International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 2(6), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Wireless Application Protocol - A Survey
1K Anitha, 2M.Priyadharsini and 3G.Fenziya Parveen, 1,3Research Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, IT Department, Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, India.
Abstract: WAP is an open specification that offers a developed. The main aim of this forum was to bring standard method to access Internet based content and together the various technologies by a standard services from wireless devices such as mobile phones. protocol. WAP is a collection of various standards to The WAP model is very similar to the desktop develop such wireless systems and is not a single internet module. WAP is an enabling technology that entity. By the creation of WAP forum, the Wireless will bridge the gap between the mobile world and the Application Protocol has passed through major internet, bringing sophisticated solutions to mobile revisions (from 1.0 to 1.1,1.2 and 1.2.1). users, independent of the user and network. Through this paper we have given a overall view of Wireless WAP is used to solve some major problems Application Protocol- its history, features, as-Protocol mismatch, Device limitations, architecture, benefits and disadvantages. Usability. To address these issues, WAP defines a set of optimized protocols that can run over a wide Keywords: Wireless Internet, Mobile Phones, variety of underlying cellular networks. Protocol, WML, WML Script. In 2002, the WAP forum, founded by I. INTRODUCTION Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Unwired Planet into Open Mobile Alliance. WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol. WAP is used for building bridges between II. WAP FEATURES mobile phones and the Internet as well as for Intranet Some of the key features offered by WAP are given and offers the mobile users the experience of as: accessing a better form of Internet within their mobile phones. The subscribers can access the same wealth A. A Programming Model Similar to the Internet’s of information from a pocket-sized device as they can from the desktops. Though WAP is a new developing A. WAP Definition technology, but it reuses the same concepts as found on the Internet. This reuse enables a quick Wireless Application Protocol commonly introduction og WAP-based services, since both known as WAP is used to enable the access of service developers and manufacturers are familiar internet in the mobile phones or PDAs().An open, with these concepts today. global specification that empowers mobile users with B. Wireless Markup Language (WML) wireless devices to easily access and interact with internet information and services instantly. WML is a tag-based manipulation language. B. Histor1y of WAP It is formerly called as HDML(Handheld Device Markup Language). It is a tag language that allows Wireless Application Protocol allows the user the text portion of web pages to be presented on to bring Internet content on their mobile phones. cellular phones and Personal Digital WAP’s development was started during the middle of Assistants(PDAs) via wireless access. 1990’s.The two major manufactures-Nokia and Since we are using HTML(Hyper-Text Ericsson, at the beginning showed their interest in Markup Language) to develop our web-based providing such sophisticated technologies to a applications, WML is also a language same as HTML competitive advantage in the mobile information which is used to web-based applications suitable for market. handheld devices. WML is used for authoring WAP Nokia developed Narrow Band Sockets(NBS) services, fulfilling the same purpose as HTML does and Tagged Text Markup Language(TTML).Ericsson on the web[5]. developed Intelligent Terminal Transfer Protocol(ITTP).Next, the third player was Unwired C. WML Script Planet’s who developed Handheld Device Markup Language(HDML.[1].In 1997 the WAP forum was WML Script is an extended subset of JAVA Script. WML Script is on the client side processing.
IJTRD | Nov-Dec 2015 Available [email protected] 243 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 2(6), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com WML Script can be used to enhance the functionality DrmConstr The
The WTAI is an application framework for III. WAP ARCHITECTURE telephony services used in WAP. WTIA user agents are able to make calls and edit the phone book by A. Overview calling special WML script functions or by accessing special URLs. Different Telephony functions are WWW programming model is optimized and voice call control, network text, phonebook, call logs extended to match characteristics of the wireless environment. The WAP architecture utilizes proxy User Agent Profile: technology to connect between the wireless domain The WAP characteristics component of user and WWW. agent profile or UAProf provides information about the WAP features supported by the mobile devices. For example, DRM (Degital Rights Management) capability, maximum WML deck size, WAP version supported and WML Script libraries supported[6].
The following table lists some base attributes of the Wap Characteristics component as specified in the UAProf scheme:[6]
UAProf Descriptio Example Attributes/ n Property DrmClass The
IJTRD | Nov-Dec 2015 Available [email protected] 244 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 2(6), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com It is a optional layer or stack which consists of description devices. As compared to the security level of certain applications such as e-commerce or WAP-banking, WTLS further contains a check for data integrity, user authentification and gateway security.[4]
F. Transport Layer
Transport Layer: Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP). B. Application Layer WDP represents the transfer or transmission Application Layer: Wireless Application layer and is also the interface of the network layer to Environment (WAE). all the above layers/stack. With the help of WDP the transmission layer can be assimilated to the Wireless Application Environment (WAE) specifications of a network operator. The transmission and Wireless Telephony Application (WTA) are the of SMS, USSD, CSD, IS-136 packet data and GPRS two highest layer in the hierarchy of WAP is supported. The Wireless Control Message Protocol architecture. These two are the main interface to the (WCMP) is a optional addition to WAP, which will client device, which gives and controls the description inform users about occurred errors.[4] language, script language of any application and the specifics of the telephony. For example, one of the G. Benefits of WAP easy functions of WAE and WTA on the list is maintenance of a history list[4]. 1. Benefits to Developer:
C. Session Layer WAP allows developers to create applications with more features and increase the value of Session Layer: Wireless Session Protocol (WSP). application to the end user. It allows to develop applications that can work on different devices, The Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) browsers, gateways and networks. The WTLS contains all the specifications for a session. It act as specification of WAP allows developers to easily an interface between the application layer and the incorporate security features into their applications. transfer layer. The session mainly consists of three phases: start of the session, transferring information 2. Benefits to Device Manufacturers: back, forth and the end of the session.[2] WAP also provides support to WAP device D. Transaction Layer manufacturers. The manufacturers can enhance the value of WAP devices by using WAP supporting Transaction Layer: Wireless Transaction Protocol micro browsers and operating systems in to the WAP (WTP). device. The micro browsers and operating system can The specification of transfer layer is in work across a wide range of WAP gateways and the Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP). WTP networks without making any changes in the supports chaining together protocol data and the hardware of WAP device. delayed response to reduce the number of 3. Benefits to End-Users: transmissions. In order that information can be received as needed, it tries to optimize user Through WAP the end-users can access any interaction. WTP runs at the head of the datagramm web content through HTML-to-WML formatting service as like UTP (User Datagramm Protocol)[4]. services. Using WML a large number of application developers are developing content and services E. Security Layer specifically for end users [3]. Security Layer: Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS).
IJTRD | Nov-Dec 2015 Available [email protected] 245 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 2(6), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Despite these there are several benefits are [4].”WAP Architecture”. URL: there in using WAP such as- WAP deliver revenue http://www.tutorialspoint.com opportunities for carriers, offers a broad market for developers, WAP means increased sales of device, [5].”WAP Architecture”, WAP Forum. infrastructure and gateway manufacturers, means URL:http://www.wapforum.com freedom to the end user[3]. [6].”WML Tutorial”, Developer’s Home. H. Disadvantage of WAP URL:http://www.developershome.com
Some of the disadvantages of using WAP is [7].”WAP- Wireless Application Protocol” by Team given as- 11 Presenters: Suma Pramod, Connio Barbosa, Niti Pandey, Patrick Cunning, Olga Pavlenko,2002. Small screen: For web phones, there is an incredibly small viewing area; palmtops are barely better.
Speed of access: All devices have slow access.
Limited or fragmented availability: Wireless web access is sporadic in many areas and entirely unavailable in other areas.
Price: Many technology limitations are being addressed by higher-end devices and services. But the entry price for a good wireless web palmtop with decent display, keyboard, and speed is easily $700 to $900, not including monthly access[7].
Lack of user habit: It takes some patience and overcoming the learning curve to get the hang of it - connecting, putting in an address, typing. Users just aren't used to the idea and protocol yet[7].
CONCLUSION WAP signals a new era for the wireless industry. The mass-market handset is now poised to become a true information appliance and so on to the masses. WAP promises to provide a unifying influence, in the best tradition of the internet, for the global industry to flourish.
References
[1]. Nokia Wireless Software Solutions. “Wireless Application Protocol – The CorporatePerspective.” March 1999. http://www.nokia.com/corporate.wap
[2]. "Wireless Session Protocol Specification", WAP Forum, 1998. URL: http://www.wapforum.org/
[3].”Wireless Application Protocol”, web proforum tutorials. URL- http://www.iec.org
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