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Armed Conflict and Coping Mechanisms of Disabled

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Armed Conflict and Coping Mechanisms of Disabled ARMED CONFLICT AND COPING MECHANISMS OF DISABLED PERSONS: A CASE STUDY OF CONFLICT IN KISUMU, 2007 - 2013 MAGERO ARTHUR ABONYO REG NO. C50/75646/2009 A PROJECT PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ARMED CONFLICT AND PEACE STUDIES, THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI NOVEMBER 2015 DECLARATION This project report is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- MAGERO ARTHUR ABONYO DATE C50/75646/2009 We confirm that the work reported in this project report was carried out by the candidate under our supervision ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- PROF. VINCENT G. SIMIYU DATE -------------------------------- --------------------------------- DR. AMATSIMBI H. MISIGO DATE ii DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my Father Peter Magero Abonyo and my Mother Anna Ongaya Abonyo who struggled to bring me up and taught me that the best kind of knowledge to have is that which is learned for its own sake. It is also dedicated to my wife Juliet Fwamba and my daughter Noel Camilla. I thank God for blessing me with them as they have been a source of inspiration. To God the Almighty I say be Glorified Forevermore. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I would like to dedicate my sincere appreciation to my supervisors, Prof. Vincent G. Simiyu and Dr. Herbert Misigo Amatsimbi for taking me under their supervision. I raise the value of your critics, encouragement, guidance, and valuable advices you gave me to complete this project. Without your continued support and interest, this project would not have been the same as presented here. I appreciate very much the help and teaching by Prof. Vincent G. Simiyu, Dr. George Gona, Prof. E. W. Wahome, Dr. Mary Mwiandi and Dr. Herbert Misigo Amatsimbi throughout the period of my study at the University. My research assistant Vincent Otsieno and Dennis Odhiambo you were faithful in helping with data collection and translation of some information from Luo to English language. By doing so, you enabled me get the right meaning to use in this study, your participation was astute. I also thank members of staff in the Department of History and Archaeology at the University of Nairobi for their contribution that made this project a success. I recognize my classmates for their support and friendship throughout our course work and in a special way I single out Charles Imbiakha for the encouragement he gave me when was writing this project. I acknowledge the contribution Benard Okelo made to this study. He took his time to go through my work while editing it with correctness. I am grateful to the respondents and the residents of Kisumu County for providing valuable information for this research. The information you provided informed the formulation of ideas and findings in writing of this project. Without your input this study would not have been realized. Finally, I thank my family for the encouragement they gave me as they motivated me through the period of my study at the University of Nairobi I again say thank you. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS AED Automated External Defibrillators ADA Americans with Disability Acts AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CBD Central Business District CD4 Cluster Differentiation 4 DEK Deaf Empowerment Kenya EAC East Africa Community ECK Electoral Commission of Kenya FORD-K Forum for Restoration Democracy-Kenya GSU General Service Unit GTZ German Organization for Technical Cooperation HI Handicap International HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICC International Criminal Court IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IEBC Independent Electoral Boundaries and Commission JKML Jomo Kenyatta Memorial Library KANU Kenya African National Union KAU Kenya African Union KFL Kenya Federal Labour KICC Kenyatta International Conference Centre v KLGWU Kenya Local Government Workers Union KNCHR Kenya Nation Commission of Human Rights KPU Kenya People’s Union LEGCO Legislative Council MP Member of Parliament NCPWD National Council for Persons With Disabilities NDP National Democratic Party NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations ODM Orange Democratic Movement PEV Post-Election Violence PNU Party of National Unity PWD Persons With Disabilities TJRC Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program UNRWA United Nation Relief and Work Agency UNV United Nations Volunteer USAID United States Agency for International Development VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing YADEN Youth Art Development and Entrepreneurship Network vi TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS.............................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENT.................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ x OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS...................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY................................................................................... 1 1.2 Brief history of the trigger to 2007/8 PEV................................................................ 3 1.3 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................... 5 1.4 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Justification of the Study .......................................................................................... 7 1.6 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................................ 8 1.7 Literature Review...................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Theoretical Framework........................................................................................... 17 1.9 Hypotheses.............................................................................................................. 20 1.10 Methodology......................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 23 CONFLICTS IN KISUMU: A HISTORY ....................................................................... 23 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Kisumu city: From History to Conflicts ................................................................. 23 2.2.2 The Kisumu Massacre 1969............................................................................. 29 2.2.3 Assassination of JM Kariuki 1975................................................................... 31 2.2.4 Assassination of Dr. Robert Ouko 1990 .......................................................... 33 2.2.5 The Baghdad Boys 1992.................................................................................. 34 2.2.6 The death of Dr. Crispin Mbai 2003........................................................... 36 2.3 The Post-Election Violence 2007-2008 .................................................................. 37 2.4 The Murder Of Shem Onyango In Kisumu And Its Aftermath 2012 ..................... 39 2.5 Violence in Kisumu following Declaration of Uhuru as President-Elect 2013...... 40 2.6 The Causes of 2007/8 Pev Kisumu......................................................................... 42 2.7 The Cause of 2013 Violence In Kisumu................................................................. 45 2.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 47 THE DISABLED IN THE CONFLICT IN KISUMU .................................................... 47 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 47 vii 3.2 The Disabled Persons.............................................................................................. 48 3.3 The Perpetrators of the Conflict.............................................................................. 52 3.3.1 Stone Throwing as a Weapon .......................................................................... 53 3.3.2 Demonstrations ................................................................................................ 54 3.3.3 Mobilizing Role ............................................................................................... 55 3.3.4 Informants ........................................................................................................ 56 3.4 Reasons
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