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The General Psychologist American Psychology Association (APA) A Publication of the Society of General Psychology ‐ Division 1 The General Psychologist American Psychology Association (APA) Society for General Psychology Volume 49, Issue 2 April 6th, 2015 Inside this issue Stop! Don’t flip that President’s Column ..................... …………...3 Division 1 Mission Statement & Goals…….5 electric switch! Elecon Statements ................... …………..6‐8 Student Corner………………………………………9 Join Division 1!.........................................10 Editor’s Note ………………………………………..11 Division 1 Mentored Acvies…….………..24‐26 Division 1 Member Acvies………………..27‐29 Crossword Puzzle………………………………...38‐39 Member Profiles ………………………………….41 Online Subscribers………………………………..42 Special points of interest Book Review: Sing Together: Essenal Chronicling the experience of Ed English ‐ Skills for Mindfulness Based Psychothera- py (11‐14) Camera‐man for Stanley Milgram’s experiment Book Releases from our members (14, 40) As cameraman and editor for Stanley Milgram’s original docu- Alfred Adler’s profound understanding of mentary “Obedience,” I have, over the years, come to believe that social movaon—Eva Dreikurs Ferguson (18‐21) his experiment never attained the impact on society at large that Spotlight on Past Presidents of Division 1 ‐ it might have had. I suggest, in this personal comment, that it Edward C. Tolman (22‐23) was too powerful to receive acceptance at a time when the au- Ernest R. Hilgard’s Award Lecture— thority of the government and military establishment were being Morton Ann Gernsbacher (29‐37) challenged. The many comparisons of the study to the tragedy of the Holocaust overshadowed most applications of the study to the war in Vietnam. Sadly, the more sensational aspects of the study were emphasized, often out of context, except among an informed minority. My hope is that scholars will work to correct this for Milgram himself, the psychology profession, and the good of society. Stop! Don’t lip that switch! By Edward English Introduction the “leader/actor” even when it seemed who allowed the atrocities of the Holocaust On August 28, 2013, I was surprised increasingly apparent that the “learner/ because they claimed to be just obeying to hear a review on National Public Radio actor” was experiencing pain. Predictions, orders. This raised serious doubts for her by Leonard Lopate of Gina Perry’s book on prior to the actual experiment, even by psy- about Milgram’s experiment that she de- Stanley Milgram’s “Obedience” experiment. chiatrists, stated that only a pathological tailed in her book. Serendipitously, the author requested an fringe of one or two percent would continue I told Ms. Perry I was very grateful to interview with me the next day. She did through to the maximum shock of 450 volts, her for explaining the plight of the partici- extensive research for her book, and, she (Milgram, 1973a). Astonishingly, the re- pants to me. I had not thought of this spe- was interested in speaking with me because sults of the experiment showed that almost ciically before and am deeply sympathetic I’m listed in the ilm credits of “Obedience”, half of the “teachers” across different exper- to them. (I never saw the CBS TV version.) a documentary record of the Milgram ex- I still vividly remember many of the people periment. she interviewed and I too have had trou- The title of Gina Perry’s book “Behind bling thoughts over the years but from a the Shock Machine: The untold story of the decidedly different perspective. notorious Milgram psychology experi- Filming secretly over Filming secretly over 50 years ago, ments” (2013) indicates how the publisher 50 years ago, behind a behind a two-way mirror, I could not be- may be trying to capitalize on the sensation- lieve as I was zooming in on the faces of alism that has undermined Milgram’s pow- two-way mirror, I could many of the “teachers”, that they could con- erful experiment through the years. The ceivably lip to the next higher voltage psychology profession has frequently de- not believe as I was switch to shock the poor “learner”. Their bated the controversial ethical aspects of zooming in on the faces actions continued even after escalating calls the experiment, thereby not encouraging from the ‘learner’ asking to stop, demanding further research except for “Milgram of many of the to be let go, crying out in agony, pleadings lite,” (Burger, 2009; Elms, 2009). Ms. Perry because of a heart condition, to ultimately told me that she had studied Milgram in her “teachers”, that they non-responsiveness. At this point only the early psychology courses and was intrigued, sound of the switch being clicked at 450 as many other students were, with the set- could conceivably flip to volts was heard. And all this merely because up for the experiment. the next higher voltage of routine-sounding prompts to continue by In 1960, when I graduated from the a man in an off-white lab coat with a clip free, public City College of New York, I was switch to shock the board who sat nonchalantly behind the fortunate to land an assignment at the pres- “teachers.” tigious Yale University, to make Russian poor “learner,”. This took place after I had ilmed the language training ilms for the US Ofice of “teachers” undergoing a slight shock them- Education. The University also gave me the selves to feel what would be given to the opportunity to work with Stanley Milgram. “learner.” Each “teacher” was asked to sit in He explained that the experiment he was an old-fashioned, wooden chair with lat conducting may expose the inherent dan- arm supports. Some special electrode paste imental variations willingly inlicted electric gers in blindly obeying authority. Publical- was applied to the arm that was to be shock punishment on the ly, two subjects were recruited for the ex- shocked. It was explained that the paste “learners,” (Milgram, 1973a). periment to investigate if electric shock would help to avoid blisters and burns. A given as punishment can improve learning. mild shock was given and each subject said The “leader” of the experiment asked the Filming the ‘subject’ experience they deinitely felt it. The leader told them two subjects to draw slips of paper to de- Ms. Perry said she was greatly inlu- it was only 45 volts. Casually, the “teachers” cide who will be the “learner” and who will enced by the 1975 CBS TV program, “The were given a paper towel to wipe their fore- be the “teacher.” The drawing was rigged so Tenth Level,” featuring William Shatner arm and then led into an adjacent room in the newcomer was always the “teacher” and playing Stanley Milgram. The ilm opened order to administer the test objectively the actual “subject” of the experiment. The dramatically with a camera shot of a train apart from the “learner” who had been left “learner” and the “leader” were both transporting Jews to the gas chamber. Much strapped into what resembled an electric trained as confederates (acting according to later when she began her research and dili- chair. Milgram’s instructions). I understood the gently interviewed all the participants in experiment was really designed to ind out Milgram’s experiment, she learned how if, and how far the newcomer or “teacher/ deeply the subjects felt the shame of being subject” was willing to follow orders from compared on national television to people Connued on page 15 2 President’s Column Joan C. Chrisler, Ph.D. It is difficult to believe that my presi‐ statement and develop a set of goals. (You denal year is more than half over already! will be able to read these documents else‐ The me has flown by, but a lot has been where in this issue of the newsleer.) The accomplished. Here I will share some of the goals we developed are intended to be both highlights with you. descripve and aspiraonal. That is, they cover all of our current, tradional acvies Our energec program chair, Maria del (i.e., our awards, the newsleer, the journal, Pilar Grazioso, has put together a diverse the convenon program, the Staats lecture), and interesng set of papers, posters, sym‐ and they are broad enough to encompass posia, and conversaon hours for the Toron‐ new program iniaves we might take to APA convenon. In addion, of course, (some of which were discussed at the we have invited addresses by last year’s meeng, but others we have not yet imag‐ award winners, and several other invited ined). addresses and invited panels. She and her team of student assistants are at work now Our treasurer, Deborah Johnson, re‐ planning acvies to take place in our divi‐ ported to us that we are in excellent finan‐ sional hospitality suite. I hope that many of cial shape, and she presented us with a 2015 you will be able to be in Toronto to enjoy budget, which we tweaked a bit and then the program. voted to implement. We agreed that we tradional rerement age of 65. If we are would use our newly established goals to 2015 marks the 70th anniversary of going to survive and thrive for the next 70 guide our budgeng so that we spend our the founding of Division 1, and we will be years, we need to recruit and retain new funds primarily on projects and acvies celebrang 70 years of bringing psychology members, especially those at the beginning that contribute to the achievement of our together. If you will be in Toronto, please of their careers. If you want to celebrate goals. Our treasurer expressed concern that plan to join us at the Division 1 Social Hour Division 1’s anniversary, whether you can we have too much money in our checking to eat anniversary cake and share your fa‐ aend the party or not, the best way to do account, and we agreed to seek informaon vorite memories of the division’s acvies so is to reach out to a colleague or student and advice about invesng it more wisely.
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