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November 2017 | Volume 53, Number 4 the Magazine of the National The Magazine of the National Communication Association November 2017 | Volume 53, Number 4 ABOUT Spectra, the magazine of the National Communication Association 2017 NCA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (NCA), features articles on topics that are relevant to In this issue Communication scholars, teachers, and practitioners. Spectra is President one means through which NCA works toward accomplishing its Stephen J. Hartnett, University of Colorado, Denver mission of advancing Communication as the discipline that studies First Vice President all forms, modes, media, and consequences of communication Ronald L. Jackson II, University of Cincinnati through humanistic, social scientific, and aesthetic inquiry. MESSAGE FROM 2 THE PRESIDENT NCA serves its members by enabling and supporting their Second Vice President professional interests. Dedicated to fostering and promoting Star Muir, George Mason University Fake News, Startling Truths, free and ethical communication, NCA promotes the widespread and the Power of Trust in Immediate Past President appreciation of the importance of communication in public and 7 an Age of Disbelief private life, the application of competent communication to Christina S. Beck, Ohio University AN INTRODUCTION By Stephen J. Hartnett, Ph.D. improve the quality of human life and relationships, and the use Educational Policies Board Director FAKE NEWS of knowledge about communication to solve human problems. Scott A. Myers, West Virginia University SPOTLIGHT The views and opinions expressed in Spectra articles are those 4 of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Publications Board Director Data About the Discipline: Communication Association. Bonnie J. Dow, Vanderbilt University 8 Journal Citation Metrics WHAT DO WE MEAN for NCA Journals All NCA members receive a Spectra subscription. The magazine Research Board Director BY FAKE? WHAT DO Public Presence: also is available via individual print subscription for non-members Mindy Fenske, University of South Carolina WE MEAN BY NEWS? at the annual cost of $50; to subscribe, send an email to NCA Hosts Public Program [email protected]. Finance Board Director By Katherine G. Fry, Ph.D. on Communication, Culture, Orlando Taylor, Fielding Graduate University and Health Spectra (ISSN 2157-3751) is published four times a year (March, May, September, and November). ©National Communication Finance Board Member In Our Journals Association. All rights reserved. Ronald Shields, Sam Houston State University CAREER Finance Board Member 14 28 OPPORTUNITIES Marnel Niles Goins, California State University, Fresno IF IT’S FAKE, IT’S NOT NEWS Interim Executive Director ADVERTISING IN SPECTRA By Rochelle Riley Trevor Parry-Giles For information about placing an advertisement in Spectra, please visit www.natcom.org/advertising. SPECTRA STAFF 18 ADVERTISING IN CAREER OPPORTUNITIES ON THE DANGERS OF FAKE Director of External Affairs and Publications Deadline for March Issue: January 15 NEWS AND FAKE SKEPTICISM Wendy Fernando Deadline for May Issue: March 15 By Steven Alan Carr, Ph.D. DID YOU KNOW [email protected] ? Submit text-only ads online at www.natcom.org/postjob/. Payment information must accompany ad order. Contributors A quick search of NCA's 11 LaKesha Anderson Visit www.natcom.org/spectragraphicads/ for information on scholarly journals for the term submitting graphic ads. NCA accepts Visa, Mastercard, Discover, Jenna Sauber American Express, and purchase orders. “Fake News” returns more than Design Questions? Contact [email protected]. Krystyn MacGregor 24 200 results. Read these articles NCA supports continued efforts to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices. Advertising and Permissions WHEN WORDS LOSE THEIR MEANING: and more online by visiting All employers are asked to identify the inclusion of sexual orientation in COUNTERFACTUAL ADVOCACY, Aaron Tuttle their affirmative action statements. Advertisers must provide information DONALD TRUMP, AND THE RISE www.natcom.org/nca-journals. about the availability of spousal and domestic partner benefits, which will appear with all online and print advertisements. NCA is not responsible for Cover Art OF DESPOTIC POPULISM verifying the accuracy of advertisements. Bigstock.com/gorbachlena By Steven R. Goldzwig, Ph.D. November 2017 National Communication Association 1 MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT To Communication scholars who are committed to seeking truth… while deploying Fake News, Startling Truths, and the communication that is based in evidence, the Power of Trust in an Age of Disbelief Trump-directed flood of “fake news” thus stands as a dire threat to our very way of life. By Stephen J. Hartnett, Ph.D. nd so it came to pass that a great nation, The moment was thus ripe with contradiction, lying about their location. U.S. foreign policy, the very And therein lies the rub: modernity, as we know with a long and venerable tradition of terrific as the President hurled “fake news” charges at his critics, balancing of life and death in such crisis situations, was it, rests upon trust. You send a ship to Hong Kong, journalism, lost its mind over “fake news.” while flooding our communication networks with itself now another Trumpian mash-up of “fake news.” with goods made in Detroit, to be paid for by banks in The phrase rocketed to national prominence evasions, slander, and misinformation. Consider the The problem, of course, is that when the White House Shenzhen, so that consumers all around the Pearl River Acourtesy of President Donald Trump’s Twitter account, on example of President Trump’s bluster toward North issued such deceptive statements on a daily basis, it lost all Delta can use products that actually work and laborers which the President routinely lambasted those institutions Korea. Intelligence agencies suggested in April 2017 that credibility, making the world a more dangerous place. As all around Michigan can put food on their tables. If the which dared to criticize him. “Fake news,” then, as used by the hermit kingdom was about to launch another ballistic Max Boot wrote in Foreign Policy (February 21, 2017), the products fail, or the checks bounce, then participants in President Trump, was a defensive phrase meant to deflect missile, or perhaps was preparing to detonate another proliferation of Trump-driven “fake news” meant “the the vast network of trade lose trust and close down the attention from a troubled administration by attacking test nuclear explosion. In an attempt to deter the North wheels are falling off” U.S. foreign policy, for neither allies avenues of exchange, leading to market failure, job loss, the East Coast liberals who ran the New York Times, the Koreans, the Trump White House began a campaign nor foes believed a word uttered by the President. Simon and the unraveling of lives. No trust, no jobs. No trust, Washington Post, and other highly respected news outlets. of threat-escalation, claiming that a massive, nuclear- Denyer, writing from Beijing, observed in the Washington no goods. No trust, no international culture of ideas More than just political deflection, however, the armed “armada” of U.S. vessels was sailing toward the Post (February 28, 2017) that the leaders of China’s and art and friendship. Trumpian notion of “fake news” carried significant Korean peninsula, the better to incinerate anyone foolish Communist Party were so baffled by President Trump’s To Communication scholars who are committed to implications for our norms of communication. Committed enough to cross the President. As Aaron Blake chronicled proliferating “fake news” that they weren’t sure “whether seeking truth—even in its most relativist, constructed, to extending the notion of deconstruction to its logical in the Washington Post (April 18, 2017), talk of this to laugh or cry” at the implosion of America’s credibility debated, and deconstructed forms—while deploying conclusion, the President blew past any notion of relativism, “armada” was floated by Admiral Harry Harris on April 9, on the world stage. communication that is based in evidence, the Trump- the social construction of reality, or healthy skepticism, Defense Secretary Jim Mattis on April 11, White House I was in Beijing in June, when I had the opportunity directed flood of “fake news” thus stands as a dire and on into the land of conspiracy and myth, thus hurtling Spokesperson Sean Spicer on April 11, and then Trump to lead a workshop on U.S.-style civic engagement and free threat to our very way of life. Indeed, as long as the headlong into the bitter morass of nihilism, where facts are himself, an anonymous “senior administration official,” speech for the International Department of the Communist White House functions as a factory of misdirection and irrelevant and counter-perspectives are treason, where and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson on April 12, thus Party, and almost every question I received from my nihilism, then our culture of communication and trust— whim governs messaging and ego directs the state. indicating an orchestrated campaign. The Trump White smart, wired, and enthusiastic audience began with, “Well whether environmental communication or organizational And so, pounded home by tweet after tweet, House was on message. yes, but what about Trump? Don’t his lies undermine communication, health communication or cultural President Trump’s shouting “fake news” against his critics But then Mark Landler and Eric Schmitt reported everything you are saying?” I was in China, advocating for criticism, communication
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