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Home Garden Herbs and Medicinal Plants of Lefke, Cyprus

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Home Garden Herbs and Medicinal Plants of Lefke, Cyprus Original Article Home Garden Herbs and Medicinal Plants of Lefke, Cyprus Mariam Gökçebağ1, Özge Özden2* 1Pir Pasa Sokak, no 33, Lefke, North Cyprus, TURKEY. 2Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, TURKEY. ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to record edible herbs and fruits derived from home gardens in Lefke, Cyprus and in addition to determine the local residents’ knowledge of medicinal uses of home growing plants within their home gardens. This study was performed in old Turkish Cypriot town Lefke, Cyprus. During the surveys between November 2016 and February 2017 the fruit and edible herb production was documented and standard interviews were performed with garden owners. A total number of nine herb and 20 fruit tree species were determined during the surveys. The most widely used herb was mint (Menhta spicata L.) followed by Origanum (Origanum majorona L.). Almost all home garden owners were aware of the health benefits of mint. The most widely used fruits were lemons (Citrus x limon) and oranges (Citrus x aurantium). The residents were aware of the Vitamin C content and health benefits of these fruits. However, almost all recorded fruit species were used for culinary purposes rather than their medicinal uses. Through this research, the role of Cypriot home gardens for traditionally grown herb and fruit plants and their effect on cultural-ecological socialization as well as their health benefits were determined. Key words: Herbs, Medicinal, Traditional, Home Gardens, Rural, Cyprus. INTRODUCTION DOI: 10.5530/ijper.51.3s.64 Correspondence: Mediterranean region landscapes resulted and their use may be found in Chinese Özge Özden, Department of Landscape from the multifarious and primeval inter- documents from as far as 3000 BC and it is Architecture, Faculty of action of ecosystems and societies.1,2 It is also important to underline that, herbs and Architecture, Near East University, Nicosia, north known that Mediterranean region is among spices have been gaining popularity since CYPRUS. the richest regions in the world for wild and the end of World War II. It has becoming Phone no: 0090 392 680 3 2000 cultivated plant species. The rural landscape a hobby for many people not only to cook, Email Id : ozge.fuller@neu. is a mosaic of natural and human shaped but also grow them in home gardens for edu.tr land uses which vary in size and arrangement.4 other uses.9 Cyprus lies at the eastern end of In rural areas home gardens have a great Mediterranean Basin, it is the third largest value in herb and medicinal plants. They island of the Mediterranean Sea.10 It covers are multispecies mixed agroecosystems.5 The an area of 9,251 km2 and it is consisting of term “home garden” refers to the traditional three geomorphological zones, the Troodos land use practices around a living house mountains, the Five Fingers Mountain where several species of plants are planted range and Mesoarial plain which separates and maintained by the members of the the two upland areas. Cyprus has a very household which their products mainly diverse flora within the region. According consumed by house owners.6 It is known to floristic surveys, there are around 2000 that home growing herbs and medicinal native and alien plant species, subspecies, plants are socio-culturally important values varieties, forms and hybrids exists on the for local communities.7,8 Particularly herbs island.11,12,13 Although there are various www.ijper.org Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research | Vol 51 | Issue 3 | Jul-Sep, 2017 (Special Issue) S441 Mariam and Özge: Herbs and Medicinal Plants of Lefke ethnobotanical researches has been carried out on the Climate island, research and documentation work on home Cyprus has a Mediterranean climate with hot dry gardens growing edible and medicinal plants are very summers and warm-rainy winters. Summer normally 15,16,17 limited. According to Lardons and Heinrich lasts from June to September and winter from November 14 (2013) medicinal uses of plants goes back to Ottoman to March. The rainfalls mainly between October to period (1571-1878) which some of the local monasteries March. In Lefke region the highest temperature in had dedicated places for the nursing of sick.In rural winter was 21.30C and the lowest temperature was areas, Cypriot home gardens may occupy different 4.70C according to meteorology station records of positions such as the backyards, front-yards, site-yards 2012-2013.17 and courtyards which have variable shapes, sizes and composition of plant species. They are mainly harboring Data collection supplementary fruits, vegetables and herbs for house- Observation of home gardens and structured inter- holds.17 Home gardens in Cyprus are currently facing views of garden owners are the primary sources of data different threats mainly loss of interest on traditional in this study. During the surveys in November 2016 gardening, loss of traditional knowledge on medicinal - February 2017 a total number of 20 home gardens use of herbs and fruits. The objective of this study was were visited and the fruit and edible herb production to record edible herbs and fruits derived from home was documented. All fruit producing trees, shrubs and gardens in Lefke, Cyprus and in addition to determine also herbs of the surveyed home gardens are identified the local residents’ knowledge of medicinal uses of and recorded to species level. While standard interviews home growing plants within their home gardens. were performed, participants provided permission to photograph and to collect some plant samples for iden- tification. The questionnaire was mainly focused on MATERIAL AND METHOD home garden components and knowledge of culinary Study Area use and medicinal value of herbs and fruits that are The study was performed in Lefke town in Cyprus, cultivated by home owners in Lefke. which is situated north-west part of the island and overlooking Morphou Bay. The old name of the town RESULTS was `Lefka`. According to 2011 census the population Traditional home gardens which were visited during the 18 of Lefke town was 3409 inhabitants. Lefke contains surveys were between the size of 40 m2 to max 250 m2 numerous historical houses that are in the Cypriot- and they all had mixed cropping system which means Ottoman architectural style. Most of these houses were mixture of herbs, ornamentals and fruit trees. A total built between 1900 and 1930. These historical houses number of nine herb and 20 fruit tree species were have inner courtyards, reflecting the conservative, determined during the surveys. The most widely used closed Islamic family life of the early 20th century.Also herb was mint (Menhta spicata L.) followed by Origanum Lefke has been historically important a copper mining (Origanum majorona L.). Most of the determined herb town for Cyprus. It is known with citrus trees, walnut species were consumed by the home owners for their trees and ancient palm trees. Houses are surrounded by medicinal value and as a spice in the kitchen (Table 1). agro ecosystems and different variety of fruits trees. According to survey results 60% of the garden owners Table 1: List of recorded herbs during the surveys and their use Species Name English Name Family Name Use Petroselinum crispum Parsley Apiaceae Food Coriandrum sativumL. Coriander Apiaceae Food Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Lavender Lamiaceae Medicinal, Food, Ornamental Mentha spicata L. Mint Lamiaceae Medicinal, Food, Ornamental Ocimum basilicum L Basil Lamiaceae Medicinal, Food, Ornamental Origanum majorana L. Marjoram Lamiaceae Medicinal, Food, Ornamental Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Apiaceae Medicinal, Food Rosemarinus officinalis Rosemary Lamiaceae Medicinal, Food Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm Lamiaceae Medicinal S442 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research | Vol 51 | Issue 3 | Jul-Sep, 2017 (Special Issue) Mariam and Özge: Herbs and Medicinal Plants of Lefke were aware of the health benefits of the mint. Almost all CONFLICT OF INTEREST home garden owners were aware of the health benefits None of mint. They stated that they are using mint for treat- ment of digestion, irritable bowel syndrome and period pain treatment. Also, the home owners mentioned that ABBREVIATION USED they are using dried or green oregano for the treatment km: kilometre; BC: Before Christ; °C: Centigrade. of coughing and chest infection. The most widely used fruits were lemons (Citrus x limon) and oranges (Citrus x REFERENCES aurantium). The residents were aware of the Vitamin C content and health benefits of these fruits. Survey results 1. Geri F, Amici V, Rocchini D. Human activity impact on the heterogeneity of Mediterranean Landscape. Applied Geography, 2010;30(3):370-9. indicated that 65% of the home owners were using 2. Sirami C, Nespoulous A, Cheylan JP, Marty P, Hvenegaard GT, Geniez P, lemon for its` health benefits. Most of the home owners et al. Long-term anthropogenic and ecological dynamics of a Mediterranean were using lemon for cold treatment and balancing landscape: Impacts on multiple taxa. Landscape and Urban Planning. blood pressure. Also, they emphasised that, most of the 2010;96(4):214-23. Lefke residents consuming walnut for brain functioning. 3. Domina G, Pasquale M, Vivienne S, Francesco MR. Vascular flora evaluation in the major Mediterranean islands. Biodiversity Journal, 2012;3(4):337-42. In general, most of the interviewers emphasised the 4. Zaizhi Z. Landscape change in a rural area in China. Landscape and Urban fact that fruits are rich vitamin and mineral resources. Planning, 1999;47(1-2):1-9. However, almost all recorded fruit species were used for 5. Moreno-Black G, Somnasang P, Thamathawan S. Cultivating continuity and culinary purposes rather than their medicinal uses. creating change: women`s home garden practices in north-eastern Thailand. Agriculture and Human Values, 1996;13(3):3-11.
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