DOCSLIB.ORG

Trent University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trent University FINDING ANSWERS IN CHAOS: A LITHIC AND POST-DEPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CLARK’S BAY SITE, ONTARIO A Thesis Submitted to the Committee of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science Trent University Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Keri Lynn Sine 2013 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program May 2013 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-93851-5 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-93851-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada Abstract Finding Answers in Chaos: A Lithic and Post-Depositional Analysis of the Clarks Bay Site, Ontario Keri Lynn Sine The objective of this thesis is to assess the degree of post-depositional disturbance and to document and analyze the lithic assemblage of 3,595 artifacts from the Clark’s Bay site (BdGn-8) near Burleigh Falls, Ontario. This research will contribute to the limited knowledge of stratigraphically compromised sites within the middle Trent Valley of southeastern Ontario. Post-depositional disturbance is assessed using size distribution data and re-fits to see if artifacts experienced sorting by weight and/or surface area. The results suggest that artifacts were sorted by surface area. From a technological perspective debitage is analyzed using a stage typology and the Sullivan and Rozen method. Raw material usage and comparison to established typologies from the Great Lakes area indicate that the assemblage dates to the late Middle Archaic (6,000-4,500 B.P.) through the Late Archaic/Transitional Woodland (4,500- 2,800 B.P.) periods. Formal shaped tools were predominately made from non-local tool stone, other tools from more local tool stone. Tool kits of all time periods were also replenished using local tool stone varieties. The stage typological analysis gave more concrete results than the Sullivan and Rozen method and is therefore recommended for future research involving large assemblages with a wide variety of tool stone types. Keywords:Ontario archaeology, Archaic, lithic debitage, raw material utilization, post-depositional disturbance, trade/exchange. Acknowledgements There are a several people I would like to acknowledge and thank for their support and guidance during the research and writing of this thesis. First is Dr. Susan Jamieson, my supervisor, who permitted me to excavate at the Clark’s Bay site and at the West Burleigh Bay site during three summer field school sessions from 2004 to 2006. The time spent in the field was an invaluable and memorable experience that allowed me to develop a true passion for archaeology. Without Dr. Susan Jamieson’s unfaltering support and understanding of my special needs as a single parent this thesis would not have been made possible. Her extensive knowledge and years of experience in archaeology and with First Nation peoples is truly inspiring. Furthermore, I would like to thank her as well as Chief Chris Nahrgang of the Kawartha Nishnawbe First Nation for granting me permission to analyze the lithic collection of the Clark’s Bay site. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Eugene Morin, Dr. Roger Lohman and Mr. William Fox for their guidance and support. Dr. Eugene Morin offered much needed guidance during the statistical analysis phase of my research while Dr. Roger Lohman always asked very pertinent questions about the interpretations of my research which helped me to stay focused on the cultural aspects of archaeological research. As external examiner, Mr. William Fox offered a number of searching comments and questions which further refined my thoughts about the Clark’s Bay assemblage and its place in Ontario’s past. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. James Conolly for allowing me to audit his spatial statistics course which was extremely useful during the analysis phase of my research and also for his guidance and patience while trying to ensure that I understood and applied the various statistics effectively. Also thanks are owing to Dr. Marit Munson for helping me with the development of the Access data base which I used to collect the detailed lithic data. I would also like acknowledge the generous financial support provided by Trent University in the form of bursaries including the Sara Graduate Bursary and others which were provided by anonymous donors. Finally, I would like to thank my family, firstly my mother and sister Julie for their encouragement and for being my editors throughout my University experience, secondly my father for his support and my son Taylor for his patience and at times much needed comic relief. IV Table of Contents Page Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents V List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Research Questions as They Pertain to Lithic Analysis 1 The Archaic in Ontario 3 Site Disturbance 6 Thesis Organization 7 Chapter 2: Middle and Late Archaic Social Organization in Ontario 9 Southwestern Ontario 12 Southeastern Ontario 20 Shield Archaic 26 Summary 29 Chapter 3: Approaches to Lithic Studies and Site Formation 30 Processes Tool Analysis 32 Debitage Analysis 36 Biface Analysis 37 Core Analysis 38 Site Formation Processes 40 Summary 42 Chapter 4: Research Methods 43 Excavation of the Clark’s Bay Site 43 Lithic Analysis 46 Detailed Debitage Flake Analysis 50 Dating the Clark’s Bay Site and Assessing Post-Depositional Disturbance 56 Summary 60 Chapter 5: Research Analysis and Results 61 Raw Material Usage and Lithic Analysis 61 Debitage Analysis Stage Typology 68 Cores 70 Debitage (Sullivan and Rozen Method) 72 Post-Depositional Disturbance 73 V Dating the Clark’s Bay site 75 Summary 76 Chapter 6: Discussion 78 Tool Analysis, Cultural Affiliation and Interaction 78 Debitage Analysis and Stage Typology 85 Debitage Analysis (Sullivan and Rozen) 90 Post Depositional Disturbance and Site Formation Processes 91 Summary 95 Chapter 7: Conclusions 97 Suggestions for Future Research 103 References Cited 105 Appendix A: Lithic Attributes 113 VI List of Figures Figure Description Page 1.1 The Location of the Clark’s Bay site within the Kawartha Lakes Region of Ontario 2 1.2 The Location of the Site in Relation to the Kawartha Lakes 2 2.1 Map of Ontario Showing Geographical Regions 12 3.1 Picture of the Site Showing Sloping Topography 44 5.1 Map of Southern Ontario Showing the Location of Exotic Cherts in Relation to the Clark’s Bay Site 63 5.2 Stage 1 Biface 65 5.3 Stage 2 Biface 66 5.4 Stage 3 Biface 67 5.5 Comparison of Flaked Artifact by Material 71 5.6 Results Sullivan and Rozen Debitage Analysis 72 5.7 Distribution of Concentration of Heavy Artifact at the Clark’s Bay site 74 6.1 Brewerton Projectile Point 82 6.2 Biface Tip Fragments 82 6.3 Crawford Knoll Projectile Point 84 6.4 Thumbnail Scraper 84 6.5 Ground Stone Artifacts Wood Working 85 6.6 Drawing of Biface Re-Sharpening Flake 86 6.7 Drawing of Scraper Re-Sharpening Flake 87 6.8 Drawing of Bipolar Core/Wedge 88 vii Drawing of Bipolar Core List of Tables Table Description Page 5.1 Clark’s Bay Lithic Artifact Counts and Percentages 61 5.2 Clark’s Bay Artifact Categories by Material Type 62 5.3 Frequency of Raw Material by Functional Tool Types 64 5.4 Summary of Biface Stages 67 5.5 Stage Typology by Raw Material Type 69 5.6 Summary of Core Types by Raw Material 70 IX 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Research Questions In many parts of the world, stone tools and their manufacturing debris can be the sole artifacts present in the archaeological record and thus, the sole evidence of past human activity (Kooyman 2000:1; Odell 1996:1). Therefore, the study of stone tools and their manufacturing debris is a vital part of archaeological research aiding in the interpretation of cultural phenomena such as past tool-making technologies and economic and socio-political relationships between peoples. With some notable exceptions, these assertions hold true for most sites dating to the Archaic period in Ontario, ca.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparative Study of the Swennes Woven Nettle Bag and Weaving Techniques
    Karoll UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research XII (2009) A Comparative Study of the Swennes Woven Nettle Bag and Weaving Techniques Amy Karol Faculty Sponsors: Dr. Connie Arzigian and Dr. David Anderson, Department of Sociology and Archaeology ABSTRACT During recent years, the Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center (MVAC) has acquired permission to look at a beautifully preserved bag from 47Lc84, a rockshelter located in La Crosse County, Wisconsin. The bag is tentatively dated to the Oneota cultural tradition (A.D. 1250-1650) based on pottery sherds associated with it. Nothing of its kind has been found archaeologically in this region before, owing mostly to poor preservation conditions. Due to its uniqueness, there is nothing to compare it to within the Oneota tradition. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of this bag, a cross-cultural study was undertaken. This paper examines separate sites in the American Midwest, as well as textile impressions that are preserved on pottery, the ethnohistoric and early historic record, and modern hand-weaving techniques to determine the textile tradition from which the bag may have emerged as well as how it was constructed. INTRODUCTION Textiles in the archaeological record are poorly preserved in the American Midwest. Only in very few sites are they actually found, and in even fewer are the fragments large enough to be studied in depth. Detailed studies conducted on textiles are not numerous. Lacking in these studies is a cross-cultural comparison of types and materials from sites that do have better preserved textiles to try and determine similarities and differences in textile manufacture.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Survey of the Chesapeake Bay Shorelines Associated with Accomack County and Northampton County, Virginia
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ATLANTIC COAST SHORELINES ASSOCIATED WITH ACCOMACK COUNTY AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA Survey and Planning Report Series No. 7 Virginia Department of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, VA 23221 2003 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ATLANTIC COAST SHORELINES ASSOCIATED WITH ACCOMACK COUNTY AND NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA Virginia Department of Historic Resources Survey and Planning Report Series No. 7 Author: Darrin L. Lowery Chesapeake Bay Watershed Archaeological Research Foundation 5264 Blackwalnut Point Road, P.O. Box 180 Tilghman, MD 21671 2003 ii ABSTRACT This report summarizes the results of an archaeological survey conducted along the Atlantic shorelines of both Accomack County and Northampton County, Virginia. Accomack and Northampton Counties represent the southernmost extension of the Delmarva Peninsula. The study area encompasses all of the lands adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean and shorelines associated with the back barrier island bays. A shoreline survey was conducted along the Atlantic Ocean to gauge the erosion threat to the archaeological resources situated along the shoreline. Archaeological sites along shorelines are subjected to numerous natural processes which hinder site visibility and limit archaeological interpretations. Summaries of these natural processes are presented in this report. The primary goal of the project was to locate, identify, and record any archaeological sites or remains along the Atlantic seashore that are threatened by shoreline erosion. The project also served as a test of a prehistoric site predictive/settlement model that has been utilized during other archaeological surveys along the Chesapeake Bay shorelines and within the interior sections of the Delmarva Peninsula. The prehistoric site predictive/settlement model is presented in detail using archaeological examples from Maryland and Virginia’s Eastern Shore.
    [Show full text]
  • A Possible Beadmaker's Kit from North America's Lake Superior Copper District
    BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers Volume 6 Volume 6 (1994) Article 6 1-1-1994 A Possible Beadmaker's Kit from North America's Lake Superior Copper District Susan R. Martin Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Repository Citation Martin, Susan R. (1994). "A Possible Beadmaker's Kit from North America's Lake Superior Copper District." BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 6: 49-60. Available at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads/ vol6/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers by an authorized editor of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A POSSIBLE BEA:PMAKER'S KIT FROM NORTH AMERICA'S LAKE SUPERIOR COPPER DISTRICT Sus an R. Martin Beads of copper are amongst the oldest and most wide­ found. In addition, there is some evidence that the spread ornaments known in North America. Native copper material was traded far to the east and south of its was an important material to prehistoric Americans, and most-abundant Great Lakes source in very early times. certainly the most important metal. It was collected, trans­ Other copper sources are known from Nova Scotia, ported and traded over wide areas as early as 7000 years New Jersey, the Appalachians and the American before present, and its use for ornaments persisted until it was gradually replaced by European metals over the many Southwest (Rapp et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Historical Report
    Phase I Archaeological Investigations of Areas of Meacham Family Trust Property, Village of Howard, Brown County, Wisconsin Prepared By: Jennifer R. Harvey, M.A., Principal Investigator Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center, Inc. P.O. Box 511549 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203 Prepared For: Village of Howard ATTN: Geoff Farr, Village Engineer 1336 Cornell Road Green Bay, WI 54313 (920) 434-4060 GLARC ROI 737 GLARC Project No. 10.025 © May 2010, Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center, Inc. Management Summary In April 2010, Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center (GLARC) conducted Phase I archaeological investigations of the Meacham Family Trust property in the Village of Howard, Brown County, Wisconsin. Archaeological investigations were conducted for the Village of Howard in advance of potential future development of the parcel. The archaeological study partially fulfill requirements obtaining from the execution of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-665) as amended and 36 CFR, Part 800, which serves to implement the Act as well as Wisconsin Statutes 44.40 and 157.70. Investigations of the project area were conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of a comprehensive archival and literature review to identify and document previously reported archaeological and burial sites within one mile of the project area. The second stage of investigations consisted of archaeological survey of those portions of the project area potentially affected by ground disturbing activities. Archaeological survey consisted of close interval surface collection. No historic properties, archaeological sites, or cultural materials were identified as a result of archaeological investigations. As proposed project development will not adversely affect the cultural resource base of the project area, it is recommended that construction be allowed to proceed as designed.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 Program
    Midwest Archaeological Conference November 4-6, 2015 - Milwaukee, Wisconsin Presentation Abstracts (Listed in Alphabetical order) [6] The Susceptibility of Wyandotte Chert to High Power Use-Wear Analysis ROBERT E. AHLRICHS (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) and KATHERINE STERNER-MILLER (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) During the Late Archaic to Early Woodland transition, caches of blue gray chert bifaces were deposited throughout the Midwest, often in association with burials. The types of analyses that can be conducted on these bifaces are restricted by NAGPRA. Specifically, cleaning of artifacts deemed necessary to conduct high power use-wear analysis is prohibited. An experiment testing three progressive levels of washing demonstrates that Wyandotte chert is fine-grained enough to display surface polishes from use even without intensive washing. The positive results of this experiment are then applied a sample of bifaces from the Riverside site in Michigan’s Upper Peninsu- la. [13] The Lichliter Site Project: A Model for Revealing Hidden Archaeological Collec- tions SARAH M. AISENBREY and WILLIAM E. KENNEDY (Dayton Society of Natural History) The DSNH is cataloging a large collection of archaeological artifacts from the Lichliter site, excavated in the 1960s, near Dayton, Ohio. The materials are from the Late Woodland, a poorly known time period in Ohio prehistory. Despite wide interest, no other professional had ever seen the artifacts, maps, or notes until the collection was returned in 2012. To accomplish deciphering and cataloging the site collection into a meaningful, cross-referenced database, the DSNH staff trained on QLC’s ArcheoLINK software. This project will serve as the first case study in applying ArcheoLINK as a collection management solution for archaeological research collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of the Minnesota Archaeologist
    Bibliography of The Minnesota Archaeologist This list of all authors and titles published in our journal, The Minnesota Archaeologist, since its inception was prepared by MAS member and volunteer extraordinaire Randy Blasus. Our many thanks for such a useful effort. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Adams, Z. G. (ed.) 1951 Indian Village at Fort Berthold (reprint) 17(1, January):3-9 Anderson, Dean 1985 Book Review: "A Toast to the Fur Trade: A Picture Essay on its Material Culture" By Robert C. Wheeler 44(1, Spring/Summer):47-48 Anfinson, John O. 1987 Book Review: "Fort Snelling: Colossus of the Wilderness" by Steve Hall 46(2):67-68 Anfinson, Scott F. 1982 A Bibliography of Lloyd Wilford 41(1, Spring/Summer):75-78 1982 Faunal Remains from the Big Slough Site (21 MU 1) and Woodland Cultural Stability in Southwestern Minnesota 41(1, Spring/Summer):53-71 1984 Cultural and Natural Aspects of Mound Distribution in Minnesota 43(1, Spring/Summer):3-30 1987 Investigations at Two Oneota Sites in the Center Creek Locality 46(1):31-45 1988 Editorial 47(2):2-3 1989 Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 1: Historical Overview and Archaeological Potentials 48(1 & 2):1-160 1990 Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 2: Archaeological Explorations and Interpretive Potentials 49(1 & 2):i-143 Anfinson, Scott F. & Leslie D. Peterson 1979 Minnesota's Highway Archaeological Programs 38(2, May):86-104 Anonymous 1935 Investigating Mound Builders (reprint) 1(3, August):4-5 1935 The Hardening of Copper (excerpt reprint) 1(6, November):9 1936 Forgotten Coppersmiths (excerpt reprint from Skillings Mining Review) 2:(3, March)9-10 1936 La Verendrye's Journal (excerpt reprint) 2(10, October):7-10 1942 The Migration Routes Of the Cheyenne 8(3, July):124-125 1942 In Memoriam - M.
    [Show full text]
  • Vertebrate Evidence for Diet and Food
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2015 Vertebrate Evidence for Diet and Food-processing at the Multicomponent Finch Site (47 JE-0902) in Jefferson County, Southeastern Wisconsin Zachary Ryan Stencil University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Stencil, Zachary Ryan, "Vertebrate Evidence for Diet and Food-processing at the Multicomponent Finch Site (47 JE-0902) in Jefferson County, Southeastern Wisconsin" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 843. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/843 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VERTEBRATE EVIDENCE FOR DIET AND FOOD-PROCESSING AT THE MULTICOMPONENT FINCH SITE (47 JE-0902) IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN by Zachary R. Stencil A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2015 ABSTRACT VERTEBRATE EVIDENCE FOR DIET AND FOOD-PROCESSING AT THE MULTICOMPONENT FINCH SITE (47 JE-0902) IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN by Zachary R. Stencil The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2015 Under the Supervision of Dr. Jean Hudson The focus of this study is the intrasite analysis of the vertebrate faunal assemblage from the Finch Site. The Finch Site (47JE-0902) is located in Jefferson County, southeastern Wisconsin, roughly one mile east from Lake Koshkonong’s southeastern shoreline and the Rock River drainage.
    [Show full text]
  • The Littlefork Burial: New Light on Old Copper
    Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science Volume 37 Number 1 Article 4 1970 The Littlefork Burial: New Light on Old Copper Jack Steinbring University of Winnipeg Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/jmas Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Steinbring, J. (1970). The Littlefork Burial: New Light on Old Copper. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science, Vol. 37 No.1, 8-15. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/jmas/vol37/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science by an authorized editor of University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANTHROPOLOGY The Littlefork Burial: New Light on Old Copper JACK STEINBRING* ABSTRACT - A richly furnished child burial of late Old Copper affiliation in Northern Minnesota is described. The mortuary offerings include a pair of large, decorated bone harpoons, and a pair of diagnostic Old Copper projectile points attached to dart shafts. The primary burial is flexed in a shallow pit with evidence of red ochre. Typological comparisons suggest a tentative date of 1,000 to 750 B.C. Seventeen years ago a discovery was made west of In­ I know that a person is not allowed to dig in graves, ternational Falls, Minnesota which might well have al­ etc., but the next high water would probably have washed this away anyhow. tered historical trends in the study of Old Copper had I have kept the wood fibers that were in the arrowhead the find become known previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper Mining on Isle Royale 6500
    HOL0010.1177/0959683614557574The HolocenePompeani et al. 557574research-article2014 Research paper The Holocene 2015, Vol. 25(2) 253 –262 Copper mining on Isle Royale 6500– © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav 5400 years ago identified using sediment DOI: 10.1177/0959683614557574 geochemistry from McCargoe Cove, hol.sagepub.com Lake Superior David P Pompeani,1 Mark B Abbott,1 Daniel J Bain,1 Seth DePasqual2 and Matthew S Finkenbinder1 Abstract Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, contains evidence of indigenous copper mining; however, the timing and geographical extent of mining activity is poorly known. We analyzed metal, carbon, nitrogen, and organic matter concentrations to document past mining pollution in sediment cores recovered from McCargoe Cove; a long, narrow inlet of Lake Superior on Isle Royale that receives drainage from a watershed that contains numerous ancient copper mines. At McCargoe Cove, concentrations of lead, copper, and potassium increase in the sediments after AD 1860 and between 6500 and 5400 years before AD 1950 (yr BP). Metal pollution increases at McCargoe Cove exceed natural (or background) levels and coincide with radiocarbon dates associated with copper artifacts and existing lead pollution reconstructions from lakes on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Interestingly, a coherent cessation of lead emissions at multiple study sites after ~5400 yr BP coincides with the onset of dry conditions found in regional paleoclimate proxy records. After ~5000 yr BP, lead concentrations on both Isle Royale and the Keweenaw Peninsula remain at background levels until the onset of modern lead pollution ~AD 1860. Keywords archaeology, lead, Michigan, Old Copper Complex, pollution, prehistoric copper mining, sediments Received 2 May 2014; revised manuscript accepted 30 August 2014 Introduction Copper use in the regions surrounding Lake Superior represents are dated to this period (Crane and Griffin, 1965; Martin, 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Gender in 17Th Century Southern New England Megan K
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Master's Theses University of Connecticut Graduate School 8-24-2016 Gender in 17th Century Southern New England Megan K. Willison [email protected] Recommended Citation Willison, Megan K., "Gender in 17th Century Southern New England" (2016). Master's Theses. 968. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/968 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Connecticut Graduate School at OpenCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gender in 17th Century Southern New England Megan Willison B.Phil, University of Pittsburgh, 2013 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts At the University of Connecticut 2016 i Copyright by Megan Willison 2016 ii APPROVAL PAGE Masters of Arts Thesis Gender in 17th Century Southern New England Presented by Megan Willison, B.Phil. Major Advisor___________________________________________________________ Kevin McBride Associate Advisor________________________________________________________ Françoise Dussart Associate Advisor________________________________________________________ Walter Woodward University of Connecticut 2016 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank Professors Kevin McBride, Françoise Dussart, and Walter Woodward—their insight, advice, and comments were invaluable in shaping the direction and information presented in this paper. A special thanks to my primary advisor, Kevin McBride, for all of his time in reading the many drafts of this thesis and providing the opportunity to work with the compiled data sets and artifact collections presented herein. I would also like to thank the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center for allowing me access to their collections and to all those who aided in recovering and cataloging the metallic objects used in the current analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Copper, Glacial Kame and Red Ocher Cultures ...2
    Old Copper, Glacial Kame and Red Ocher Cultures ................................ 2 Old Copper Complex .................................................................................................................. 2 The Glacial Kame Culture ................................................................................................................. 3 The Red Ocher Culture ...................................................................................................................... 3 References ................................................................................................................................... 5 Appendix 1 Red Ocher sites ........................................................................................................ 8 Old Copper, Glacial Kame and Red Ocher Cultures Old Copper Complex One of the most visible and influential of the Archaic cultures was Old Copper Complex (7,000 – 3,000 BP) of the western Great Lakes, named for their heavy use of cold-worked copper for weaponry, tools, and decorative objects. (Thomas C. Pleger 2002) Veins and nuggets of almost pure copper were deposited glaciers in gravel beds around Lake Superior and near Etowah in the Appalachian Mountains of Alabama. (Welch 1991) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Copper_Complex The Old Copper people did not have smelting technology. They cold hammered this copper to produce points, tools and decorative objects. They developed a trading network to export copper artifacts and nuggets for other exotic materials. About
    [Show full text]
  • Method and Theory in American Archaeology
    Method and Theory in American Archaeology GORDON R. WILLEY and PHILIP PHILLIPS A rchaeology and Anthropology meet in thi&stud^ of the prehi$iQTy\ of the Americas^ P88 $1.50 (U.K. 10/6 n.et» PLEASE HANDLE WITH CARE University of Connecticut Libraries •Q* «^0 f^» «^9 <^» 3 =1153 013523bl D GAYLORD RG Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/methodtheoryinam1958will S < C oO Method and Theory in American A rchaeology Method and Theory BY GORDON R. WILLEY AND PHILIP PHILLIPS in American Archaeology PHOENIX BOOKS 4£fc THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO & LONDON Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 57-11215 The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada © 1958 by The University of Chicago. Published 1958 First Phoenix Edition 1962 Third Impression 1963 Composed and printed by The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. To JAMES ALFRED FORD Preface In the summer of 1952, as a result of numerous discussions, we de- cided to set down our thoughts on certain methodological and the- oretical questions in American archaeology. The original plan was an article in two parts : the first, a statement of what we believed to be the minimal aims of archaeology and the basic operations di- rected toward the achievement of these aims, and the second, some theoretical formulations about New World prehistory. The first part was subsequently published under the title "Method and Theory in American Archaeology: An Operational Basis for Cul- ture-Historical Integration." 1 The second part followed a year and a half later as "Method and Theory in American Archaeology II: Historical-Developmental Interpretation." 2 The comments and criticism which these papers drew from colleagues and students have kept us interested in the subject, and, as a result, we have re- written both original papers and combined them, along with an introduction, originally published as a brief journal article, 3 in the present volume.
    [Show full text]