2 III Z 2ya' piA! lUI tbe or~.b. 'Zh••• nw1. »10~ w.a plo-te4 ~D the p!.4. ~h. 1oo.~i.QD o~ ~h. ..aoa4 aaaP1. pio~ va- ~oumd b~ ~o~~ 'th. . . ~bn pl.o't c~~re dth "the s:t"U oeD'tr. 11Zl4 ez'tUldi1L8 :I."t 'to _ equal. 4~e1:aDo • .s.a 'the oPpo• .t.", • .u.z.eo't!.ol1. ~he »o1n1; .'t "th. eDA .i.ll 'b. "th•. ..p1o __ 0fID~'Z'. o~ 'the ••GOIla - .....1. p1ot: • 2l!'!5 ,,_1d GZk s·

"~14 4.1;..... r. ool.l.~o~.A b7 Cr.... J ••• or•• oca.1.a1:ea o~ OA. Jr .. tt.obn.Seal. "'~.1:_". 011. »7 • Raft.... ana ••~el.4maa. 2 .. 0 or i;hzo .. 1a'boarer. "ere Jeep" a'tt.ob.4 ri"t;b 'th. cre" 't.aafbr ou'ttl_ juu.a1••• 1qJ.z:&8' 0111: p1.o't. aD4 b1a.:!.aa o~ v ••••1:0.

~ »101; GenU. o~ ••••1!PJ»1e p10" :l. 1oca1:e4 in th. ~:l.e14 v:l1;b ..:b. b.1p o~ • Z".~.rezao. poiza:' aA4 a pl.o~ o~ .1.b.•• :I.e 1a!4 o-,n ez"owul f..". Aoooril.D8",o the !a.-t'rUc1;~OA ooa'ta.!a.a .iD 'the dlaDua.1. i:_ cl ....a .er. co1l..neeJ. j,n -the Z'.1evaa1; ~o.rme. J)e't~l.ea i._n-ao",s,cma 011 •• Pro".dm-. ~ :ti.:L4 york ._ f'~UiDa "th. 'Yar:l.oull ~OZ'••• ocoz04~_ "to. tb. oorr.a't co4~.. are" .i.veD J.D "'he ~£e14. mall.ua1. Bach or.. Va. .1' 0"".4 w.i.'th a_ Ilu.b... a~ o-lc1. vld.cb oCD1;ai.Ded 'the m2c 'bezo of ...»1. p1O't. 'to 'be ~CG'.a b7 the•• ocoz04S. .. 'to 1:b.. a'bo.. prajA4UZ'••

iPar coU.crtl.ca o~ :I.D:t~:S.cm. 'tb. ~0l.1ovi.Da 1o.rma _ ...~ 5.11 __4 s- :L) »101; aPpro.cia :tora, ~) pl.cn a ••arl.p1oj.o.a. ~OZ"lll. :U.:I.) pJ.o1: .D.UJDazo.1::l.Oll ~o:na. j,y) '.~J.e' ~•• ~o:r-..: • ) au-b..n4 ~ba d ..~. -rO%'I!l. '= ..~) bamboo etJ.u.era1:1oll ~OZ'la •• : :5 6 :

OHa~ER: J:I:I: .D cclA., A rr.,~ q.;-.$

~. 1 General.."

°r·T~f:..:-$ A eeries o£ data process~s~are iDvo1ved for dieemina- ting var~ous informat~on about tbo cond~t~on aDd Gxtent of 'foreets in Cnabar dist£i9~. TheBe inc1uded three major types ~etW" '<:Ins o£ data proc.eB~s~name~ manua1 processing, proceeoing OD unit record maCbLne and proceBa~e on eJ..ectron10 computer.

Xt invo1ves the £o1J..owing steps:- i) dooumentation of the fieJ..d £orma, ~~) COd1nB the information in the fi~d ~orma whioh haD Dot al..ready been ~oorporat.d, i~i) manual.. checking for vaJ..idity of codes used in various coJ..umne of in~ormation and iv) recoDo~J..ation of diacre~ancies. if any. in oonsu1tatioD with crew J..eaders.

'.3 ~roceeBing on un~t record maOh~ne: Fa1J..owing .tepa are carried out on unit record maChine:­ i) punching the information on cards. ii) veri~ioation of puncbad cards, ii:L ) sort:Lns and co1l.a.ting the cards for proper ::l.nput - to/computer and :Lv) :U.. st:i.oe o~ punched da.ta carda. 3.4 lroceeeipg on e1ectronio computer:

~he fO~~OW1ns o»eratione are oarr~8d out on eJ..eotron::l.o

computer :J- i) 10adillB o:f' the da.ta. on me.gnet:Lo disk pack/tapee, ii) oons~stenC7 oheckine o£ the da~a, i~i) oorreotion of the data, :Lv) ca.1~l.a.t1.on of tree and p~ot vo1ume. v) preparation.. of B~ande.rd stock tabJ.. • ., and vi) ~reparat ion of growing stock tablA B £or different types o£ stra.ta.

Su~tabJ..e oomputer programme are devel.oped for processing the e:foresa.id i.tems of work on el.ectronic COluputer. 3.4.1 ~.-:W:fLti.on of cgea.:

~he area. estimate ~s based on the figure of the Forest ;Pep~tmez:lt and -th is £'ormed the basi s of ca.l.cu1a:ti.on of growing stock of the area.

Accordi.ne~ tb e area. £al.~~ng under di.f~ erent stra.t um. :is 0.06 f oUow s , Stratum AreA in ha,

~asoe11a.nQOUB 168~6.e9 Bamboo- 344;1 0.15 - ~O~7 Q 7 ·.0 ~ The area o£ ,6912.70 ha, cou1d not be o~.se1fi.ed i.n ~ strata. aD it ~B~S aBainst the fo110wing heads:

Tree garden: 8758.95 Agri.cu~tura~ ~a.na1e14'.5' Vi~a.se Bight 5005.11 5005.11• 36912.70

3.5 Vo1ume etud:ios:

AS ~oca.l. 'Vo~ume tabl.es for moe-t of the speoies of the

projeot orea WaB avai~ab~e from State Foreet Department, DO

vo1ume equa~ion W$S daval.oped for estimating the vol.ume of Brow:i.Dg stock. I J II II I I II II I I II II I II I I ._,. II LC'\ I.J.'\ \0 I n t4"\ l:- I:- I.t\ II + ..... l:- t- C\I I ••II 0 I • • • • II 0 I ~ C\I C\I I f('\ I ~I ..... I n "I, I II ro C\I C\I t- t- I II ~ C\I \0 \0 .q- C\I II , ~ C\I \0 t- t- I II I • • • I • • II I 0 n C\I '"C\I N ..... I II 0\ I II I I II I.J.'\ I.J.'\ (\J (\J I V IJ:'\ 0\ n ~ ..... \0 n n N ~ I (0 ~ I' ~ ~ q- ..... f('\ q- \0 II I I • • • • • • • I II 0 C\I C\:I C\I N ('II N ..... II I ...... 0 l.C'\ 0\- I II 0 0 • I • • • • • • II Lr\ ..... 0 ...... - 0 I II M II I (J) I f-l' 0\ \0 0 Q') CO 0 V (I) \0 ..... II dO <:t ..... 0 t- O U'I. 0 I.t\ I [I I (\I Q') t:C") S t- E:- <0 0\. \(.) II 'I 0 • • • • • • • I - . II 'ri o:::t- .- a 0 0 0 0 0 II I=!r I •II II I 0\ n a 0 co 0 tt\ 0 I 11 t4"\ co 0 0 n 0\ .- I >- 0 I C\I LC'\ r:- Lt\ ~ t- LC'\ I II 0 • • .. • • • • II" J f('\ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I II II I I II 0\ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 II I N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I ..- n Lr\ C\I t4"\ U"\ t4"\ II I 0, • • • I "LI ('.I' • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U I I II "I 0\ 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 I II .- In 0 0 0 a 0 0 II I I 0 .- C\I ..- C\I l*'\ ..... I ,II 0 • • • • • • • ..... 0 a 0 V II 0 0 0 0 • II I 0 I I: Z -.. II .... I Q) -.. -.. I an an IX) N CO I II" '8 '\0 -CO .- " I II 0 0 \0 ID C\I I If '", -CIt I ~ cd ~ -'0 0 rd I .p 0 - 1~ - J.e '0 -('II 0 -cd II" .... ·roI 0 \0 .,... ~ I ~

W~~h the hel.p of the Loca1 volume tabl.e of the'State Forest Department and the d~ameter of enumerated trees, vol.ume of each tree was computed.

3.5.2 l;~ot vol.ume:

Vol.ume of al.1. trees ~ a p1.ot were added to obtain the 'Pl.ot vol.ume.

The trees enumerated ~ pl.c'ts were separatel.~ estimated for both the strata i.e. miscel.l.anaouB end bamboo. ,.6.1 Miacel.l.aneouB stratum:

The number of atQoe/h~. in ~ac~1.1aDeOuB.... stratum ~e 197.446. ~he d~etribut~on of speoies by diameter is shown in 'tab1e No. '1 .1 ~ ~ose study of the 1:ab1e cl.eQl.... J.y showB tbe.t UZI.:identi.£ied species in the st%·e.tum :is moet doClinall.t aDd is about 27% of the total. stems.

,About the moat: frequent spec1.e s ment:ion....-a:- lDa3' be made of' Oznometra pol.Yand~(6.5%) fol.l.owed by DYsoxyl.on bineteriforum{5%) and Syzyg:Lum cumini.i(4.2%)

Among the other speci.es the fol.l.o~ing are ~redOminQntf species :

l'q cent fl.ee< ,u Pxrue l'!ash:Ln 2.24 Na. car ansa. p e1.t e t e. 2.07 Cnl1ionrpa prborea 2.0:2 Cel.ophyl.1um eo1yenthum

Regarding the ~ietribut~oD of stems, acoord£mg to ~ameter c.La.eeeo , :Lt i.s observed that about 96" o£ the total. stems ~:;- b dow 50cm. die. ~he percentaee of stems bel.ow JOcm. d~a. is about 80%. Thus ~t may be sc£e~ concluded that al.though the density of the stratum is quite high, the trees mostly belong to lower diameter c 1 aaeQ,j • The distribution of species by diameter cl.aeees ~n thi.s stratum is given in tab1e No.t.2

~he~mber o~ stems per hect~re in the stratum is 140.350. ~hus i.t ie c1ear that tbe denei.ty in the stratum ie poor than dscell.811eous stratum. l:-t::Ls observed that the percentage of uni.dentified trees in the stratum ie also very high and i.s about 31.6% of the tota~ sterne ..

About the dominant species occurring ~ the etratuw, it i.s seen that ~egerapga euriqu~atA is not £requent(7%) fo11owed by lie,eereDg6 pe1te.ta(4 .4~) ~d Czmdmeree. ~UY'Andra.(4. 3%) •

Regardi.ng the distri.bution of the !Species by dia.meter c1asses. i.t is seen that 96.2% of the tota.1 stems be10ns to di.ameter c1ass be10w 50cm. ~erccntage o~ stems be10w 30cm.die. ::Le about 84%.

Among the other Bpec~es, the fo11owing are importa.nt epeci.es:

Per sen "tags! %) D:yaoxyl.on b ina otoriforum :3.75 La.ser stroemia. .Emrvi f10 1"0 8 :3.62

Thus it may be sa£e1y conc1uded that the trees in the stratum are mostl..y i.n younger sta.ge and IIlaY not be expected to give any dividend in ~mmed~ate future.

3.7 yo~ume studies;

Vo1ume was .ep~e.tel.y ee-tJ;ma:ted for both the s'tratu.m ~.o. l!Ji.ece1~o.DeOUB and bamboo. :n~str.:i.but'ion of vo1ume by species ie appended in tab10 No. 2.1 and 2.2

'.7.1 H'isce1.1aneoue stratum;

. Vol.ume per hec"tare t~ stratum is on1y 47.816 m:3 • The vo1ume ~ expected i.e 10w si.nce most of the trees pertain to younger di.ameter c~aes. The dominnnt speci.es ~n ~he stratum are Cynomerea ~ol.Yanare(8.02%) fo1.1owed by Syzygium cuminii(6.6%) D7soxy1um b'ine~toriforum(4~) aDd ~tocnrpuB chap1aaba(:;.7%). For de1;a.:i.~ taob1e IJ"o. 2.1 maY be referred. Contr~bution of predominant spec~eB= Per centeRe(") I-NeUa ~rreA ,.00 Co~ophy1um pO~YAntbum 2.70 nuebgnsa eOnneretiodes 2 .11

!JbiZzie specie~ 2.02 ,::: e atone. &£epdia 2.01

Reg ard ing ~ e d i stri. but i on 0 f V 01um.e vy d i.a.me t er c J.e.e s , it :is observed tha.t s.bou-t 4a~ of the voJ.ume beJ.o:t:l8' to the di.a.. cLass bel-ow 40cm. d~s.meter. Vol.ume contr~buted by the trees over 60cm. d~am&ter(matured trees) is about 17.6% of the tota~ vol.ume.

'.7.2 Bamboo strata:

~he voJ.ume per heotare in the stratum is on~ ~O.539m' (tabl.e No. 2.2)

Ae expected, the concen~ration o£ bamboo in the a~ratum being hiSh, the vol.ume per hectare in the stratum is l.ow. The dom~nent vol.ume contributing Species ~n the stratum are ArtoceFpqs ehaEA~~~hA(e.9%).fo1~owed by DUebanB~ 6ra9dif1orA(4.6~),Sap1um baccatum(4.1%) ~ ~tramel.es nudifl.oEa(3.8%)

Among t~e other Bpec~ee=

Cynometra no1yepdre 5.20~ DuabpnSA eonnortiodes 4.56% Stereoepermum che1onoidee 4.24~

SYzyg~um £Um~n~~ 3.62% D~pteroCarPUB mecrocarpus 3.17% .2.me~inA erb oree. 3.01% ~ err.lineJ.. io. pitre.na 2.43%

Rege.:rdi.n£t th.e d~stri.bution o-f V o lou me b:f diameter C~a.S9,

:it is seen that abou"t 23.2~ of the V o:lume bQLongs to di.a.meter cl.e.ea( 10-19cm.) .~ VoJ.ume ~,ocm. i.e about 34.5%- Vol.ume be~ongins to the ma~ured d~ametsr ClaBs(i.o. above 60cm.) :is on:Ly 17~ o:f the totel. vol..ume. ,.8 yo~ume by strata:

The toota.l. vol.u.me of the growi.ng stock for the al='ea he.a betnL 10"1' _ sepe.ra:t el.;V estima.t ed stratum wi.se both ~~:~ mie cel.l.e.neous a.nd bamboo strata and ere incl.uded in tabl.e No. 4.1 and 4.2

~he fo1.1owing gives an abatract of the vol.ume distri­ buti.on over the enti-re area as covered in "the present inventory •

Stratum .A;r aa. .in ha.. Vol.ume per ba. Total. V ol.ume (m~l (1.000 m~)

Mia 0 ella:ne cue 168296.89 47.816,. 8047.266 Bamboo 34410.15 30 .5'9 1050.868 - - 202707.04 ./ 44.a8'~ 909~:34 -y

'.9 Standard error:

Total. standard error for vol.ume per hectare ~a '.'344 However, etandard error for the estimates of vol.ume per hectare for different stratum is given bel.ow :-

Stre.tulu S.]I. (%)

M:i e c el.l.an e ou; 47.816 3.1623 Ee.mboo 30.539 5.7972

Bamboo cl.ump enumeration waS carried out in the entire

pl.ot by ~ump size cl.e.sees. l-fuJ.i 'tlaS enumerated on:Ly over 1/8tb area of the pl.ot(touohing nortbern semi-diaeon~) countin~ wiL1

be done onl.y in 9.0125 he. area ~.e. north west quadrant.

'.11 Bemboo date.:

Eamboo data waS co~ected as detai~ed under para 1.1

In Oase of current years cu~ms of both Mu1~ and clum formers,

the dia.meter c~a.ssi.fi.cs.t:i.on WaS not done, ae the growth of_ cu~ms ,ozou1d not have been comp~eted. Bamboos were enumerated

accord~ng to the fol1ow~ng diameter classesc

2 -to under5cm. 5 to 8cm. S to and over. '4~:

APEa"t from countj.ng the bamboos under :3 disJJleter c~es ses. '1t WaS ne cessa;t·y to oo~~eot the weight C!ats. a~so to ~ri.ve @,t the green dry -vrei.aht rati.o. IJ:!he tn.a.nue.l- of instructi.ons -£or :f i.el.d

inventory ~s the Qa~n guid1~ne.

Qu1ms per hectares

Nul.i. Bamb 00 =

~ota~ n~ber of mu~i, cu1ms were recorded in'tbe northern b.e.~f Qf each p1o'"t. "l!bese £'igur eB prov~ded e eti.ma.te of the tota~ mu1i. ou1ms ov~r the enti.re area.

~he detei~d enumerat~one of mu1i cu1me oecurrinc in the northern lle.J..f o£ H.U. q\A.e;rda.nt 'Were done by e.gc (c'Urr9nt seasone. 1-2 seasons ~d over 2 seBson6) soundness. aDd d~ameter (2-50m.),5-8cm. and 8 om. over) Th~s data ~rov~ded the proporti.on o£ cul.ma 1n d~fferent age c1nss es, soundness c1aeses and diameter c1aaees ip both the miece11 aneous etratum and ba,mboo stratum.

~he number of cul.ms per he etare b~ age end souudness are given in Tab1e No. 5.0

3.12.2 ql.ump formjngs

':Che tota~ number of cl.wups .in each pl.at were anumera.ted

~ong~~th tree cnumerat~on. C~ums axe then c1aaBif~ed ~n detai~ by aee(current seasons, 1 to 2 seaSons and over two eeaeons)and eaUDd~ess(green sound and decaYed) and diameter(2 to 5 ems •• 5 to B ems., 8cm. and above). ~he number of cu~ms/per hectare by age end soundness are' given in Tab1e No. 5.0

Bemboo we:l.ght = Green weight of bamboo cu1ms in diameter c1assee 2-5cm. 5-8cme •• 8cme. and aver wnS avs.i1abl.e £rom the fe11ed cu1ms. Tbe ereen weight of a. cul.ms was eonvcn·ted tos;ir dry weisht ~ mu~t.ipl.ying a factor 0.6

Species Green we~gb t dry D:i.a.. c~a.e e (em) Avr • shrinkage Air• J (ion kg.) waight (in ksd Mu.l.3. 2 i;o 5 4.12 40" 2 .. a~ 5 to 8 12.9~ 7.76 B a.nd a.bave ~0.19 18.11 Non-c1ump 2 to 5 5.41 40% 3.25 forming 5 to 8 15.20 9.12 8 e.nd aboVe. 34.91 --2Q •.25 The 1'ol.~o'W'~ng weigh."tagea were g1.ven to th e dif:ferel'lt

cond1.t~ons of the cu1m. for determ~~ng the weight of a cu~m: Green sound 1.0 Green damaged 0.5 Dry Bound 2.0 Dry damaged 1 .0 DeoaYed 0.0

The ::reau~t o'f' bamboo dz'Y Yleigh1;;/ha.. by CW;U ~ soundness are given i.n ~'tabl.e No. 6.0 :45: CffiP"J.~R: IV

RESULTS OF I.NVENTORY

4. General: The forest area under the control of State Forest De~ar~ent of Assam ~n the undiv~ded Cachar distr~ct was surveyed. According to the data availab-1e from field ~nventorYI the fores~ area has been classified as per the paragraph 3.4.1 into two strat.a namely .t1iscellaneous and Bamboo. Various data were collected i.n the £ield and the most pertinen~ items are presented in the subsequ~nt paragraph to indica~e the certain results of the present. inventory which include the assessment o£ 9rowing stock in the area. 4.1 i) Miscellaneous stratum:

The tot.al forest area Wlder the. control of the State Government is 239620 ha. out of v/hich 163296 ,89 ha.belong to the miscellaneous stratum. The miscellaneous- Dtratum ~n Cachar valle~ consists of tree growth forests of va~ying density. In par3graph 1.8 it has been stated a1ready that the tree growth in Cachar valley is mainly compr~sed of tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen types. 'lbe tropical

eVGrgreen £orests .i.s ma.in!.y compos~d of speci:es 1:iJ'te Artocarpus chaplasha, Manqifera. spp.,Lophopetalum £~mbriatum, Alseodophne owdeniil callophyLlum Eolyanchum, Canarium

resni£erum etc. nlese are all evergreen type~ of species, which are ~argely present ~n Cachar valley. The semi-evergreen

type of species are Gmelina arborea, AcUna cordifo1ia, ~oora wallichii, Albizzia Drocera etc. The local variation in these type of tree growth has a1so been discussed in paragraph 1.8.3

OC-currence o£ these spec~es are further presented in terms o~ actual ~ata collected £rom the field in 'table Nb.~l. Cedrella febrifuga, Euqenia £ruticosa, Chukrassia tabula ris alongwith ~nthoceDhalus cadamba~ Duabanga sonnerotio~des, Cynomctra uolyandra are a1so found. 4.2.1.C1assification of miscellaneous stratum according to landuse pattern :

The miscellaneous stratum in the cachar val1ey can be classified into i)dense tree forests ii)moderately dense tree forests and iii) open tree forests. The occurrence of dense tree forests in cachar valley is very rare and the following grids and plots repre5ent the location of dense tree forests:-

===~==~~===~~==~~======~======;~=~======~~=~======Toposheet~. Grid/lb. Volume/hectare Stem/hectare Plot

83 DIS 105/1 17.996 S3 53 D/7 204/2 8.318 44 B3 D/1S 615/1 13.964 54 E!3 D)'15 615/2 7.532 58 83 0/15 616/1 12.645 60 83 0/15 616/2 13.256 61 83 0/22 710/1 ~6 .Q52 59 83 D/15 715/1 6.538 62 83 D/1S 715/2 9.413 4S 83 D/15 71.6/2 6.037 40 83 D/15 716/2 18.392 61 83 D/6 802/2 21.427 29 83 D/10 810/2 12 .. 682 83 83 W'2 1019/1. 17.242 46 83 !-VZ 1018/2 15."105 49 83 W2 1118/1. 27.816 59 83 W2 2218/2 11.224 62 83 W1 1522/1 13.572 48 83 C/12 2107/2 3.921 52 83 C/1.2 2108/1 11.513 4'1 83 C/12 2109/.1 8.156 36 83 C/12 2110/2 4.649 28 83 C/12 2111/1 7.171 42 83 C/22 2112/2 18.763 45 83 C/22 220 6/1. - .14.198 35 83 C/12 2209/1 19.983 45 83 C/12 ·2211/1 7.258 58 83 C/12 2211/2 12.205 43 Th.e above tabulation snowing the d.i stribution of ste~ha.anp volum~gd. is indicative of the following inferences: -

1), Species li'ke Syzyn:i_UITI cu.-ninii.,Dysoxylum hinnpt;'­ tari€prllUl, Cynometra polyandra, Dil1f!:.?nia t:>entanyn~, M.::asua ferra, Barrinntonia spp., KydiFl ca.l_ycina,LoPho"Oet-=tlttlt £imh ria.r1..ll:l are trailing behind in the competi ticn. Most of these are ~n regeneration stage ana some of them are not e~en found in po~e stage i.e. ab ove 30cm. in diamecer class. It is inl:.erest.ing that Cynomctra polvanrira is the commonest of all the species listed above in major grids and ~lots where the grow~h of this species is founa to be even in regeneration stage.

The occurrence of dense tree forests as represented in the above list of grids and plots is not found in a s ..p ...... continuous patch but these occur in,.t>dtches. Difficult terrain which does not permit harvesting of timber and other produc es on var~ous physic al barri~rs in the area is the main factor which h~s retained the present ch~racter of the vegetation.

2) Moderately dense tree forests in Cachar valley is comparatively larger in area and it is also located -in various terrains where the 'accessibility even today is not easy for extracti~O;timber and other fore3t produces. Th~ list of £ol~owing grids and plots do indicate the l.ocations of moderately dense tree fore:3ts alongwith other relevant infoo.1ation:------= -':: - - = - = ------M.3.psheet ~. Grid/Plot N::> • Volum~/ha. No.of stem/ha. - - - - - = ------= - - - - 83 D/S 4/1 20.188 33 83 D/8 4/2 10.513 26 83 D/12 106/1 3.911 25 83 D/7 203/1 1.133 17 83 0/7 205/1 1.601 5 83 D 208/1 6.344 12 83 D/7 300/1 8.667 24 83 D/7 301/2 6.493 7 83 D/7 302/2 9.098 38 :1-t~ ~

=====~====~=====~=====~======~======~=~-=~===~~~~=~ 1 2 3 4 ~==~=~======;==~~======~==~======~===~~=~====~~= 83 Dill 307/2 9.427 35 83 0/7 4-01/2 9.396 33 83 D/1 402/1 18.505 39 83 0/11 409/2 9.966 24 83 D/7 502/2 18.326 41 83 0/11 509/1 9.303 SO 83 IV'15 514/2, 8.393 41 83 0/7 600/~ 6.745 26 83 D/7 602/2 9.49& SO 83 D/11 609/~ 9.824 43 83 !:Vi 5 613/~ 13.144 53 B3 D/1S 613/2 2.966 38 83, D/15 614/~ 11 .. 245 52 83 D/15 614/2 ~O.452 S9 83 IVI 706/1 5.651 5 83 D/ll 708/1 8.930 29 83 0/11 709/1 4.062 29 83 0/1.1 709/2 11 .. 724 30 83 !-V2 101/2 7.580 28 83 D/10 1110/2 4 .. 644 63 63 D/2 1~19/1 19- ... 424 69 83 D/2 1119/2 11 .. 033 45 83 0/6 1200/1 6 .. 428 20 83 D/6 1200/2 11.732 38 83 !-V'2 1219/1 14 ... 896 30 83 J-V2 ~219/2 17 ... 059 30 83 D/Et 1301/1 15.274 25 63 !-V2 1319/1 6.245 24 83 !-Vl 1420/1 3.279 23 83 D/10 910/1 1~O33 '5 83 D/I0 910/2 4 .. 312 37 83 D/14 913/1 11 .. 031 28 83 l-V2 918/1 11.169 36 83 W2 919/1 11.370 47 83 Wl 1721/2 5.252 26 83 WI 1 7 22/2 6.451 35 83 WI 1321/1 2.743 15 83 W1 1823/2 17.368 42 63 D/_9, 1909/2 13.090 92 83 D/9 1911/1 12 .. 756 63 S3 D/13 1914/1 3 .. 628 11 : 4 0 ~

=== ==~ == ~~.: = .;=.=:::=.=",=,===~ ='=~=.======.:=':::===~ == =-=====':==:.:== 1 2 3 4 =~~=~:=~====~==~=====~=~=~======~~==~~====~=~==~~====

83 D/1.3 1915/2 3.195 ~9 83 D/13 19~6/2 1.704 10 83 9/1 1918/1 1.3.631 36 83 iii1 1922/1 1.700 11 83 D/12 2009/2 16.365 41 83 D/12 20~0/2 13.377 45 83 D/12 2011/1 3.249 28 83 C/16 2013/1 7.112 27 83 C/16 2013/2 9.532 43 83 C/16 2014/1 7.337 32 83 C/16 2015/1 2.279 9 83 C/16 20l7/1 4.151 31 83 G/4 2018/2 3.193 29 83 G/4 2019/1 6.893 24 83 C/12 210 6/1 10.892 27 83 C/12 2106/2 7.668 19 83 C/16 2112/1 7.678 39 83 C/12 220 8/1 9.530 26 83 C/lo 2212/2 3.249 46

======~=~=====~====~====~~====~~==~=~======~-=;====-== In ttds case Cynometra polyandra is also 'found to have poor growth compared to other species.

1'103. jor species - diameter class thereof:

~st of major species is £urnLshed aga~nst each grid and plot showing the diameter classes:-

Grid No. Specie s name Diameter cIa sses 1 2 3 ======~==~=~:=====~=~====~~~=~==~=~=====~==~=====~=~==~ 4/1 Cynometra PQlyandra 50-59 4/2 calophyllum polyanthum 60-69 ~O5/1 Cynometra polyandra 60-69 402/1 Dyxoxylum binectariferum 50-59 4Q9/2 Fi.cus sPP. 100-109 502/2 Artocarpu~ chaplasha 80-89 516/2 Syzygium cuminii 40-49 602/2 Bischofia javanica SO-59 609/1 Michelia champaca 50-59 610/1 Termin~lia chebula 60-69 ~14/1 Sterculia £ebri.fuga 40-49 615/1 Cynometra polyandra 50-59 1 2 "3 ==~===~==~===~~======~====~======~=== 616/~ cynometra polyandra 30-39 606/2 syzygi.um !== uninii '10-19 709/2 Mangifera andamanica 80-89 ?10/~ Premna b~ngalensis 70-79 711/1. Artocarpus chaplasha 110-119 716/2 syzygium cuminii. 40-49 802/2 Dipterocarpus' graoilis 60-69 920/2 syzygium cuminii 10-19 108/1 Syzygium cumini! 20-29 1018/2 Syzygi urn cuminii 10-19 1118/1 Syzygium cuminii. 2.0-29 1118/2 Syzygi.um ct.tn.ini.i. 60-69 " 11 19/1 Syzygium cununii 30-39 11.19/2 Cynometra polyandra 50-59 ~210/2. D~syx~~um binectari£erum 60-69 1219/1 Syzygium cuminii 20-29 1219/2 Tcrm~na~~a chebula 90-99 13~O/:L LophopetaLum £iffibriatum '10-79 1.419/2 Sl~alia insignis 60-69 1522/1 Eugenia species SO-59 913/1 ca~~o'phyllum polyanthum 50-59 918/1 Albizzia species 110-119 919/1 4,\1bizzia species 50-59 1823/2 Stercu~ia species 50-59 1909/1 Cynometra po1ya ndra 10-19 191.1/1 Cynometra poLyandra 30-39 1918/1 Sloanea asamica 50-59 2009/2 Bombax ceiba 90-99 2012/2 Ficus s.fl'ecics 80-89 2013/2 S~erculia species 50-59 2106/1 Termina1ia belerica 70-79 2108/1 Lophopeta1um fimb~tum 50-59 2112/2 Cynometra polyandra 30-39 2206/1 Duabanga grandiflora 60-69 2208/J. Dys9xy~um binectari£erurn 80-39 2211/2 Cynometra polyandra 60-69 ------~==~ =~===~==~= = = ~======~= ~======~~~= ------Th.e. 'f.1:~ue.ncy ~'f. OC'C\lr::c-cnce of CYl'larne'cr~ _l?ol.yannra ~ (Pphg) ia very high in both ehe dense tree forests and modera~e1y dense tree forest9. In order to bring out an actual picture of .florist~c· composition and yo1ume content of these two categor~es of forest,following :Lnf.o~ti.oQn c.a.n be. f.'..u:ni. she'd. When ~e compare the relative prOPQrtionl~di££ereat species in miscellaneous stratum with the same spec.1es in dense tcee forest a~eas, the ~cLlc~~n9 ~n£e~~nces can be noticed:- 1) Stem/ha. ~n den5e tree forese areas und moderately dense tree :forest areas j s higher in (ltLl'lber when compared to the avar.;age s tem/ha • for miscellaneous strattlm.. Th.i5 cli££erence .is to the tune of 255 .. L79 t1.t.JIDbel: o"f steI'.\$/ho .. 2' Cynometra polyandra(locally Known as Ping'contribute a very nigh proportion of volume in dense tree forest areas. rn dens~ t~ee forest areas, these species are faund in d1~eteC classes ran9ing from lO-19c~., 20-29cm.,30-39cm. and 60-69~lTI. i~ea:C~:1 ~;'-2Q'1o of: t.he vol.ume of cynome't.r:l nol \J'~n"r~ is repr~sonted by tree growth which are ~n regener~tion stage i.e. lO-19cm. diameter class. Balance 80-35% of the voll..lrne of' ~he ~ame species can be found ~n case of trees o£ higl"ler diameter claS5es of which nearly 50% of the volume i.s conta.in-e-C i.n t.he (iid'ttl.e:"c.eI c1..ass 20-2.~ and ~O-:V~crn_ C\!nometra pol"andra(l?j_ng) is locally a 900d constructional. tim~er and largely utilised by the local poople for various bUil.dio'1 con~tructioCl works as well as in makiI1g small br~dges and culverts. Prope~ management of this species ~n the ~en$e tr~e ~~~sts and even ~n mctl~~a~el~ dense tree forests may help in fucure to obcain ~gher yield from the~e areas. other ~mportant species in dense tree forests are A.rtocarpus chaolasha, calloohyllum +?olyantl'lUln,DipterocaJ:"pus gracil~s, Duabanqa grandiflor3, D~SezX1~~ binectariferum, Kayea £~or~bundd( Masua ferr~. SYZYOLUffi c~~n~~~ NeKt to Gvnometra the moat im;:>ortant. spec..! es i.s SY~"'1i UJD cuminii. In thi.~ case neari.y ,\»~ of. the vol.ume ~s concen't:.ratea in tlle diameter classes 10-19 cm_ and 20-29 em. Loca~ly this speci es is a 1 so uti li sed for construct.iona 1 purJ?ose. "rherefore, ap~ropriato mana~emen~ of thi.a speciGs in the moderotely dense tree £ores~s dnd as well as i~ dense tree forests areas wi.'ll. h~l.-P the £u"C-\l:Ce hlgne-r 17~e'lo £:ccsm S\lc::::fl 'fo~est.s. In cu.!?e of this species trees ~gher diameter eVGn up to 80-39c~.can be found in some occasion .. ~~nametra nolyan~ra and Syzvni~ c~~inii constitutes nearly 2 S;'~ of the total vol urne ,:;>rcsent in dense t.ree forests areas which .i s nearly 500 m3. So" Irianag€fllent of these sma11 pa~ch of forests wi~h a nigher proportion o£ important spec ies should be aimed keeping in view the condition of the £orests in rest areas ~n Cachar valley. I£ a study of accessibili~y o£ this kind of forest is noticed" it is found that these forests ara Locuted very far away from the market. A few sample dat.d collected from the field are furnished bel.ow :-

=~=~~=====~==~===~=~====~~=====~===~=~======~=~==~~====~ Griq/Plot l-b. l'1ature of forests Distance from r:'Iarket

4/1 Dense tree forests 57 4/2 do 44 105/1 do - 50 204/2 do 38 205/1 Modt!rat.ely Oense 105 tree forests 208/1 do 57 302/2 do 65 306/2 do 17 307/2 do 70 401/2 do 64 402/1 do 6S 402/2 Dense tree £orests 6€> 409/2 Moderately dense 41 t.ree .forests

502/~ do 63 502/2 do 52 509/1 do 44 509/2 do 60 514/1 do 55 515/2 Dense tree forest.s 63 516/2 do - 73 600/1 t-1oderatel.y dense 67 t.ree forests 602/2 do 68 609/1 do 43

613/~ do 5S 61.3/2 do 57 614/J. do 54 614/2 do 55 GricVPlot l'b. Nature of forests Di stance from market ======:=====~==~=~=~======~;=~==~~==~====~====~==== 615/1' Dense tree forests 50 615/2 -do- 67 616/1 -do- 63 616/2 -do- 63 706/1 Moderately dense 67 tree forests 708/1 -do- 7S 709/1 -do- 75 709/2 -do- 75 710/1 Dense cree forests 72 710/2 -do- 76 711/1 Hoderately dense 68 tree furests 714/1 Dense tree forests 50 715/1 -do- 67 715/2 -do- 51 716/1 -do- 65 716/2 -do- 65 717/1 Moderately dense 65 tree forests .:302/2 Dense tre~ forests 52 ulO/l !'1oderatel y dense 80 tree forests 810/2 Dense tree forests 70

~=~~===~===~~==~~~=~==~==~==~====~~====~======~~==== Tha various distances as fUrnished ~n the above Lplot table represent theLlocations in the dense tree forests and moderately dense tree forests wil:.h respect 1:.0 the marlcet places in the

===~======~==~======~==~~~======~===~===== ~Dtrict in km. Percentage Dense tree £orests Moderately dense ------__ - ____ .t~~!iL fQ~t;l.sts ______------~~------30-45 14.29 46-60 25.00 33.33 61-75 68.00 47.62 More than 75 6.25 4.76 ======iOO.OO======~======100.00======

=~===~===~======~==~=;~:===~~=~==~=====~====~~==~=~=~~= ·• ~4 : i.t .l.~ OPen tree forests:

Before a cricica1 ana~ysis of open tree £orests under the miscellaneous stratum is considered, a revi.ew of dense tree fbrests and moderate1y d~nse tree forests in earlier paragraph is to be referr~d in this context.

The inventory in Cachar valley has revea1ed the presence of open tree forests in both the stratum of miscellaneous and bbmboo. The present context of considera­ tion 1.ie5 only .,,·d.th respect to t he open tree areas under miscellaneous stratum. The main characteristic of the open tree forest areas is the presence of low vol~TIe and • exceedingly less number of stems. An analysis. o£ the various grids and plots under this category is furnished h~reunder:-

======~=-======..:.= =--====.;..==.==.=-= ==.==-======.~==-===..:.======-=~= ==~ Mapsheet. lb. Gr.id/Plot Volume per Stell per hectore Nb. hect.a re(m3) =~==;======~=~======;==~====;======~~=~======83 D/a 5/2 1 .. 333 10 83 D/8 104/1 0.100 2 83 D/8 104/2 0.100 1 83 D/8 105/2 3.292 9 .83 0/4 201/2 0.150 3 83 D/4 204/1 0.450 9 83 D/4 205/2 1.646 2 83 D/4 305/1 0.250 4 83 D/11 307/1 3.893 6 83 D/11 303/1 2_239 4 83 D/7 403/11 7.337 22 83 D/7 405/1 1.906 3 83 D/7 405/2 0.100 2 83 D/l1 406/1 1.616 9 d3 D/11 408/1 1.100 1 83 0/11 403/2 2.095 4- 83 D/l.l 505/2 0.300 l. 83 D/11 609/2 6.572 19 83 D/ll 506/2 0.300 6 83 D/l1 610/1 9.0364 35 83 D/11 606/2 4.269 4 83 D/11 611/1 1.333 20 ·• ",):.1.~ .

Hapsheet lb. Grid/Plot No. Volume/ha. Stan/ha .. (m3) =~~=~=====~==~===;=~======~=~=~======~=~=~~=~==~~~== 83 D/15 702;/1 0.150 2 83 D/1S 703/11. 2.650 4- 83 D/10 J06/2 0.200 2 83 D/10 a09/1 1.500 4 d3 D/1.0 ..311./2 5.262 24 83 D/10 813/1 2.116 8 83 D/12 1~19/1 2.550 22 83 D/14 1013/1 5.517 29 83 D/6 1300/1 3.107 2 d3 W1 1419/11 0.350 4 83 D/9 1507/11 6.532 28 83 D/9 1519/1 0.633 7 83 D/6 g02/2 1.000 11 83 0/1.4 912/1 5.108 25 83 D/14 912/2 3.559 31 33 !-VI 1721/11 6.141 18 83 £-:VI 1723/2 1.100 4 83 WI 1-:319/7 0 .. 630 7 83 0/13 1915/1 2 .. 029 10 83 D/13 1917/2 1.066 14 83 D/12 2006/1 5.877 44 83 D/12 2006/2 3.982 35 83 P/12 2008/2 5.714 18 93 e/16 2016/1. 1.250 B 83 C/16 2017/2 5.365 25 83 C/16 2019/1 6.893 24 83 C/16 2113/1 6.230 46 ------.. __ ------_ n~e floristic composition of th is type of forests indicate an interesting feature with regard to the very little occurrence o£ the following species:-

Albizzia l.uCiga Al~izzia species Bombax c~iba Callicarpa arb-area FicU5 sl')ecies .Cynometra po1yandra Mesua £errea Cedre11a toona Dysoxylum binectariferum Of the above listed species C~nornetra polyandra which is less in number in open ~ree forests are found in ~gher frequency in. dense tree £ores~s and moderately dense tree forests. ~·lith regard to the accessibility of these forests, it may be stated that these are far from the mdrkec places but these can be appro~ched easily with the a~sting road communication., With regard to the e'aS~ general terrain of these areas, ~f£icultues or ebstruc- r E'x 1'7 AQ.~L 0," tions in forest produce~ in the past ~c~ually caused degradution in vegetdtion. Degraded open tree forest s are found tO~lTards the southern part of ~he Cach~r valley, ",",here road systems are better developed and rail heads are easily approachab~e. Regarding nature of degradation of o~en ~ree forests, a classified table is £urnished below :-

. .. -----~-----.------_ ... - ---._---_ ...... _­ .------~------_- Part.iculars Percentage =~=-==~=== -====.;.:===-======_== =;======.=.~= ..:==;==.=.=~-=~= -======1. HGavily degraded 27.41

2. Modera~ely degraded 54.84 3. ttildly degraded 12.91 4. Not d~graded 4.84 lUU .. OO ;~====~===~======~======~====~=~======~==~=

It may be m~tioned thdt. many of t.he open tree

fores~ areas are yet to asume the cl1aract:.~r of t:.otal degradation and it ~ill be preserved with its present character if some rational measures in forest ~anagement policy is adopted. IncidenG~1ly, it is to mention th~t timber operations in cachar'valley under Silchar and Karimganj forest divisions are virtually stopped but there is no dearth of supply of timber, fuel in ~he ~arket. The im,t:>ort of such forest ~roduces from the states of r-1ani,lJur and .t1izoram can be quoted Cl:3 ~he source of such supply in che district but there are also certain limitations in procuring such forest produ=es £rom-Mizoram and Manipur. As there is no coal belt near the ~strict, suPply of £uelwood largely depends on the local supply from forests. Thds wi1l mean highGr extraccion from easy accessible , areas w.ithout the not.ice of t.he State Forest Depart:.ment. • Tb stop this kind of activi~y~ some rational policy in forest management has to be adopted and the demand of the people should be met by alternative source o£ en~rgy.

Little 1ess than 25% of the surveyed area belong to bamboo stratum. In this strat.u'1l bamboo growth (Non­ clumping) is proportionately higher than the tree growth. The major species of bamboo is Muli (Melocana b~boosoides). Bamboo is not only distributed in this stratum but it is also found in t1i,sce11aneous stratu'11 w!-.ere i t.s proportion is less. A continuous tract o£ bamboo i~ found in some areas of patharkancll. Range,. Lo\.-lerpoa Range. Florastic composition of barnbbo s~ratum dif~ers from misceLLaneous stratum, Some species like l<1achara.noa d~ticulata, pyrus soec~es, La~erstroer.dd parvi£lora etc. are conspicou3 here. Other associates a.re Callicarpa arborea, Cynornetrd. polyendra, Dysoxyl~~ binectariferum ~ FicU3 species.

Study of ~lots in this stratu~c:t indic~tes that ~ A~d average hci~ht,,71." of ba:nboo st.ock varies bet--ween 8-12"'; 23% of the bai:1boo stock can be found in height c1as$ 6-8 m. l~e9 The rest 6%.... inll a height claas below 6 rn. Regarding the condition of bamboo in this stratum it may be sta.ted

that on ~verage 50% o£ the green bamboo culms are damaged .. The nature of distribution of green sound and green damuged bamboos along with hei'ght c.lasses are furnished here under.

Grid .Plot 'Ibta..L .;re-en 'Ibtal green l\Verage 'Ibtal no . No .. No. sOillld dama.ged '"lei ght ( n) of c'l.llms. 1 2 3 4 5 6 =====::::=..=.====";'='=.=.~.===-=~==='='=~==-====~==== .. ==~='===';"=====-=:::::-==.=.====.=~ 5 1 36 20 10.4 55 5 2 55 14 10.7 87 100 2 121 ~t) 14.1 183 101 1 115 30 10.2 205 101 2 73 14 10.0 115 104 1 1.34 6 9.4 206 104 2 181 8 10.4 271 : ~8 .,

==-==: -=.=-=. ,. ;;; ~ - - - = ------= =' - ~------= 1 2 3 4 5 6 g=;;;=== - - ;; ------= ------lOS. 2 113 3 ,9.6 220 201 1 ·40 22 9.0 79 201 2 8 6 6.0 15 203 1 38 5 ~3.0 53 204 1 77 2 13.6 93 208 1 74 20 12.5 172 208 2 79 11 1.1.4- 168 301 2 75- 14 6 .. 0 114 302 2 113 13 13.0 181 304 1 75 3 11 .. 6 80 304 2 21 10.4 21 305 1. 120 ,9 "1.5 1.69 308 1 163 8 8.0 368 404 2 44 3 10.0 70 405 1 31 8.9 49 405 2 69 5 8.7 78 406 1 86 1.5 11.0 lae 406 2 41 3 11.4 46 408 1 145 25 9.1 334 408 2 76 17 10.9 171 505 2 63 13 7.4 80 506 1 32 5 1.0.9 43 506 2 72 13 9.0 125 510 1 46 3 9.3 01 510 2 78 6 10.6 98 515 2 SO 7 9.1 87 608 2 65 17 9.7 137 611 1 102 3 16.7 144 613 2- 44 l~ 11.0 76 702 1 74 12 8.2 204 706 1 119 62 9.5 J.86 708 1 41 12 11.1 63 709 1 S9 6 13.2 75 709 2. 11 3 10.1 23 711 1 60 12 1.1.4 88 714 1 153 19 14.0 209 806 2 25 7.0 29 : ~9:

------= ------= 1 2 3 4 • 5 6 - = ------= ------810 1 7 4 10.3 18 813 1 1.38 7 1.0.0 152 906 1 13 1. 9.5 17 912 ~ 46 7 13.7 103 913 1. 19 5 10.0 24 913 2 46 8 7.0 56 917 1. 37 4 11.2 42 1010 2 105 28 13.2 260 1013 1 74 1. 6.6 90 1100 1. 101 60 6 .. '10 382 1300 I 123 - 1) .. 4 179 1420 1 84 4 8.0 101 302 2 6 1 8.5 9 402 2 16 6 5.8 26 404 2 47 5 0.3 57 500 2 6 4 5.9 7 1218 2 43 1.0 59 Id18 1 56 1 9.5 76 1318 2 22 10 3.1 32 131.9 2 71 8.6 67 1517 2 11 - 6 .. 6 12 1622 1 102 33 16.5 193 1622 2 24 4 13.0 34 1721 1 4 1 18.01:1, 8 1.721 2 3 - 0.6 7 1722 1 47 4 12.6 64 1819 1 20 1.4 38 1821. 1 24 4 8.3 44 1822 i 29 5 17.5 37 1918 l 10 3.2 12 1921 2 23 9 5.0 38 1922 1. 11 1. 1.4 14 2007 ·2 11 2 6.0 15 2008 1. 13 18 11.6 31 2009 1 '23 - 3.2 23 2009 2 5 1 11.6 16 2010 1 5 7 9.0 13 2011. 1 6 1 18.0 7 -. 6 0 :

== - = ::: ---- - == ------= ------= - 1 2 3 4 5 6 -- = = ;= - = = = = - = == - 2012 1 61 32 12.0 lOS 2012 2 4 12 9.0 24 2014 1 67 6 6.8 80 2014 2 32 13 16.7 81 2015 1 16 3 13.0 34 201.5 2 39 8 10.3 52 2018 1 34 10 14.9 67 206 2 5 .1 10.9 7 2107 1. 5 - 10.2 6 2~OS 1 11 2 12.2 15 2108 2 26 4 13 .. 1 45 2110 1 176 32 9.6 277 2110 2 4 9 9.0 15 2.113 1 48 15 5.3 79 2115 2 34 3 13.5 68 21.14 1 29 2 10.2 47 2208 1 51 6 14.2 78 2210 1 91 7 16.0 138 \~ _~_~~--::-:_- - - --_ -s -_ _ - - -- .:::--======- --- = If the d1str~bution of culms can be categorized accordin~ to th~ n~ber of cu1ms par hectare und classifi­ cati.on would be as £0110\"Is:- No.of culms Percentage of ~lots !.i~ss than 400 46 .. 37 400-800 29.71 801-1200 7.25 1201-1600 7.97 1600+ 3.70 'Ibtal: - 100.00 : 6:1 :

The cl~ssifica~ion do indiCQt~s th~t most of the plo~s contain bamboo less than 400. Next to this only 30"~ of the plots l.i.es in t he class 400-800. This kind of distribution of bamboo culms indic~~e possibilities of poor outturn from the forests. Regarding the tree volume of plol:.s in this stratum it may be mantioned that expected out turn is likely to be very poor alth-ough there are good number of trees in t te area. This can be accounted £~~ther from ~he data furnished below indicating the tree volu~e in c-ertain plots. Occurrence of 15/20 trees in a plot even contribute volume below 1 rn3 indic~­ ting ~oor stem development.

------._ - ._ ------.._ ------.. _ - Grid,/Plot No • Tree; volume/plot. .in bamboo st.ratum (in._ m3) ------5/1 0 .. 533 6/2 9.313 404/2 12.369 500/2 6.047 506/1 14.051 510/1 4.239 603/2 9.493 703/2 4.292 713/1 S.072 717/2 3.l66 813/2 6.227 10cr;Y2 1.906 1 0 al2/1 3.1l2 1016/1 5.028 1210/2 .2. 550 1318/1 -9.062 1318/2 0.350 1318/1 9.062 1507/2 0.550 814/2 2.400 815/2 2.596 817/2 0.500 906/1 4.1iJ!2 911/1 4.769 915/1 2.550 917/1 2.050 - ::: - =. ::: - = ------======~ = Grid/Plot N,::, • Tree volume/plot. in bamboo stratum .::: ;:: = ------,- --- = = =(!n=m~)~ = = ::: ======. ::: 1619/2 0.533 1622/1 2.860 1622/2 2.750 1722/1 0.300 1a22/1 1.300 1921/2 1.550 2007/2 9.473 200d/1 2.659 2009/1 3.962 2 0 10/1 0 .. 100 2012/2 1.296 2015/2 0.1350 201a/~ 3 .. 185 2110/1 5.075 2115/1 5.564 2210/1 0.816 = = = = ------.- -- = The di.stribution o£ volume on account of tree .;,rO\;/~fl anU. ba~nboo .g-rowth are compared f..:>r mi.scell.aneous stratum and bamboo stratum. The resul.ts dre as per t.he tabula tion:

====~======~-=== Stratum .tboo of culms Expec t ed dry No. of trees E:;.'Cpected .t?er ha. weight per haoo ,?er ha. vol./haoo ------C=*= = 'F}:= ..:; : = C = = =rc == ------Miscellaneous 727 1751 3.16 5.09 197 47.81 Bamboo 736 2495 3.96 6.60 140 30. S3

= = = ~ ======-= -- = = :;:. = .: = = = = .:: ======- *c: Clumping **NC:NOn-clum~in9. 4.'5 Yield:.

l'lhlle considering yield from the forests of Silchar and Karimganj Forest ~v~sions, the general observations are as follows:-

The ntl.'llber of stans per ha. in miocellaneous strat:.u.-.l is 197.446 as- per t:.he ti.l.ble No.l.I. Nu."Ober of stem in b.u.mboo stratum is 140.350 as per table No.l .. 2. Close observ~tion of these fi~ures indic ates chPt

presence of second~ry species in both the strac~ is very high. In miscellaneous stratum it is 53.05 per ha. whereas in bamboo stratur.l it is 44.359 per ha. Some comu~n speci.es cont:.r.ibut~ in~ignifi.cant manner aha. these are Caloahyllun_P2lyapthum, Callic~rea arbo~, Cynometra Eo~yandra in miscellaneous stratum. with regard t:.o t he total yield from miscellaneous stratwn it. is to menci.on that expected ~rowi.ng stock i.s B04.26~(OOO)rn3. ~ne study of tilble No.4.1 "lill enabLe co conclude the volume contribution of various s?ccies. Some of ttle important species cont-ribut:.ing more than 100m3 to total growing stock are: Albizziu species,

ArtocurPus cllaplasha., cal.Lo·,:>hylwn pol tan tnumL D1 )terocarp!!.§ qracilis, Duabanga grandiflora, Dysoxylum binec~ar~£oru~, Ficus spec~sl Kayea. £lor~bund~, Messua fer£ae, Stereosoermum .:>ersono. turn, syz YOi Llm £u-ni nii, Tectona qrancli 5 (p lanta tion origin), Tetramel~$ nudiflora, ~ynometra polyandra.

In both thG strat.um .0£ miscellaneous and bamboo the contribution of volumG of secondary species is markl~ noticed. Ho~ever, the role o£ secondary speci~s is more conspicuous in bamboo st.ratum 'Vlhen it is considered in relation to t.otal 9rowi.ng stock of the strat:..lfil. 44.351m3/ha .. i.s the con~ribution of volume o£ second ary species in

bamboo stratum and the total grow~ng scock ~n thut stratum 1.s 1.90.532{OOO)m3. This indicates that 'poor soil condition

in bamboo s~ra~um compared to the soil condition in miscella­

neous st.ratum. The tota.l_ growing stock of mi scel~anGous in cachar vall.e¥ i.s 8047.265(OOO)m3. The ext.ent o£ mi.scellaneous : 64.:

stratum is comparatively larger than bamboo stratum and so the volu.'TIe content is more. The total growing stock in bamboo stratum is l050.868COOO)m3. Many of • the areas under miscellaneous stratum will not be available for working due to c inaccessible condLt~on of terrain. So .. e..~ploi.ta.tion o£ timber and oth(;;!r forest produces in more accessibl.e areas may cau::.e deterioration of crop i~ no rational ~etnod o£ working is adopted. We signi.ficant action .../ould be to avoid the agency of contractors and carry out deparamental operation accorcting to the condition 0 f CrOi} and terrain. B~side3 tree ~cowth bamboo is al.so av~i~able in both the

stratu~. In case of both the stratum, estim3tion of

tota 1 bamboo in t ~.rms of its dry 'V.fei ght is furni shed below: - 'rota 1 growing stoc1oC of balnboo

-_ - --- ..... --.-- Area- Balnboo-we~ght In= TbtaI bamboo=wS!ght ~ Total(I"n= = (in hal tonne/ha_ (in • 000 tonne) '000 tonne) c.Lum~i.ng Non­ Clum~ing Non-clumping clu:ml?­ ing.

Bamboo 34410.15 3.963 6.598 136.367 227.038 363.405 Misc. 6d296.82 3.167 5.094 216.296 347.904 564.200

1027Q6.97 3.434 5.595 352.663 '=''74.942 927.605 ------= - ::=: - - - = - - = - - - - - == - == = - - - = - Estimation o£ bamboo weight as made above J..s. based on a sample survey with a very 1o\~ intensity and the reported figure ~ay be considered as indicative. For the purpose of more re~iable £~gure sam~lin9 at higher i.ntensity by .the State Forest Department is sUggested. ". 65' : Cl-l-\P'rER: V

LOGGING AND ACCESSIBILITY STUDIES

5.1 General information:

Felling, and transportation. operations in Si lchar Fores t Di vi sion as well as in Karimgan j Forest Division are virtually absent. Only -a few coupes are operated from which bamboo and timber. are extracted • Bamboo coupes are sold to the purchaser on le~se basis. Timber coupes are operated departmentally by the respec­ tive Divisional Forest Officers. In addition to this, some special felling of forest areas are undertaken in the project areas for railway connection to Vhairabi in Mizoram.

The forest area in undi vided Cachar district. repre­ sents a variety of land masses which include plains, gently undulating country, low hills and steep rocky areas. 30% of the tract und-er consideration has slope more than 4S·whereas the balance 70Yo areas have little or no slope. 5.2 Ext.raction of forest produce:

Bamboo extraction is the main activity in forestry operation ~n both the forest divisions. Usually bamboo is ~~tracted by met.hod of rafting. HOwever, some produces are carried by truck also. Movsnent of forest produce by railways can be noticed in the district in the following sections: - 1. Silchar- Badarpur section40 2. Badarpur- Karimganj section, 3. Karimganj- section, 4. Badarpur- ,H11akandi- Annaghat section, 5. Dur1avcharra-Baraigram section. ; .,6 6 :

Movement of foresi;. produce by ra..il.t-lay .is very co~non ~n S~1char-Badarpur sec cion and Badarour-... Karimganj section •. Rail heads at Silchar~ Badarpur and Karimganj are very im~ortant for export of £orest produce from the district. It appears from the available records tha~ huge qUdntity of timber(round and sawn), bamboo and canes are transported to the rail heads by rafting and road. qheap mode of transportation ~s rafting. Transportation to longer distance by river is not possible by rafting ~here water carriages are availed of. In this process, timbers are transported to Calcutta by river. This mode of transportacion a1though cheapest but ~s not popular because it takes 10ng time to reach the destination. Most of the forest produces are transported by road to Calcutta and to places in northern and western India. Tbwards the southern part of the discrict lies the Union Territory of .r-1izoram from where the forest produces are brought t:.o rai'l heads l~ke Karimganj, Badi:lrpur and Silchar by road.

However, transportation by water and by river is a~so noticed.

5.3 Rafting: Considerable quantity of timber,bumboo and canes are rafted and brought to the market and rai1heads for its

disposal. In Cachar district:. rivers ~ike Barak, Sonai, Longai, Giri, Katakhol, Dhaleswari, Sing1a etc. are only availed for transportation, of forest produces by way of rafting. The common rout:.es of 'rafting are:- 1) section up t:.o Jirimukh, 2) Giri riv~r section up t:.o Jirimuch, 3) Baral~ ri ver se<::t:.ion bet''1een Jirim-w

6) Kushiar~ river section from Kachakhal to Karimganj.

7) Longai ri ver section fro.a K.athakhal to Karimganj I 8) Kushiara ri Ver section £rom Karimganj to Bangladesh, 9) singla river sec~ion from Singla to Durlabcharra. Commonly ra£~ing is extensively used for carriage of bamboo from Bamboo Mahal areas in the districts. Certain quantity of timber snd cane are brought to various markets and railheads by rafting. A raft is usually made of bamboo and its size d~pends on the q,lanti ty of produce to be carried. Rafts carrying b.3.rnboos are usually l.onger enough to carry the produces. Least number of people are required to be deployed .for carriage of timber by rafting. In this

process of raftingl investment is very little and a set of particular people are always deployed t:.o carry the produces to the destination. Tnere has been a growing tendency in the 'district to c~rry illicitly felled trees and bamboo by rafting. This tendency is not so high in dry periods but during the rains larger quantities of forest produces are carried by rafting which include some produces removed steelthy. In a swift flowing riverl it is not possible to intercept and sto~ the movement of forest produces by raft and carry out some sorl:. of checking. In Cach.3r distri.ct substantial quantities of tirnberl bamboo and cane are carried from Manipur to places like Jirimukh and S.ilchar by way of rafting. In this process again the forest produces are transported stealthy from the Government forests in Cachar district. A schematic representation of movement of forest produce by rafting and locations of some consump­ tion centres are furnished in this report which would indicate the necessity of set~ing up some kind of checking at those points, to discourage illicit transaction c£ forest produce.

5.4. Departmental timber ogeration:

.Departmental timber operation in silchar and Karimganj forest divisions is very much limited. No separate infra­ structture has been developed by the Department of Forests in these two forest diVisions to und ertake departmental operations of timber coupes on a large scale. Introduction of thi"s cherne is likely 1:.0 be an experimental basis and

also \... il1 encourage t'l~ eliminat.ion 0 f contractors .in forest management. under this system, labourers are directly engaged oy the Departmental staff and all operations are carried out with the help of local labourers engaged on daily labour basis. The 'expenditure on felling, logging and transportation as prevailed at the time of inventory are as follows:-

~. Cost of felling, logging and debarking- ~. 22.25/m3 where necessary, 2. Off-road transporuation of the produce by way of Elephant dragging or rolling by human agency, Rs.178.00/m3 3. ConvGrsion of the produce to standardized stock of firewood P.s. 20. OO/m:3

As the labourers are engaged for this purpose, they are paid on labour wage on daily bais but their outputs are to be fixed to meet the expected out turn in euch day com~en­ surating and earning to minimum of ~. 20/- to 25/- per day. The standa~dized proc~ss of conversion of trees into round logs and firewoods invo1ve conversion of 1m3 of wood and this will enable a labour to earn minim~ ~. 20/- per day. As the magnitude of work in departmsntal operation is very low in the districts, only 770 persons(skilled and unskilled) were employed directly in departmental operation. :In direct employment about 2000 persons are a~ployed on account of the departmental operation. Contractors rate for £elling, logging and rolling etc. will be nearly 5-~O% which usually marked for profit by the contractors. In the process of departmental operation, this profit will not go to the contractors but will be fixed by the labooners engaged for this purpose.

Sufficient labourers both skilled and unskilled are available in both the districts for future expansion of departmental timber operation s)1cheme. other in£ra5tructures like road, river and market ,are already in existence except improved techniques of felling, logging which are to be introduced to achieve ~east lo~s of timber at the time of conversion. Introduction of power chain saws and other meChanical devices are discouraged b~cause Hacker tooth sa.ws and Bow saws wil~ engble the~~abourers to g~ve more output on each day to earn more money. Some sort of training may be contemp1ated for the labourers who will~be ~ngaged in

de~artmental operat~cn. This k~nd of. activity wi~1 also he1p the department or forests to build u9 a batch of trained personnel to assist any forestry

operation in a better way. Successful implemen~ation of depar~ental oper~~1on w~l~ ent~rely depend on the performance of ~he ~ab-ourers engaged for conversion of trees into logs and tran'sportation c£ the same to the destination points in appropriate time. :'10: CHAPTER I ~I CONSUMPTION STUDY

A study on ~he oonsumption :Pattern of wood and bamboo in the district of eschar, 'WaS undertaken al.on-sw:l.'th forest invent cry elld J.t WaS conducted by Forest SU'vey Of India staff of Headquarters end Eastern Zone, Ca1cutta.

6.2 Ob;l eot:iveB:

~he study WaB made w~th the £o11.owiDa objectives:

i.) to aBsess. existi.ng use of \~ood and bamboo for house conetruct~on end to est~mate annua1 consumption of ti.mber and bamboo £or construc­ t~on purposes.and ~~) to estimate consumpt~on of wood for~urniture, s,gricul:tura.l. impl.ement& and _d omest:io fuel.. 6., Qonsumption by l.erga :industries:

No l.a;rge industry whi.ch consumes forest produce exi.sts in the district. Publ.ic 8ector undertaking H.P.C. :is setting up a Paper 11:ll.l. a.t Pancb.gram near Be.darp'm". ~h:l.s industr~ haB not ~et been commissioned.

6.4 ConsUmption by ema1~ industries.

~he on~ wood based ~dustry that ex~sts in the d:L str ic1.: ~e Saw 1-1i.l.Ung. The re a.r e 42 Saw Mi 11 s • -Th e saw~ products are consumed 1oCQ11.y end some quant~ty is e.zp orted a1so.

APart fromthe SaW 1io1;111s aDd the proposed ~aper ¥.:il.~, there are one Tea Cheat Xndus~r~ with a caPac~ty of 20.000 eets o£ Tea Cheat production. AJ.eo there is one ~.qwood foctor~ whiCh bas the capacity of product~on of 24900 sq. o£ pl.y annually. ~ f i ·

6.5 Househo1d consumption:

Under tb.~e oonsum'P"ti.on. o£ wood in four broad catego:t'i.ee ~'C con$ider~d. In.add~tion to thiD consuc~tion of K.oi~ and bamboo are a1so considered.

i) House consutruction, :i.i) Furni.ture, ii~) Agric~tura~ imp~emente. iv) Fuo~wood. v) X.oi~(1trs.). vi.) :Bamboo.

6.5.1 Methodo~~

From the C~neus of India{ 1971) e. ~iet of vi.l..1e,gea of Caohar d:l.strict Wae prepared. Vi.llages were Be~e eted randoml.y

with t~e he1p of ura.ndom ta.bJ..ea lt • For 'Proper repreeenta;tion of the who1e district, the v~11aseB were se1ected far and near to the ~oreet radi~2y.

In tne second stage o£ sQmp1i.ng the rsndo~y ee1ected

vi~~e.geB were stratifi. ad i.nt 0 ruJ:·e.l. a.nd urban group e. Actue.J­ ee1ecti.on of househo1de ~n both the cases was made on 1oce.~ enquiry and they were numbered suitab+y to carry out the samp1ing and c011eoti.on of data. Xn rura.1 areas, 7 forest vi~~ages and 19 revenue v:i:L1agee were :Listed ou.t f~na1l.y and eamp~e da.ta. were c01~ected from such vi~ages. In urbaD area.s the work WaS most~y concent=eted ~n S~1cbar town and a~together 44 househo1de were eamp1ed and.~ntens~ty o£ samp1~ng waS near1y.2~. ~he eamp1~ng int ensi.ty in rural area. WeS •••

6.5.2 Esti.m~.tion Qj!' Uea of '-food :in the househol.da:

As indicated earl~er ~n the para 6.5, the consumption ~f wood ~n a. houe ehol.d. m~ b& on ace aunt o~ vari.ous r essone l.ike bouse construction, furniture mak1ng, agricu1tural implements ma.k:i.ng, domestic eonBump1::ion of :fue~wood. In addit:i.on to thi.e. X.oi:L is ~eo used~in houeeho:Ld far 2ighting purpose mai.nl~. Cal. oul.s.t i. on o;f consumpt ion o£ ';"ood and. K. oi J. on s. co ount o£ -the a:b ove r eaeons was arri. ved :in the :f'o~J.ol'1:ing manner ~ - •

X (No, o~ house in tbe district)

N lC. 20"'( ~ota.J. produC"t:i.on o:f th.e di.otrict)

'Where = ~ota.J. oonsump-ti.on of ,.,ood 'per house of ~1 the sBmp~ed vi~ageslrura1 & urban) N ~ '! Q-ta.:t nu.mber 0 of hou.a e of t he a arup:le a. vi.lla.ge/urban to'WUsh~p i.n the distr:i.ot.

It' 2 years for agri cu~tU1"aJ.. :impJ..aments.

Life period £or house construct~on wi.~h t~ber and bamboo has been ta.ken as 20 t;eare. the ~ife period £or 1oca1~y avai1ab1e wood used :in furn:1t1...1..rG mak;"ng has el-so been taken as 20 years and finaJ.l..y the 1i.~e period o£ agric~turs.l.. impl.ement s made of ~o ca.J. wood i.e oons.idared a.s 2 years. No l.i£e peri.od i.e required to be considered on account of consumption of domestic fue1wood and K.oi~ in both rural. S%ld urban sampl.e areas.

On the basis of the above £armuJ.a, cal..cu1a.tions were

c arrl e a. ou t ~ d co nsu mp t i on of t :i.mb er I :fUe~wood. b a.mb 00 a.nd K. oi J. on 'Pe-r ea;pi.ta. ba.ej.e -were cler:5.ved :for both ru.ra.~ and urban POPU~a­

tion of the d~strict.

6.6 Wood used f~ house construction:

Nee.r~y 80% of the houses .i.n the rura.~ area.S are kutcha.

or eem:i-kutcha.- bui.l.t with mud EU'ld bamboo wa.~l. and thai;ched roo£s

and t~n roofe a1so. Moet1y bamboo .i.e used for making roof and

we.1~s. Wooden beams ~e used £or eupport:i..n.s the roo:f'e and bamboo frame of 'the house. \iood:i.s Dlain2.y used for ma.king doors and 'W3.ndo'WB. Q;us.n.t:lty o'f vTood u.sed 'for me.ki.ng wooden pe.nel.e is quite

~arse. The net ~ood ~or house constructj.on au.r~ng the survey ~a about 119074 m3 £or rural. and 190963 m'3 £or urba):L e.ree.... 'fhe per house consumption of' wood :i.e '.538 mJ. The per capita annuaJ. consumption of wood for house construction is 0.029 m3. During the aurvew per~od. no house conetruct.i.on aci;iv~tiee were observed

in tbe district. The J.ife of houses ~s assumed as 20 years a.pprox:1ma.tel.y. Wood regu~rement of £Urn~ture :

~he rura~ peop1a l s need for furniture is very ~ese

wi. th th e compe,ri. Bon of urban area. ~he furniture items genera~y used b~ them are. wooden cots, chow~ee. benches, chairs, tab1es etc. Someti.mes wooden ~~rahe are akSO noticed whi.l.e conducting the survey in some houses. 'rhe net present wood esti.mated for furni.ture :items :ie about' 346320 m'. ;l- To arrive at annua~ oonsumption for £urnitureAi.e aSBumed that the l.ife of the furni.ture wou1d be approxi.­ matel.y 20 years. Because al.~ are indoor iteae and are l.ees exposed. to weatheri.ng, thus an average o~ '17316 m3 wood i.s a nnua11y requ~red for repl.acement of repair of furni.ture and per capita consumption (annuaL~) is 0.0085 m3 •

In the urban l.oce.1:ities where -the uees of furniture is more in different i.tems viz. sofa sete, pa1ang cot, chair tabl.e. book-sel.fs racks, c10th hanging racks (towel. stand) dinning tabl.e, dressing tab~e etc. were observed and the net WOod for the G.;.-\o furniture in urban areas ha.ve been estimated to a.bout 46662 m3. 'The a.zmual. wood requirement for urban areas woul.d be about 233' m3 year~y and per capita. a.z:mua.~ oonsumption wi).). be

6.8 Wood regu~rement tor A"r1cu~ture imp1ement~ ~ • Under this estego~ a~ wood ut~~~zed far agriou1- tural. purpos es have been consi.dered. TheBe i.nc1ud e pl.oughs, yoke. t oo~ ha.nd~es, Dekk..i and dauw. All su cb equipmen:t e are used by rural. popu1ation. The net wood used during the 'period of survey Was about 61927 m3. As per tho in~ormat~on col.l.ected from vi1l.agere theBe ~temB are requi.red to be rep~aced by 2 years l.,ife oapacity i.e. 30963 m3 will require for a.c.nuu USage of wood for agricul.ture imp~eme:nts :in the diett. and per capita annual. usage for agricul.ture implements will be 0.015 m3_.

Wood re9u~rement for firewood consumption , Wood around the worl.d ie the basic raw material. bei.ng util.ized by mank~nd B~nee the premiti.ve age of civ~izat:ion. As the day by day the scientific methods deve1op&d ~he other raw ma.teri.eJ.s disp~ayed the most commoDl.y used fuel.wood by kerosene oil., coal. and el.ectric~ty e~c. -JI>e ~ A~AdeveLopins countries .preBent~ use wood alB fuel because it i.s rea.~.:Ll.y a.ve.:il.a.bl.e in a. 'very ea.r~ method. Nearl.y 80~ o£ fuel. requirement i.e met from wood and other vegetation. The extreme growth of popu1a ti.on and extensive .:Lnduetr~a~zati.on i.ncreased the demand of fuel.wood tremendouel.y. Thus ~hQ presence on £oreet increased mani.fol.ded. That ie why the cond~tion o£ i'orests ere deteriorating day by day because ruthl.ess hacking ~£ jungl.e:. The major fuel. used i.n Indi.a are wood, coal., kerosene oil. (na.tura.l. ga.s) anima].· dung cakes, aDd el.e'b­ tricity. Bee:ides these, agricul.tura.l. w s.etes are a~ao

be~g used even by industries l.ike .ugar mil.l.B etc.

In. the C Bchar d~ strict of Assam, a.ll the require­

ment of fu.el. energy i.s made by the wood. AJ.l. the rura~ c~1- popul.a:ti.on. of" -the villages ie whol.l.y depend.. ·:: on "the l.ocal.

forests which ~s eas~l.y ac~eeeib~e and the firewood are ool.l.ected :from jhum khati of the vi.il.ssere which "they

revis~t in every 4th to 7th year. ~be total. annual. con­ sumpti.on of fuel.wood in the di.strict is nearl.y 211745' m3 (round) i.:n rur~ area and 107885 m3(round) in urban area. and per cap ita. oonsumpti.on of fuel.wood is estima.ted to 1 .048 m3 a.nd 0.6211 m, £or rural. a.nd urban lErea respec:::ti.vel..y.

6.10 Kerosene oi~ requirement for consumption s

Kerosene o~ is the second easil.y avai1ab~e petro­ l.i.um product for UBe of burni.ng, cooki.ng and 1ighting

purpo ses t which in Bome extent replaces the :f"uel."'0od in the urban area.s. Tb.e to"tal. annual. ·consumpti.on. of K.Oi1 as worked out by domestic consumpti.on survey is apprax. 27603069 1itree and 4476100 1i.tree for rura1 ana urban area respectivel.y. ~he Per capita usage of k.oi.1.. is 1'.7 1i.tres and 25.8 1itres faf rura.l. and urba.n areaS reepecti.veJ..y. 6.11 Bamboo requirement:

Bamboo ~s the poor manls t~mber and the conventiona~ raW materi.a1 e bei.ng uti~:Lzed b~ the peopJ.e of Cachar on everY' steop .. 8e.mboo ie used for var~ous purposes ~.e. house conetruct~OD

furni.ture, e..gr:icu~tura1 i.mpl.emente. basket t matti.ng, utensil.s, boundaries, ~eno~ng etc. ~he mai.n consumption of bemboo ~s for, hou~e eonetruct~on maUn~ for maki.ng roof ~rame over whi~ either thatched grass or t:i1es or tins are put. :Bamboo ie ~so used far the support of mud pl.aster wal.~e. Xn addition to thie bamboo ie extene~ve~y uSed for ~enc~8 purposes in countryard cattl.e sheds and gardens. The diBtri.but~on of bamboo :in the distri.ct :is a~most even, nOD-~ump forming bamboo mu~i(Ma1ac9na Bambus9ide~) is ma.i.~ e.va.i.~ab~e :in l.ower h:il.l.s a.nd in jb.um kheti. O~U!.a-...> :f'or~nc bamboo katanga(Dendroca1amus ~trigtue) is a1so avail.ab~e in pl.enty in the distriot. ~he ~ongivi.ty o~ bamboo houses in the distr~o~ i.s a.bout 20 years. It meens a house a~tar every 20 years beeoma new or t'ul.l.y repah"ed by repl.ac:ing the new bamboo. On a.vera.ge. i.. is assumed tha.t 50~ o£ bamboo wou~d be e.l'lllual-l.:I repl.a.eed.

Tocal.oul.ate oonaumpti.on·o£ baeboo in terms o~ weight :iA ,very d :l.ffi C\... l.t b eCe,use of v~;ying si.zea used. ~he l.ength and d:ie.meter c:Laas of ba,mboo used vary from 1-12 metres and 1-10em. d:la. reepecti.ve1y.

Xn CaChar d1e~riet the genera1 trend of the bamboo sizes were converted :into 3ems. to 6cms. and 7eme.to gems. grous with the average l.ength of 6 metres for every species. ~he tota1 alll1us,J. consumpt:l.on of" bamboo is eetas,ted about 41737920 nos. and 24568880 nos. {,-6ome and 7-9cms.)in rura.1 area and 7699902 nos. & 897357 nOB. (,-6cme. and 7-9cms)diameter in urban ~~e~ reGpeotive~y •

~hue per eo.p:ite, &JJDusJ. consumption ~:t beJDboo in rura.l. area is about 55 nos. and 12 nos. (di.e..c~es ~-6 cms. and 7790ms respeetivel.Y)and i.n urban area about 46 noe. and 10 nos. (dia.c~ase 3-6cc;.s. and 7-9cme.respecti.vel.y).

These above estimations have been 8arr~ed out undGr the average l.ength o:f 6 mtrs. of bamboo in uural. and urban areas of the distri.ct. • ~ 6 ;

Ba.mboo i.8 the p:r:i.nc:i.pa,l. ra.w Iile:teri.a.l.s for Paper

industry and ~vai.1ab1e i.n Burp~US ~o meet the demand o~ a Paper ~1i i.n the di.stri.ct. The H.~.C. has eetab~i.ahed it neeX' E' anChB'l.'"el!1 , Be,de.rl'~, Si.l.char :road wi.tb the i.ns'te.J.1ed O&Paoi.ty of 1.0 1akh tanneD ai.r dry ba~boo £or wri.t~ns/ pri.nti.ng poper manu~Qctur~ns.

6.12.1 Present pe;;: ce:pi.tn. Annu8~ ueBge of "'000. consumption for

di.fferent purposes 1D r~ral. area.

Tabl.e - '1 (a,)

=-=-:-=-~-~-=~=-=~=-=~=~=-=-=-~---=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=~=~= --~- Sl..NO. I t (:it m :f er QaP.ita Net ~st:Lme.ted usege(m"3> usage (m3) 1 4 5 =-=-=-=~=-=-=~=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-~-=-=~=~-=-=-=-=~=-=-:-=~=-=~=~- 1 • Houas Construction .029 59537.46 2. Furn~tur.a .0085 17316.01 ,. Agr i. cul.t'\l%' a1. impJ. emexl:ts .0'15 30963.50 2225270.74 4. :Fuel wood 1.048 .211745:!i .77 5. X.Oi.l. (l.i.tree) 13.669 27603069.00

=~=-~-=~=~=-=~=~=~=-=-=-=-=-=-~-=-~-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-

6.1.2.2 'Present per oapita APnue1 USage of bamboo ~n the di@trict for conetruction purposes in rura1 erea.

~-=-=~=-=---~~=-=-=-=-=~=-~-=~=-~=-~~=-=-:-=-=-=-~-=-=-=~=~=-=- Sl..No. I t e m Di.ameter Fer cs~ita usage Net esti.mated Cl..ass. (6 mt. pieoes) uSage in 6 mtll!!l. l.eoatb pioo€s.

1 • C o.c.etruotion :5 G OI:l.. 2.7 Nos. 5586896 Nos. 7 9 em. 0.608 Nos. 1226444 Nos.

=-&-=-=-=-=-~=-=~=-=-=-=-~-~-~-~-~-~~=-~-=~:-=~:-~-=-=~=-=~-~~=

Present per 9§.Pita annugl uSe,se of ):1ood consumption fa:' different purPoses - ~b.p area.

~e.bLe - II ( oJ .. =_=_=~=_=_=-=_=_=-=_=_=_=-~~=~~_=_~-=_=_= __ -=~=~=-=~=-a-=-=---~-=~ 51.No. 1. t e In ~er caP~ta Net es~imata usage ussge( m3) in ( m3) ------~~------~~-~--~~~~~----~~~=~~------.-----, '} 4

1 • -House ·construo'tion .0549 9548. ,6 2. Furn.iture .01 J4 23'3.12 3. J.$r i.cu~t uraJ.. ~mp~emeDte - - 4. Fuel..wood 0.621 1978S5.46 5. K.Oi.1 25.782 4478100.90

~ =_=_=~=_=_=_~~=-c_=_=~=_=-.=_=-~_=_=~=_= --;-=-=~=-=~=-=~=~=-=-=-=- Fresent per capito....cnnue.~ UBa.v.e of bnmboo in the district for construction purposes - urAgn area.

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~-=~=~=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=~=-=-=~=-=~=_R~=~=_=_ S~.No. I t e m Diameter Per capita Net estimated C~aes. usage 6 mts. usa.ge in 6 mts. piece. 1ength pieces. 1. Construot.ion 3 6 em. 2 Nos. '84995 Nos. 7 9 em. 0.25 Noe. 44868 Nos. =-=-=-~-=-=-=~=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-c_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=~=_=

Q,£ncl.ulSion :

The findings of wood consumption survey of eschar district indicaiies tha.t the present trend; of' d.if:f'erent uSages of different type of woods/timber/baEboo are insu­ ff~9~ent to the demand with the popu~ation. H~nce. the growth 0'£ popuJ.e:tion i.e to check first then the £o.rest department sho~d find the poeBibi~itieB to increase their resources to qual.:iee the ~a.p between supp~ Etld demand.

As indicated ear1ier (para 6.4) the certain quantit~ of timber ~s ~mported to the distr~ct for runn~g

After the timber :is sal/ned ~oc~ con- aumpti.on :i.e made but certai.n qua.o.'ti.ty is exported '!'rom the di etri ct to meet the demands of t imb er in other parte of the country.

Very 1~tt~e areas of £orest in Cachar district (Si1ch~ and Ke.r:i.mganj Forest Division) a:re ''lorked. out. Sources of aupp~y of timber (both round and sawn) and :f'ue1wood i.s very much ~i.~ted~ Some quantity of ti. mber and f'ue~wood is &vai1.a.bl.a on accOUllt o£ extraotion of "trees £rom Fetta l.e.nd. Thi.s qua.ntity ie of course very ema11. Recorded export and import data of timber, pol.e and firo­ wood from eachar District is as f'ol.~owe ,~n m3) :-

=-=-=-=-~= ---=~-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-c-=~ 81. • CategorieB AverB8e Average Average Average quantity Actua~ ann- No. annual. annu~ a.nnua.1 ave.~1ab1e for ual. conaum- producti.on i,-mport export internal- oonsu- poti.on. . m;etion 1 • ~imber (m3) 11631 1780 11573 1838 2. J:'ol.e(rm) 1245 - 1245 2225270.74 ,. Firewood 2263 45 165 2143 =-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= : ~ 8 ..

Referring to Bb ove tab~e and tabl.e No.1 (a.)under 'Pare. 6.12.1, :it llOuJ..d aPpeal=" that there i.s hUBe SaP between the con8umpt~on and actua~ eupp~ fromver~ous resources available from recorded remova1 of £orest prod:u.oe • It i.s not known from which sources such hUB8

qUantity of timber and fuelwoad a;r'O aVBi~abJ.e far the 1.0 eel. peopJ.e to meet their demand. Act ~l.y the quant~ty avail.ab~a ~rom recorded removal. i.n the forest wil.l. Dot consti.tute even a meagre fracti.on of consumpti.on of timber and £uel.wood cal.cu.l.a.ted by sa.mp~i.ng'. ~b.i.B i.nd~cateB ca~seB of remova1 from forests ie continui.ng :in s.D. unabated .JllaXl.ner whi.ch maY ul.tima,tel.y Ca.use depleti.on ~ to the growing ato ok. However. -there are l?oss:tbi.~ities of some unrecorded ~aport of timber and fuel.wood in hhe diatrict but wh:i.ch mBY l.i.kel.y not form a.D¥ s.i.gni.:f'ica.nt part of the net consumption of timber, fue~l.wood etc. in the district as ca~cul.ated i.n this report under Dera 6.12.1 and 6.1'.1.

Regarding bamboo corJ.sumption for domestic purpose ref~r€noe is invited to the tab~e number 6.12.2 aDd 6.13.2 wherein the situQtion of consumption in ~~r~ and urban areas can be studied. Bamboo ~s chief~y used for making hutmente. The net requirement o£bamboo in ;rura.~ and urba.n area.s ;s 72.45 ~a.khe. The recorded reIa&OV'al- of bamboo froQ. "the forests of undivided Caohe.r distri.ct "is 49.37 la.khs. In addition to this near~y 19.75 ~akhs of bamboo are imported from Mani.pur S)ld l·1izoram. Tbie total. o"f 69.12 ~akhe ~ bamboo

1 s alr andy i.nad e quat e to me et th e 10 co.]. demand 0 f 72.4 5 l.e.kh s as mentioned already. There is commerce and trade activities for sale of bamboo outside the Cache:r district and i.n this process near~y 20.60 l.akhs of bamboo are exported out to vari.ouB parte 0"£ the country. In a nut shel.~, it appear e that net requ~ement of bamboo for interna~ consumption and ex~ort outside the district is near1y 9~.05 ~akhe. As e~ated a~ready the recorded production and import ofbQmboo is 69.12 l.akhs. So. there :ia a huge gap in producti.on and uti1iz.e:tion of bamboo in the di.str~ct and thi.s cc~cu~ates out to be 23.93 l.akhs. ~he eXact source of 6UpP.l.y of' bamboo r:f such buge quantity cannot be other than GoverllDlent forests. Foreets in the Te~ Gardens and Revenue Lands are ~ready destroyed and cannot ~io1d such huge qUantity of bamboo. In view of th.is s:l:u*ation the ba.mboo -foreets ill Ca.char distriot must h~Y~ bernover worked and whiCh w.i~~ u1timate~ destroy the potent:ia1 of the foreets. Spec.ia1 emphasis ia to be g.iven on the source of supp1y of 2'.95 1akhe of bamboo because bamboo forests .in eschar district are to be ut.i1.ized for rUlUling the l'aper Y.d.ll o:f' H.inc.ustan Paper Corpora.t:Lon a.t Pe.nchgra.m near Ba.darpur. f, gO: CHAPTER: V:tZ

ECOLOGICAL. CHAOOES AND STATUS OF. FLORA 6& FAuw\

7.1 Degree of

The miscellaneous and bamboo forests of Cachar were sUbjected to various activities on account of non-scientifJ.c method o£ management. 'Initially the forests started deplet­ Lng on account of shifting cultivation, raising tea gardens and settlement of population at the beginning of 20th Century. Trees bamboos and canes were extracted by the .local people at free of charge for local consumption. As a result of this, trees were removed w~thout any si~v~cu~tural cons~derat~on. Subsequently, permi t system of removal of trees by traders caused huge damage to the growing stock. Under such permit system the traders indulged removal of trees from accessible areas which led to large opening in canopies and regeneration of many species was hampered~ I.n pre-independence per.1od removal of produce on per;mit system actually depleted the growing stock. Valuable species in the high girth/diameter were removed without consideration of regeneration. Traders opposed to long term of leasi:ng spread over' a number of bloCKS because of poor infrastructure for ext.racti.on. A.s a result,

forests were over worl~ed 1n accessible areas when practically no checking coul d be imposed.

Systematic management of Cachar forests was aimed at ~n the Working Plan 1957-58 to 1971-72. As per Working Plan trees o£ higher diameter were avai lable i.n forests and extent of bamboo bearing areas in the forests was estimated. The opera­ tions were suggested keep~ng in view of the condition of 'forests with an objective of sustained supply of forest produce. The system of management emphasized removal of trees by number above ~pol~table girth class. No clear felling was prescribed. The trees of exploitable girth classes were removed and no volume check could be appl~ed. As a resu~t of this situation stealthy removal from forests could not be stopped. In addition to this,

the expansion of forest settlenentl encroachment of forest lands, and ~ntroduction of Pan-jhum in certain areas really became the source of forest depletion. Shiftin9 cultivation in some areas caused degradation cf :forests. Blanks, less productive areas, *.:a1:-ion Of degrad,,' forest cover caused alarming situation dur~ng 1980 and a~l operations were closed except bamboo exploitation. . g i ·

7.2 Quantitative assessment:

The gradual deterioration of forests started in earLier days of 20th century when no management system was introduced with a scient~f~c base. As a result o£ this, many areas were depleted to such an extent that no operation could be suggested in working. The Working Plan 1957-58 to 1971-72 located such areas in reserves of Banail~ Jiri~ Bhumban, , Dholai, Bhairnbi, Singla, Longari, T.ilbhum and patharia. All these reserves were accessible in earlier days and rem-oval!trees were dane in large number without considering the regeneration p...... t- aspect.. Extent of such area~ 30 years back was 914 Sq.km. or 38.5% of the total forest area. Condition of the forests further deteriorated during 1a st 30 years or so. Many areas located as poorly stocked and-. 1957-58 could not be restocked resu1ting in vast blaru~ areas with poor shruby growth. Blank areas detected during this inventory represent this category and some shifting cultivation(abandoned} areas.

'Itle proportion of distribution of trees ~n Cachar duri.ng 1957-56 and during 1982.-84- in various g.1rth/diameter class would reveal that growing stock was depleted during last 30 years.

Reporting .._. ___...... _____;;P:;..e=r~centage 0 f trees Year above 60 em. Below 60 em. dia. 1957-58 16-20% 80-84% 1982-83 ) 1.8~~ 98.20% 1983-84 $

Distribution of bamboo in above reporting years are follows :-

ReporUnq per hectare Year BA-m ai'oo_"- 1957-58 1,000 t 1982-83j '187.749 1983-84

Increase in gercentage of trees in lower diamete.r classes isindieative of removal trees of exploitable size leading to destruction of. growing stock and poor yield from forests. The increase in percentage of trees of lower diameter classes is not indicative of better regeneration status because vast areas are now open forests with poor stern distribution. Bamboo bearing areas estimated in·the Working Plan as 571 Sq. k.m( approx.) under Bamboo (overlapping) i"1orking Circle during 1957-58. The present inventory shows that bamboo bearing is at least 344 sq.km. '!his indicates that due to- uncontrolled removal o£ bamboo ana inadequate regeneration in forests nearly 227 Sq.km. was destroyed and converted into aLmost- blank area. Even in the bamboo outturn, there is a sharp fall. '!be outturn of figure estimated in 1957-58 is £a.:irly poor ,when compared with current estimate. ------RllpO rti ng Year ...... ~~ ____ o:.:::u:.=t;.;:t::..;ur=.:n:.w-.p.;e::.:r:.....;h:.:;e:.c::..::t:.;:a:.:;r;.:e:....._--. ______Bamboo pure : Bamboo mixed with misc. ______-----~l--s~p~e~c~i~e~s~--~~~~------JIb. lite/tone l'b. ~'iei9ht7tone

1957-58 7500 35.05 4000 16.6 1982-83 1 4216 15.38 2598 8.6 1983-84

'Ihis situation sharply focus in the current management system and indicates scope of improvement to get a better outturn with some suitable measure.

Shrinkage of vegetation cover is also noticeable. In 1957-58 nearly 914 sq.kffi. was found to be extremely poor in stock due to overworking. These areas were easily accessible and excess removal of trees actually depleted the stock. Such areas constituted the protection work~ng cirCle of the Working Plan (1957-58) to 1971-72). These areas at that time constituted nearly 38.5(approx.) Rest forests i.e. 61.5% o£ the area was good in stocking and prescriptions were laid down accordin~ly. The present inventory indicates the following situation compared with the status of £orests:-

Reporting Year Poor fore-sts including blank in Sq.Jan. ______1957-58 914 1982-83 ! 1001 1983-84 A ---- Conversion of forest areas into blank and poorly stocked areas show that nearly 41.77% of total forest area is almost without any tree cover. As a result of t.his the shrinkage .1n vegetation cov-er is 87&q.km. which is 3.63% o£ the total forest area. 914 sq.km. under Protection ~lork1ng C.irole{worldng Plan) was partially restocked by arti.ficial regeneration", But this failed to bring a change ~n the total grow~ng and forest cover in the discrict. It ~s apparently clear that areas outside protection working circle of the WorJc.ing Plan su£ £erred from. over felling on account of some reason and failed to get restocked by regeneration. This ultim~te~y led to the ~ncrease in area under the category b1ank and poorly stocked as stated already. Some total effect of depletion of forests many marshy lands(localLy known as Thal)w~th vegetation have disapp­ eared and these, areas are now under aU! ti. vati.on.. Further areas were brought Wlder cultivation in recent past by the forest villagers on account of expansion of the forest villgges. : 9 4! CW\PTER:VIII

RESULT~ AND CONCL USIONS

8.1 Results:

nle management of evergreen and s~~i-evergre€n forests of Cach~r valley during the pre-independence period and post­ independence p....,;riod have resulted into degradation of forests. 'the present inventory indicates the follo ....;ing : _.

1. Although shifting cultivation has been stoPl-'ed to an appreciable a~tent in che Cachar valley but some forest areas have been put inco use othern than forestry purpose. 'rhis is chiefly on account of conversion of forest lands into permanent agricultural land. In para 3.4.1 the extent of agricultural land has been indicated. Utilization o£ forestfo land for gro\ving fruits has bean noticed in course of this inventory.

2. Degradation of forests bas already been discussed in Chapter-IV of this report indicating th~t. more than 25% or the forest areas has been degraded heavily. Ti."ds may be on account of removal of £orest produce without considering .silv.icu1tural aspects.

3. Process of degrudation on a mild scale has been noticed only over 12.91% of the forest area.

4. In the Chapter-VI of this report, it hds been indicated chat huge quantity of timber, pole and fuelwood are required £or consumption by the population of the district. Recorded production figure indicates that only ~ little portion is available from the forests of cachar valley.

5. Ext.ension of .Tea industries in the 21st. Century t"ill create e~pployment for local people and consu~ption of tirnber,pole, £ue1wood and bamboo will increase ap~reciably. Tea processing may be arranged through alternati.ve 30Urces of energy i.e. with coal. The labourers in the ted garden, as per the present practi~e, might have to be supplied timber, pole and fuelwood. 6. The condition of forest based industries in the d1 strict is highly disorganised. 7. E"nploymcnt through forest· ~sed industries may be incL-t!ased but source of raw mdterial for the indus'tr~es will not be available with in th~ district unless a ~'(orklng scheme is int~duced for ~Qrest management.

S. :rhe present practice of importing timber, fuel and bamboo etc. from the adjoining States may not continue because of increase of demand of these it&ns in those States. rrhis vtill create not only difficulties in the industries of the districts but corCl..'T10n paople will not get £uelt"ood at a reasonable price f rom the market.

9. System of management of. ,±orests of ptitta lahd through the Deputy COiMlissioner of the district helve to be ecamined. Removal of trees from Patti.). land .is not nO'lrt under the concrol of any agency.

10. Huge gap o£ demand and sup~ly of fuel~. in the district is likely to increase in near future.

11. Area planted in each yedr ttlill not be enough to meet the denand of the people in future. So, ' ~ctivity in the' district is to be increased.

12. Since the Cachar valley is drained by a number of riversl management ,0£ th~ forests shoul.d be absolutely scientific to avoid soil e~osion and flood. VQrious flood control measures taken by the district au~hority will noe really help the local people unless t.he catchment areclS of the rivers are managed by scientific method.

8.2 Recorrunendations and proposaL t

In v.iew ,0£ the status and condi tio.I1 of the forests in the -qnd:i vided Cachar d:i. strict; the' follot",ing points may be considered in the management- of forests :-

1. All 'derilict areas in the cachar di.strict shaul d be pl~nted up irrmediately "dth fuel and fodder s,pecies. This will enable the l~al people to get the supply of ':fuel and f:bdder and small timber.

2. Implementation of plantation schemes on a larger scale may be arrang~d through more- -input und.er social Fo~es~ry.

3. Proper att.ention is r~u1red to be givGn to meet the local demand from recorded productio~ of timbe,r, £uelwoo'c] ,etc. t'I'-u.s will enable to .reduce stealthy 'removal of tore~t prod \£e from forest areas. ,4. Forest,.s ,areas ar8 not nO,\-1 work~9. e...'Ccept i.n a few patche. As a result of this less quantity of timber, fuelwood,

pole etc. are 110'1:1, avdilable for consumption of, loCa~ .people. So, ~ t ~s necessary to. consider 'Whet.her more areas ca.n. be clear felled and sUpply of timber, pole, £uelwood etc. may be increased for local consUMption. In this processl export of these forest pro~uces may'be c~ntrolled by suita~le method.

5.- in Cach~r valley is to be augmented. to avoid re'lloval of timber, pole etc.' from both high forests and plantat..ion~. l"lany plantations have been falled and trees haVe been removed without any sanction. SimilarlYI valuable timber' species have,a~so peen removed from sevGral areas without any a'4t hori ty.

6. Revision o~ ~iOrl~ing plan is necessary and this inventol:Y report may form the basi s of preparation 6£ such working plan. since the revision of working plan might take sometime", i.t may be consider vlheth,~r a temporary ".,.Jorking .scneme may be drawn up to manage ,the forest.s 0 f 511char and l

7 • R€moval of forest produces by t11e Tea. garden aut.horj_ ty has·,been noticed to be unregulated. Many forest arecl~ Wlder tea gardens have been noticed to ,be without any use by the owner except for remoyal of forest produces. Surplus tea garden lands with £orest cover may be resumed to the Stace Forest DePartment for' appropriate tnanClge:ment.. 'Suit~ble .i:nitiatio.ns in the rllutter may be made by the local 'Di.v.i3ional Forest O££icers.

8. Alternative source' of' energy liJ~e, coal,lC.oil", etc. are not a va.! lOOle i.n many areas. Therefo.J;"e, uti l~za tion or fuel".,ood for domestic purpose 'I1ill continue in future.. Source of supply of fuelwood may 'also be aimed from private sO,urces. Local J;>eople may be motivated to grow: fuel, fodder in their Ol,in land to meet their demand in future. At the time of carrying out this inventory it was noticed thdt under Socidl Forestry more attention has been paid to raise strip plantations, ,on road side. Growing of t:. rees by the £aoners and' other category of ,people in rural areas need be consider on a priority basi~. : 8~ :

9. In the mat~er of ~mplementation of Social Forest~ more infrastructure is to be developed and part~cipation of people shoUld be sought.

10. ~plementati.on of Schemes ..like N.R.F.J:1., R.L.E.(:r.P. sch61les will enabl. e implanentation of social .6:>restry on a larger sr:::ale.

11.. l:n the rural developmt;nt, villages .in an <:round forests should receive priority in the matter of economic programme. l:n thi s process the demographic condition of more vi11ages need be s~~pled and proposal may be prepared by the Forest Departm~nt. n,e proposal should be forestry oriented with the ~dea at creat~on of some assets. -: 88 •..

BIBLIOGRAPt-rX

1. 1~or~ng Pl~n for ~he Forest Raserve

of Cachar D:l vision - 1957-58 to

1 Y7!-72 by Shri P. N.:t·tu:~her j eel

Deputy Conservator of Forests.

2. A brie£ Ecological sketch of the

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