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A Multi-Level Approach to Word-Formation: Complex Lexemes and Word Semantics
PROCEEDINGS of the XIHth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS of LINGUISTS, August 29-September 4, 1982, Tokyo Published under the auspices of the CIPL (The Hague) Editors: Shirö HATTORI Kazuko INOUE Associate Editors: Tadao SHIMOMIYA Yoshio NAGASHIMA Actes du XIII0 congres international des linguistes Akten des XIII. Internationalen Linguistenkongresses Atti del XIII. congresso internazionale dei linguisti Dai ΧΙΙΙ-kai kokusai gengogakusha kaigi rombunshü Edited and published by the Proceedings 1 ishing Committee: Hiroya FLJISAKI Yoshihiko IKECAMI Tetsuya KUNIHIRO Yoshio NAGASHIMA Kinsuke HASEGAWA Kazuko INOUE Felix LOBO Tsuyoshi NARA Shiro HATTORI Kunihisa IZUMI Katsumi MATSUMOTO Takao OOE Jiro IKECAMI Hajime KITAMURA Tamotsu MATSUNAMI Tadao SHIMOMIYA Tokyo 1983 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ι Organization n Summary Table of Contents in History of the International Congress of Linguists (1928-1982) in Synopsis of the XHIth International Congress of Linguists (Tokyo 1982) iv Preface Shirö Hattori ν List of Previous Proceedings (1930-1978) vm Detailed Table of Contents χ Comite International Permanent des Linguistes xxn Officially Represented Universities, Academies and Scientific Societies .. xxv List of Participants xxvm GREETINGS AND CLOSING ADDRESSES Opening Session Greetings by Shirö Hattori, President of the Congress 3 Greetings by Shigeo Kawamoto, President of the Linguistic Society of Japan 4 Greetings by Robert H. Robins, President of the Comite International Permanent des Linguistes 5 The Address of His Imperial Highness the Crown Prince of Japan .... 6 Congratulatory Message by Heiji Ogawa, Minister of Education, Science and Culture 8 Congratulatory Message by Koji Fushimi, President of the Science Coun cil of Japan 10 Closing Session Closing Address by Shirö Hattori 12 Address at Closing Ceremony by R. -
The Languages of Japan and Korea. London: Routledge 2 The
To appear in: Tranter, David N (ed.) The Languages of Japan and Korea. London: Routledge 2 The relationship between Japanese and Korean John Whitman 1. Introduction This chapter reviews the current state of Japanese-Ryukyuan and Korean internal reconstruction and applies the results of this research to the historical comparison of both families. Reconstruction within the families shows proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan (pJR) and proto-Korean (pK) to have had very similar phonological inventories, with no laryngeal contrast among consonants and a system of six or seven vowels. The main challenges for the comparativist are working through the consequences of major changes in root structure in both languages, revealed or hinted at by internal reconstruction. These include loss of coda consonants in Japanese, and processes of syncope and medial consonant lenition in Korean. The chapter then reviews a small number (50) of pJR/pK lexical comparisons in a number of lexical domains, including pronouns, numerals, and body parts. These expand on the lexical comparisons proposed by Martin (1966) and Whitman (1985), in some cases responding to the criticisms of Vovin (2010). It identifies a small set of cognates between pJR and pK, including approximately 13 items on the standard Swadesh 100 word list: „I‟, „we‟, „that‟, „one‟, „two‟, „big‟, „long‟, „bird‟, „tall/high‟, „belly‟, „moon‟, „fire‟, „white‟ (previous research identifies several more cognates on this list). The paper then concludes by introducing a set of cognate inflectional morphemes, including the root suffixes *-i „infinitive/converb‟, *-a „infinitive/irrealis‟, *-or „adnominal/nonpast‟, and *-ko „gerund.‟ In terms of numbers of speakers, Japanese-Ryukyuan and Korean are the largest language isolates in the world. -
Shared Literary Heritage in the East Asian Sinographic Sphere
Shared Literary Heritage in the East Asian Sinographic Sphere Oxford Handbooks Online Shared Literary Heritage in the East Asian Sinographic Sphere Wiebke Denecke and Nam Nguyen The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian Print Publication Date: May 2017 Subject: Classical Studies, Ancient Prose Literature Online Publication Date: Apr 2017 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.33 Abstract and Keywords This chapter traces the origins and nature of the shared literary heritage in the East Asian “Sinographic Sphere,” namely China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, focusing on developments before the early modern period, in keeping with the temporal and thematic scope of this handbook. It explores modes of cross-cultural communication and textual culture conditioned by the Chinese script, including gloss-reading techniques, “brush talk,” and biliteracy; surveys shared political and social institutions and literary practices, sustained by the flourishing book trade; and touches on the rise of vernacular literatures, the dynamic between Literary Chinese and local vernaculars, and the role of women. With the recent death of Literary Chinese as the lingua franca of East Asia we are facing a new phase in world history. The Chinese-style literatures of East Asia point to cultural commonalities and tell stories of creative engagement with Chinese literary history that offer insights about Chinese literature. Keywords: Sinographic Sphere, East Asian literatures, vernacular, biliteracy, East Asian women writers, logographic scripts, gloss-reading, Japanese literature, Korean literature, Vietnamese literature Page 1 of 27 PRINTED FROM OXFORD HANDBOOKS ONLINE (www.oxfordhandbooks.com). (c) Oxford University Press, 2015. -
On the Subject
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Technical Reports (CIS) Department of Computer & Information Science June 1989 On the Subject Caroline Heycock University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports Recommended Citation Caroline Heycock, "On the Subject", . June 1989. University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MS-CIS-89-40. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/786 For more information, please contact [email protected]. On the Subject Abstract For some time now, generative grammarians have been committed to reducing the role of the phrase structure rules in the grammar in favor of general principles. It has been observed that there is considerable redundancy in a grammar containing both phrase structure rules and subcategorization frames for lexical items or classes of lexical items. An attractive solution is to abandon the former in favor of the latter, together with a "Projection Principle" according to which the argument structure of lexical items is projected into the syntax. The single most serious problem with this approach is the apparent necessity for clauses, at least in English and many other languages, to have subjects - a requirement that is independent of the argument structure of the lexical items in the clause. The "Extended Projection Principle" reflects this problem very directly: although Chomsky claims that "[the] Projection Principle and the requirement that clauses have subjects are conceptually quite closely related" [Chomsky 82, p.10], it is not at all clear what the nature of the conceptual relation is. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. -
Origins of the Japanese Languages. a Multidisciplinary Approach”
MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master’s Thesis “Origins of the Japanese languages. A multidisciplinary approach” verfasst von / submitted by Patrick Elmer, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 843 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Japanologie UG2002 degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Mag. Dr. Bernhard Seidl Mitbetreut von / Co-Supervisor: Dr. Bernhard Scheid Table of contents List of figures .......................................................................................................................... v List of tables ........................................................................................................................... v Note to the reader..................................................................................................................vi Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... vii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Research question ................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................ -
ʻscalingʼ the Linguistic Landscape in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università degli Studi di Venezia Ca' Foscari Internationales Asienforum, Vol. 47 (2016), No. 1–2, pp. 315–347 ʻScalingʼ the Linguistic Landscape in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan PATRICK HEINRICH* Abstract This paper discusses four different linguistic landscapes in Okinawa Prefecture1: Naha Airport, Yui Monorail, Heiwadōri Market and Yonaguni Island. In addition to Japanese, Ryukyuan local languages are spoken there – Uchinaaguchi in Okinawa and Dunan in Yonaguni. Okinawan Japanese (Ryukyuan-substrate Japanese) is also used. In the linguistic landscapes these local languages and varieties are rarely represented and, if they are, they exhibit processes of language attrition. The linguistic landscape reproduces language nationalism and monolingual ideology. As a result, efficiency in communication and the actual language repertoires of those using the public space take a back seat. English differs from all languages employed in that it is used generically to address ‘non-Japanese’ and not simply nationals with English as a national language. The public space is not simply filled with language. The languages employed are hierarchically ordered. Due to this, and to the different people using these public spaces, the meaning of public sign(post)s is never stable. The way in which meaning is created is also hierarchically ordered. Difference in meaning is not a question of context but one of scale. Keywords Linguistic landscape, scales, social multilingualism, Okinawa, Japanese, Ryukyuan 1. Introduction Japan’s long-overlooked autochthonous multilingualism has become much more visible in recent years. Upon the publication of the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Extinction (Moseley 2009), Asahi Shinbun * PATRICK HEINRICH, Department of Asian and North African Studies, Ca’Foscari University of Venice, [email protected]. -
Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages S. Ido a Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment O
Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages S. Ido A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2001 University of Sydney I declare that this thesis is all my own work. I have acknowledged in formal citation the sources of any reference I have made to the work of others. ____________________________ Shinji Ido ____________________________ Date Title: Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages Abstract: This thesis analyses ‘incomplete sentences’ in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as ‘elliptical sentences’ (Turkish eksiltili cümleler), ‘incomplete sentences’ (Uzbek to‘liqsiz gaplar), ‘cut-off sentences’ (Turkish kesik cümleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, -
Standardization and Japanese People's Perception Toward
Standardization and Japanese People’s Perception Toward Languages(IGARASHI) Article Standardization and Japanese People’s Perception Toward Languages IGARASHI, Yuko 1. Introduction A state is a central entity to implement language planning and policy (LPP), which has been particularly linked to the modern nation building in Europe since the 19th century. Today, not only European countries but also many other states exercise LPP: for example, Canada has a bilingual policy which declares that English and French are the official languages of Canada and encourages its citizens to be competent in both languages; and Singapore des- ignates four languages, English, Malay, Tamil, and Mandarin as official languages, and promotes English for its national development. Language policy is different from language planning. Language policy refers to “the goals of language planning” (Cooper, 1989, p.29). More specifically, language policies are “political and social goals underlying the actual language planning process” (Mesthrie, et al., 2000, p. 384). In some cases, a state imple- ments LPP to accomplish “political goals rather than for linguistic or communicative goals,” since it is a political unit organized for “maintaining order in the society and assuring the legitimacy of its institutions, methods, and personnel in the minds of the society. … [It] tries to protect its independence” (Weinstein, 2016, p. 349). In other cases, many states have been implementing LPP purely for linguistic purposes to solve language problems and to control language use and conditions within their territory. As a modern state, Japan has adopted LPP to change language conditions and promote a particular language variety since the Meiji Period (1868-1912). -
Japanese Language: an Overview
Japanese Language: An Overview Hiroshi Nara Geography and Its Place in World Languages Japanese is spoken by some 125 million people in Japan and in pockets outside of Japan, in such places as Hawaii and Brazil where Japanese immigrants settled around the turn of the twentieth century. Speakers of Japanese are also scattered around in Taiwan and Korea where Japanese was the official language during the Japanese colonial period (Taiwan 1895-1945; Korea 1910-1945), although this number is decreasing and the speakers aging. With this many speakers, Japanese is ranked as ninth in the world in terms of number of speakers. A 2006 MLA statistics showed that more than 66,000 study Japanese at the college level and more than 500,000 at the secondary level in the United States. According to one kind of language classification, Japanese is considered to be an agglutinating language. This means that a word may consist of several meaningful elements chained together. For example, the word (or a 'sentence'?) tataseraretakunakatta single-handedly takes care of the meaning "he did not want to be made to stand." Although the definition of what constitutes a word is by no means indisputable, it is assumed, for the purpose of this essay, that one can distinguish several meaningful elements in this word, i.e., tat- is the verb 'stand', -as- is a causative marker, -erare- marks passive, -taku marks desire, naka- is a negative marker, -tta- indicates completed action. In contrast, languages like Spanish or French are called inflectional languages. For instance, the o ending in the Spanish verb ending -o in vivo, 'I live', contains a host of different types of information: that the verb is first person singular, present tense, indicative mood, etc. -
Endangered Indigenous Languages in Japan and Korea*
Endangered Indigenous Languages in Japan and Korea* WILLIAM O’GRADY University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa SHOICHI IWASAKI Univeristy of California, Los Angeles According to standard popular accounts, Japan and Korea are highly unusual countries in that each recognizes the existence of just one indigenous language within its borders—Japanese and Korean, respectively. 1 This absence of linguistic diversity contrasts sharply with the situation elsewhere *This work was supported by the Core University Program for Korean Studies through the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the Korean Studies Promotion Service of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-2015-OLU-2250005). 1We set Ainu to the side in the case of Japan, as it appears to no longer have a community of native speakers. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 25. Edited by Shin Fukuda, Mary Shin Kim, and Mee-Jeong Park. Copyright © 2018, CSLI Publications 1 2 / WILLIAM O’GRADY & SHOICHI IWASAKI in Asia, in which almost all countries acknowledge the presence of multiple distinct languages, as summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Language Diversity in a Sample of Asian Countries (data from Ethnologue.com) Country Number of indigenous languages Bhutan 21 China 275 Indonesia 701 Mongolia 7 Myanmar (Burma) 112 Philippines 175 Taiwan 20 Thailand 50 Vietnam 93 There is good reason to believe that Japan and Korea also manifest significant linguistic diversity, and that a more accurate picture of their linguistic make-up would recognize at least eight indigenous languages in Japan and at least two in Korea (with Hamgyeong as a possible third). Table 2. Indigenous languages in Japan and Korea Japan Korea Japanese Korean Amami Jejueo Kunigami Hamgyeong (?) Miyako Okinawan Yaeyama Yonaguni Hachijo (Ainu) The existence of linguistic variation in Japan and Korea is widely acknowledged in both countries, but its significance has been obscured by the insistence that it consists only of ‘dialectal’ differences. -
Modern Objections Towards the Massive Use of Loanwords from English in Japanese
International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics, Vol. 4, No. 2, June 2018 Modern Objections towards the Massive Use of Loanwords from English in Japanese Ge He II. THE INCREASING LOANWORDS Abstract—Loanwords, written in katakana in Japanese, Japanese is a language with obvious evidence of mainly come from western languages, such as English, and borrowing large numbers of loanwords from other languages these words are also known as gairaigo (外来語). They enrich through a long historical period. Starting from as early as languages and bring new ideas, gradually becoming essential in Nara Period (710-794), a great number of Chinese words Japanese daily life. But several negative impacts have been exerted by the massive use of loanwords. Therefore, many were borrowed into Japanese to become ideograms and Japanese people propose strong objections to the overuse of phonograms [1]. Afterwards, with the opening of Japanese English loanwords. In response to the issue, this paper examines ports to western powers around 17th century, Japanese started the application of gairaigo, the main reasons to fight against the to absorb words from European languages, such as massive use of these loanwords, and the drawbacks of existing suggestions, in order to find a more effective way to settle this Portuguese, Dutch and German. In early times, loanwords debate. were mostly common living words, and then they started to express new terms in medicine, art, technology and so on [2]. Index Terms—Loanwords, gairaigo, objection, Japanese, The speed of loanwords infiltrating into Japanese has English. accelerated after World War II and English has become the overwhelming predominant source of loanwords. -
The Semantics of Sentence Mood in Typologically Differing Languages
PROCEEDINGS of the XIHth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS of LINGUISTS, August 29-September 4, 1982, Tokyo Published under the auspices of the CIPL (The Hague) Editors: Shirö HATTORI Kazuko INOUE Associate Editors: Tadao SHIMOMIYA Yoshio NAGASHIMA Actes du XIII0 congres international des linguistes Akten des XIII. Internationalen Linguistenkongresses Atti del XIII. congresso internazionale dei linguisti Dai ΧΙΙΙ-kai kokusai gengogakusha kaigi rombunshü Edited and published by the Proceedings Publishing Committee: Hiroya FLJISAKI Yoshihiko IKECAMI Tetsuya KUNIHIRO Yoshio NAGASHIMA Kinsuke HASEGAUA Kazuko INOUE Felix LOBO Tsuyoshi NARA Shiro HATTORI Kunihisa IZUMI Katsumi MATSUMOTO Takao OOE Jiro IKEGWTI Hajime KITAMURA Tamotsu MATSUNAMI Tadao SHIMOMIYA Tokyo 1983 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ι Organization n Summary Table of Contents in History of the International Congress of Linguists (1928-1982) m Synopsis of the XHIth International Congress of Linguists (Tokyo 1982) iv Preface Shiro Hattori ν List of Previous Proceedings (1930-1978) vm Detailed Table of Contents χ Comite International Permanent des Linguistes xxn Officially Represented Universities, Academies and Scientific Societies .. xxv List of Participants xxviii GREETINGS AND CLOSING ADDRESSES Opening Session Greetings by Shiro Hattori, President of the Congress 3 Greetings by Shigeo Kawamoto, President of the Linguistic Society of Japan 4 Greetings by Robert H. Robins, President of the Comite International Permanent des Linguistes 5 The Address of His Imperial Highness the Crown Prince of Japan .... 6 Congratulatory Message by Heiji Ogawa, Minister of Education, Science and Culture 8 Congratulatory Message by Koji Fushimi, President of the Science Coun cil of Japan 10 Closing Session Closing Address by Shiro Hattori . 12 Address at Closing Ceremony by R.