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The Dossier Subject № 1218 First English Language Edition of The Dossier of Subject № 1218 A Bulgarian Anarchist’s Story by Alexander Nakov TARGETED FOR HIS HOSTILITY TO THE PEOPLE’S STATE Translated from the Bulgarian original by Mariya Radeva Edited by Rob Blow Foreword by Nick Heath Black Cat Press Edmonton, Alberta The Dossier of Subject № 1218 A Bulgarian Anarchist’s Story by Alexander Nakov Translated from the Bulgarian original by Mariya Radeva Edited by Rob Blow Foreword by Nick Heath Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Nakov, Aleksand˘ur Metodiev [Dosie na obekt No 1218. English] The dossier of subject no 1218 : a Bulgarian anarchist’s story / by Alexander Nakov, targeted for his hostility to the people’s state ; translated from the Bulgarian original by Mariya Radeva ; edited by Rob Blow ; foreword by Nick Heath. -- First English language edition. Includes index. Translation of: Dosie na obekt No 1218. ISBN 978-1-926878-16-4 (paperback) 1. Nakov, Aleksand˘ur Metodiev. 2. Political prisoners- -Bulgaria-- Biography. 3. Anarchists--Bulgaria--Biography. 4. Political persecution-- Bulgaria. 5. Bulgaria--Politics and government--1944-1990. I. Blow, Rob, 961-, editor II. Title. DR93.N35A3 2016 949.903’1092 C2016-901284-0 © 2016 Black Cat Press 2nd printing 2017 Printed and published by: 4508 118 Avenue BLACK Edmonton, Alberta Canada T5W 1A9 CAT www.blackcatpress.ca PRESS Contents Editor’s Acknowledgements .............................................. v Bibliographical Information ...............................................vi FOREWORD by Nick Heath ..............................................vii INTRODUCTION by Rob Blow .......................................... xiii NOTE ON THE TEXT ..................................................... xix OFFICIAL DOCUMENT FROM THE ARCHIVES OF BULGARIAN STATE SECURITY ......................................... xxi CHAPTER 1: AUTOBIOGRAPHY of ALEXANDER NAKOV ................. 1 CHAPTER 2: ESPERANTO ....................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 3: 1938 – 1942 ................................................... 9 CHAPTER 4: IN THE SKOPJE PRISON .................................. 17 CHAPTER 5: WITH THE PARTISANS ....................................25 CHAPTER 6: THE RETURN ............................................... 31 CHAPTER 7: 16th DECEMBER ............................................ 44 CHAPTER 8: THE BELENE CONCENTRATION CAMP .............. 50 CHAPTER 9: AFTER THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS .............. 64 CHAPTER 10: EXILED ..................................................... 69 CHAPTER 11: ON THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT IN BULGARIA ............................................. 76 CHAPTER 12: CHANGES ...................................................83 Appendix I: WHY THE MOVEMENT NEEDS ORGANIZATION ...97 Appendix II: PLATFORM OF THE FEDERATION OF ANARCHIST COMMUNISTS IN BULGARIA, 1945 ...................101 Appendix III: LETTER CONCERNING A RELATIVELY UNKNOWN MOVEMENT ............................... 112 Appendix IV: BULGARIAN ANARCHIST MOVEMENT IN 2013 .....114 Appendix V: BACKGROUND TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDITION ...................................................122 Appendix VI: REPORT FROM THE BOOKFAIR MEETING 2016 ...125 KOSACHA VILLAGE .......................................................127 INDEX ....................................................................... 141 iii Photos and other graphics used: During 2009, a commemorative exhibition entitled “Without a Trace? The Labor Camp in Belene 1949-1959 and Afterward...” was on display, in Bulgaria, at Sofia’s National Art Gallery. Among other items were reconstructions of the Belene camp by survivor and cartographer Krum Horozov. Samples of his work are found on pages 54-56. Also on display were photos taken by Mikhail Daskalov, a soldier stationed at the Be- lene camp on Persin Island in the 1940s. The upper photo on the front cover from Daskalov shows dirt being moved by cart at a dike on the island. The complete catalogue for the display can be found here: http:// minaloto.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=390:wi thout-a-trace-the-labour-camp-in-belene-1949-1959-&catid=25:books- and-collections&Itemid=37. The photo of Alexander Nakov on the back cover is from the photo gallery of Ekaterina Yosifova, Bulgarian journalist and poet, at: http://libkustendil. primasoft.bg/html/bibliografia_eyo/galeria.htm. Graphics from the Pernik State Archives (Dŭrzhaven arkhiv - Pernik): front cover (lower left): Alexander Nakov as a soldier with young people of Kosacha in 1940 (ДА – Перник, Ф. 1144, оп. 1, а.е. 16, л. ); p. 2: map of state mines of Pernik from Ts. Brŭshlyanov, “State Mines of Pernik” (1928), p. 37; p. 5 (ДА – Перник, Ф. 1144, оп. 1, а.е. 16, л. 2); p. 123 (ДА – Перник, Ф. 1144, оп. 1, а.е. 17, л. 2). Images used with the permission of the original Bulgarian publisher, IC ‘Shrapnel’ in Sofia are found on the title page and pages xxviii, 7, 12, 62, 79, 81, 87, 95, 113, 126, 127, 129, 131, 135, and 137. Images from Alexander Nakov’s private collection are found on pages 3,11,41, 96, 100, 101, and 116. The photo on page 124 is used with the permission of Dimitrije Janičić. The map of Bulgaria on page xviii is from the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/ maps/bulgaria.html). The map of Bulgaria on page 53 is by the Bulgarian cartographer Plamen (https://goo.gl/2xtZJ4). The map of the region around Kosacha on page 125 is provided by the Bulgarian cartographer Ikonact (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ User:Ikonact). iv Editor’s Acknowledgements Special thanks go to Viola M. Ando in Japan for bringing Alexander, Mariya and me together to work on this project and to Mariya Radeva, not only for her work in translating the text but for all her running to and fro between Alexander, various third parties in Bulgaria and the editor in the UK. A big thank you also goes to Nick Heath for providing us with his historical overview of the Bulgarian movement. Thank you to Maria Bragoli, Neil Skinner and Todor Ivanov for their invaluable advice and assistance; to Georgi Konstantinov at IK ‘Shrapnel’ for the original text; to everyone at the Kate Sharpley Library, particularly Paul Sharkey, for the already translated document from the archives of the Bulgarian State Security; to Nestor McNab for the translation of the 1945 FACB Platform and to Dimitrije Janičić for the photos of Alexander at SAT Congress. Finally, extra special thanks go to Alexander Nakov himself for his story, his life and for his steadfast example to us all. Rob Blow v Bibliographical Information Alexander Nakov, Dossier of Subject No.1218: A Bulgarian Anarchist’s Story. First English edition translated in 2012 by Mariya Radeva and edited by Rob Blow, 2013, from: Nakov, Alexander, (2009), Dossier of Subject No. 1218, 2nd ed., Sofia: IK ‘Shrapnel’ / Александър Наков, (2009), Досие на обект, №1218, ИК „Шрапнел“ (София: 2009). First Bulgarian edition published in 2006 by IK ‘Shrapnel,’ Sofia. Second revised and complete Bulgarian edition published in 2009 to mark the author’s 90th birthday. vi FOREWORD by Nick Heath A Historical Background to the Bulgarian Anarchist Movement he Bulgarian anarchist movement has produced many Theroic figures, not least Alexander Nakov himself, but there were many others. Georgi Sheytanov* comes to mind, as do Dimitar Balkhov, Stanko Paraskov and a host of others. Georgi Balkanski (real name Grigoriev), who became the his- torian of the movement and helped publicize it in the West, was himself an exceptional activist within the movement. Hristo Botev, elevated to the stature of ‘National Poet’ by the Stalinist regime and still held in great esteem in Bulgaria, was to fall under the influence of the Russian anarchist Mikh- ail Bakunin and was probably the first to introduce anarchist ideas into Bulgaria with his distribution of Bakunin’s Statism and Anarchy there. He founded the first Bulgarian libertarian group at Brăila, across the border in Romania. In the decades to come and after the independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire was established in 1877, socialist and libertarian propaganda began to be spread within the country. Spiro Gulapchev established the first socialist publishing house, Skoropechatnitsa (Rapid Printing) at Ruse. Most of the contributors were anarchists, with a number of Marxist writers also contributing. Among the libertarian con- tributors were Nicolai Stoinov, Varban Kilifarski and Paraskev Stoyanov (the founder of surgery in Bulgaria). Stoinov and Kilifarski helped form the first peasant unions in Bulgaria and Stoinov also participated in the founding of the Union of Teachers, the first union in Bulgaria, in July 1895. Kilifarski and Stoinov founded the Bezvlastie (Acracia - * Alternative spelling, Cheitanov. vii viii Dossier of Subject No. 1218 no rule) publishing house in 1908 which published all the essential texts of anarchism. This allowed the greater spread of libertarian ideas so that by 1910, there was already talk of an anarchist federation to coordinate the activities of local groups. Mikhail Gerdzhikov founded the paper Probuda (Awaken- ing) in 1912 with the aim of organizing the nascent movement. Two years later, other anarchist publications appeared: the paper Rabotnikcheska Missal (Workers’ Thought) and the magazine Osvobodenye (Liberation). The Ruse group at- tempted to set up an anarcho-syndicalist movement with a programme and aims and principles and set up a publishing house of the
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