Rock Matrix Surrounding Subfossil Lemur Skull Yields Diverse Collection of Mammalian Subfossils: Implications for Reconstructing Madagascar’S Paleoenvironments
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Radiocarbon Dating and Its Applications in Quaternary Studies
Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 57/1–2 2–24 Hannover 2008 Quaternary Science Journal Radiocarbon dating and its applications in Quaternary studies *) IRKA HAJDAS Abstract: This paper gives an overview of the origin of 14C, the global carbon cycle, anthropogenic impacts on the atmospheric 14C content and the background of the radiocarbon dating method. For radiocarbon dating, important aspects are sample preparation and measurement of the 14C content. Recent advances in sample preparation allow better understanding of long-standing problems (e.g., contamination of bones), which helps to improve chronologies. In this review, various preparation techniques applied to typical sample types are described. Calibration of radiocarbon ages is the fi nal step in establishing chronologies. The present tree ring chronology-based calibration curve is being constantly pushed back in time beyond the Holocene and the Late Glacial. A reliable calibration curve covering the last 50,000-55,000 yr is of great importance for both archaeology as well as geosciences. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on the extension of the radiocarbon calibration curve (INTCAL working group) and on the reconstruction of palaeo-reservoir ages for marine records. [Die Radiokohlenstoffmethode und ihre Anwendung in der Quartärforschung] Kurzfassung: Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Herkunft von Radiokohlenstoff, den globalen Kohlenstoffkreislauf, anthropogene Einfl üsse auf das atmosphärische 14C und die Grundlagen der Radio- kohlenstoffmethode. Probenaufbereitung und das Messen der 14C Konzentration sind wichtige Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit der Radiokohlenstoffdatierung. Gegenwärtige Fortschritte in der Probenaufbereitung erlauben ein besseres Verstehen lang bekannter Probleme (z.B. die Kontamination von Knochen) und haben zu verbesserten Chronologien geführt. -
Forensic Radiocarbon Dating of Human Remains: the Past, the Present, and the Future
AEFS 1.1 (2017) 3–16 Archaeological and Environmental Forensic Science ISSN (print) 2052-3378 https://doi.org.10.1558/aefs.30715 Archaeological and Environmental Forensic Science ISSN (online) 2052-3386 Forensic Radiocarbon Dating of Human Remains: The Past, the Present, and the Future Fiona Brock1 and Gordon T. Cook2 1. Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University 2. Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre [email protected] Radiocarbon dating is a valuable tool for the forensic examination of human remains in answering questions as to whether the remains are of forensic or medico-legal interest or archaeological in date. The technique is also potentially capable of providing the year of birth and/or death of an individual. Atmospheric radiocarbon levels are cur- rently enhanced relative to the natural level due to the release of large quantities of radiocarbon (14C) during the atmospheric nuclear weapons testing of the 1950s and 1960s. This spike, or “bomb-pulse,” can, in some instances, provide precision dates to within 1–2 calendar years. However, atmospheric 14C activity has been declining since the end of atmospheric weapons testing in 1963 and is likely to drop below the natural level by the mid-twenty-first century, with implications for the application of radio- carbon dating to forensic specimens. Introduction Radiocarbon dating is most routinely applied to archaeological and environmental studies, but in some instances can be a very powerful tool for forensic specimens. Radiocarbon (14C) is produced naturally in the upper atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays on nitrogen-14 (14N). The 14C produced is rapidly oxidised to carbon dioxide, which then either enters the terrestrial biosphere via photosynthesis and proceeds along the food chain via herbivores and omnivores, and subsequently car- nivores, or exchanges into marine reservoirs where it again enters the food chain by photosynthesis. -
Isotopegeochemistry Chapter4
Isotope Geochemistry W. M. White Chapter 4 GEOCHRONOLOGY III: OTHER DATING METHODS 4.1 COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES 4.1.1 Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere As the name implies, cosmogenic nuclides are produced by cosmic rays colliding with atoms in the atmosphere and the surface of the solid Earth. Nuclides so created may be stable or radioactive. Radio- active cosmogenic nuclides, like the U decay series nuclides, have half-lives sufficiently short that they would not exist in the Earth if they were not continually produced. Assuming that the production rate is constant through time, then the abundance of a cosmogenic nuclide in a reservoir isolated from cos- mic ray production is simply given by: −λt N = N0e 4.1 Hence if we know N0 and measure N, we can calculate t. Table 4.1 lists the radioactive cosmogenic nu- clides of principal interest. As we shall, cosmic ray interactions can also produce rare stable nuclides, and their abundance can also be used to measure geologic time. A number of different nuclear reactions create cosmogenic nuclides. “Cosmic rays” are high-energy (several GeV up to 1019 eV!) atomic nuclei, mainly of H and He (because these constitute most of the matter in the universe), but nuclei of all the elements have been recognized. To put these kinds of ener- gies in perspective, the previous gen- eration of accelerators for physics ex- Table 4.1. Data on Cosmogenic Nuclides periments, such as the Cornell Elec- -1 tron Storage Ring produce energies in Nuclide Half-life, years Decay constant, yr the 10’s of GeV (1010 eV); while 14C 5730 1.209x 10-4 CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, 3H 12.33 5.62 x 10-2 mankind’s most powerful accelerator, 10Be 1.500 × 106 4.62 x 10-7 located on the Franco-Swiss border 26Al 7.16 × 105 9.68x 10-5 near Geneva produces energies of 36Cl 3.08 × 105 2.25x 10-6 ~10 TeV range (1013 eV). -
Dating Techniques.Pdf
Dating Techniques Dating techniques in the Quaternary time range fall into three broad categories: • Methods that provide age estimates. • Methods that establish age-equivalence. • Relative age methods. 1 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques Are methods based in the radioactive properties of certain unstable chemical elements, from which atomic particles are emitted in order to achieve a more stable atomic form. 2 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques Application of the principle of radioactivity to geological dating requires that certain fundamental conditions be met. If an event is associated with the incorporation of a radioactive nuclide, then providing: (a) that none of the daughter nuclides are present in the initial stages and, (b) that none of the daughter nuclides are added to or lost from the materials to be dated, then the estimates of the age of that event can be obtained if the ration between parent and daughter nuclides can be established, and if the decay rate is known. 3 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Uranium-series dating 238Uranium, 235Uranium and 232Thorium all decay to stable lead isotopes through complex decay series of intermediate nuclides with widely differing half- lives. 4 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Uranium-series dating • Bone • Speleothems • Lacustrine deposits • Peat • Coral 5 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Thermoluminescence (TL) Electrons can be freed by heating and emit a characteristic emission of light which is proportional to the number of electrons trapped within the crystal lattice. Termed thermoluminescence. 6 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Thermoluminescence (TL) Applications: • archeological sample, especially pottery. -
Aspartic Acid Racemization and Radiocarbon Dating of an Early Milling Stone Horizon Burial in California Darcy Ike; Jeffrey L. B
Aspartic Acid Racemization and Radiocarbon Dating of an Early Milling Stone Horizon Burial in California Darcy Ike; Jeffrey L. Bada; Patricia M. Masters; Gail Kennedy; John C. Vogel American Antiquity, Vol. 44, No. 3. (Jul., 1979), pp. 524-530. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7316%28197907%2944%3A3%3C524%3AAARARD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 American Antiquity is currently published by Society for American Archaeology. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/sam.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. -
A Chronology for Late Prehistoric Madagascar
Journal of Human Evolution 47 (2004) 25e63 www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar a,) a,b c David A. Burney , Lida Pigott Burney , Laurie R. Godfrey , William L. Jungersd, Steven M. Goodmane, Henry T. Wrightf, A.J. Timothy Jullg aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx NY 10458, USA bLouis Calder Center Biological Field Station, Fordham University, P.O. Box 887, Armonk NY 10504, USA cDepartment of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst MA 01003, USA dDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794, USA eField Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL 60605, USA fMuseum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA gNSF Arizona AMS Facility, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, USA Received 12 December 2003; accepted 24 May 2004 Abstract A database has been assembled with 278 age determinations for Madagascar. Materials 14C dated include pretreated sediments and plant macrofossils from cores and excavations throughout the island, and bones, teeth, or eggshells of most of the extinct megafaunal taxa, including the giant lemurs, hippopotami, and ratites. Additional measurements come from uranium-series dates on speleothems and thermoluminescence dating of pottery. Changes documented include late Pleistocene climatic events and, in the late Holocene, the apparently human- caused transformation of the environment. Multiple lines of evidence point to the earliest human presence at ca. 2300 14C yr BP (350 cal yr BC). A decline in megafauna, inferred from a drastic decrease in spores of the coprophilous fungus Sporormiella spp. in sediments at 1720 G 40 14C yr BP (230e410 cal yr AD), is followed by large increases in charcoal particles in sediment cores, beginning in the SW part of the island, and spreading to other coasts and the interior over the next millennium. -
New Glacier Evidence for Ice-Free Summits During the Life of The
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN New glacier evidence for ice‑free summits during the life of the Tyrolean Iceman Pascal Bohleber1,2*, Margit Schwikowski3,4,5, Martin Stocker‑Waldhuber1, Ling Fang3,5 & Andrea Fischer1 Detailed knowledge of Holocene climate and glaciers dynamics is essential for sustainable development in warming mountain regions. Yet information about Holocene glacier coverage in the Alps before the Little Ice Age stems mostly from studying advances of glacier tongues at lower elevations. Here we present a new approach to reconstructing past glacier low stands and ice‑ free conditions by assessing and dating the oldest ice preserved at high elevations. A previously unexplored ice dome at Weißseespitze summit (3500 m), near where the “Tyrolean Iceman” was found, ofers almost ideal conditions for preserving the original ice formed at the site. The glaciological settings and state‑of‑the‑art micro‑radiocarbon age constraints indicate that the summit has been glaciated for about 5900 years. In combination with known maximum ages of other high Alpine glaciers, we present evidence for an elevation gradient of neoglaciation onset. It reveals that in the Alps only the highest elevation sites remained ice‑covered throughout the Holocene. Just before the life of the Iceman, high Alpine summits were emerging from nearly ice‑free conditions, during the start of a Mid‑Holocene neoglaciation. We demonstrate that, under specifc circumstances, the old ice at the base of high Alpine glaciers is a sensitive archive of glacier change. However, under current melt rates the archive at Weißseespitze and at similar locations will be lost within the next two decades. -
V Semester Zoology Fossils and Fossil Dating
V SEMESTER ZOOLOGY FOSSILS AND FOSSIL DATING Fossils can include anything that gives an indication of the existence of prehistoric organisms. The Latin word Fossilium means ‘dug out’, which in earlier times meant to include any traces of body of animals and plants buried and preserved by natural causes. George Curvier (1769-1832) is considered ‘Father of palaeontology’, who studied fossils scientifically to develop phylogenies. Types of fossils Based on the mode of formation of fossils, they can be categorised in several types. Fossilisation is a rare phenomenon, which takes place under specialised conditions. The study of natural process of death, burial, decomposition, preservation and transformation into fossil is called taphonomy. Fossils are the only direct evidence of the biological events in the history of earth and hence important in the understanding and construction of the evolutionary history of different groups of animals and plants. 1. Petrifaction Petrifaction is molecule-by-molecule replacement of organic matter by inorganic compounds, viz. silica, calcium carbonate or iron pyrites. It literally means “turned into stone” and takes place in buried situations, particularly at the bottom of lakes, ponds or sea, where there are sediments rich in calcium carbonate and silica. Over millions of years, inorganic matter replaces the entire bony material, making an exact replica of the original. By this time sediments transform into sedimentary rocks, in which fossils can remain preserved for a long time. Most of the old fossils are petrified, e.g. shells of molluscs, arthropods and fish skeletons. 2. Preservation of footprints When animals walk on wet soil and sand, they leave trail of footprints or limbless animals and worms may leave tracks and trails in mud. -
Riverside, California
[Radiocarbon, Vol 25, No. 2, 1983, P 647-654] NON-CONCORDANCE OF RADIOCARBON AND AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION DEDUCED AGE ESTIMATES ON HUMAN BONE R E TAYLOR Department of Anthropology Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California, Riverside Riverside, California ABSTRACT. Radiocarbon determinations, employing both decay and direct counting, were obtained on various organic frac- tions of four human skeletal samples previously assigned ages ranging from 28,000 to 70,000 years on the basis of their D/L aspartic acid racemization values. In all four cases, the 14C values require an order of magnitude reduction in age. INTRODUCTION Some of the earliest 14C measurements carried out in 1948- 1949 were concerned with the question of the antiquity of Homo sapiens in the Western Hemisphere (Arnold and Libby, 1950). 14C By the mid-1960's, values were being used to establish the presence of human populationsions in the New World at a maximum of ca 12,000 to 13,000 4C years BP (Haynes, 1967). In the 14C early 1970's, values on the "collagen" (typically, the acid-insoluble) fraction of human bone samples (cf Hassan and Hare, 1978; Taylor, 1980) were used to adjust the upper limit upward to ca 20,000 to 25,000 14C years (Berger et al, 1971; Berger, 1975). By the mid 1970's, amino-acid racemization (Bada and Protsch, 1973) and its application to bone samples from anatomically modern Homo sapiens from central and south- ern California (Bada and Helfman, 1915) provided aspartic acid derived age assignments up to as much as 70,000 years (Sunnyvale skeleton). -
An Annotated Select Bibliography of the Piltdown Forgery
An annotated select bibliography of the Piltdown forgery Informatics Programme Open Report OR/13/047 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INFORMATICS PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT OR/13/47 An annotated select bibliography of the Piltdown forgery Compiled by David G. Bate Keywords Bibliography; Piltdown Man; Eoanthropus dawsoni; Sussex. Map Sheet 319, 1:50 000 scale, Lewes Front cover Hypothetical construction of the head of Piltdown Man, Illustrated London News, 28 December 1912. Bibliographical reference BATE, D. G. 2014. An annotated select bibliography of the Piltdown forgery. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/13/47, iv,129 pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. © NERC 2014. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2014 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS shops at British Geological Survey offices Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or shop online at www. geologyshop.com BGS Central Enquiries Desk Tel 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including maps, for consultation. email [email protected] We publish an annual catalogue of our maps and other publications; this catalogue is available online or from any of the Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham BGS shops. -
History of Radiocarbon Dating
HISTORY OF RADIOCARBON DATING W.F. LIBBY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, CALIF. , UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Abstract HISTORY OF RADIOCARBON DATING. The development is traced of radiocarbon dating from its birth in curiosity regarding the.effects of cosmic radiation on Earth. Discussed in historical perspective are: the significance of the initial measurements in determining the course of developments; the advent of the low- level counting technique; attempts to avoid low-level counting by the use of isotopic enrichment; the gradual appearance of the environmental effect due to the combustion of fossil fuel (Suess effect); recognition of the atmosphere ocean barrier for carbon dioxide exchange; detailed understanding of the mixing mechanism from the study of fallout radiocarbon; determination of the new half-life; indexing and the assimilation problem foi the massive accumulation of dates; and the proliferation of measure ment techniques and the impact of archaeological insight on the validity of radiocarbon dates. INTRODUCTION The neutron-induced transmutation of atmospheric nitrogen to radiocarbon, which is the basis of radiocarbon dating, was discovered at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley in the early thirties. Kurie [la] , followed by Bonner and Brubaker [lb] , and Burcham and Goldhaber [lc] , found that the irradiation of air in a cloud chamber with neutrons caused proton recoil tracks which were shown to be due to the nitrogen in the air, and in particular to the abundant isotope of nitrogen of mass 14. The neutrons producing the tracks appeared to be of thermal, or of near thermal energy, and the energy of the proton therefore gave the mass of the 14C produced; from this it was concluded that the beta decay of 14C to reform 14N from l4C should release 170 kV energy (2. -
Relative Dating
Relative Dating Introduction: In the early stage of prehistoric studies, dating of any event or site was obtained tentatively. A particular event or specimen is dated in relation to other event or some reference point. Such type of dating techniques are known as relative dating by which one can know or understand whether a particular culture is younger or older than the other one. That is, through relative dating, it is known that culture A is older than culture B but how old A and B are, or how much later B is than A in terms of number of years is unknown. These dating methods have never been able to provide a date in terms of numerical value or years, nor it can calculate the total time span involved in each cultural period. However, with the help of such dating methods a series of events or things can be arranged in a sequential time frame. The relative chronology, in the words of Wheeler (1956), is “... the arrangement of the products of non-historic societies into a time relationship which may not have any dates but which has a sequence....” Types of Relative Dating: Till the early part of 19th century quite a good number of relative dating methods have been in used in archaeological studies. These relative dating methods are basically depending upon stratigraphic position of the site or kind of remains associated with the site. Some of the relative dating methods are: 1 i) Stratigraphy ii) Typology iii) Fluorine test iv) Uranium and nitrogen analysis v) Palaeontology vi) Palynology vii) Cross dating viii) Sequence dating All these relative dating methods tend to compare a given event with some other events in a time sequence.