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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS CRISTIANE TOLEDO MARIA Tradições e rupturas no cinema político de Michael Moore São Paulo 2015 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS Tradições e rupturas no cinema político de Michael Moore Cristiane Toledo Maria Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês do Departamento de Letras Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Doutora em Letras. Orientador: Prof. Marcos César de Paula Soares São Paulo 2015 2 AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO E DIVULGAÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO POR MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE. 3 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Nome: Maria, Cristiane Toledo Título: Tradições e rupturas no cinema político de Michael Moore Tese de doutorado pelo Departamento de Letras Modernas, Área de Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês da Universidade de São Paulo, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Marcos César de Paula Soares. Aprovada em: _______________________________________________________________ Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. ____________________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________ Assinatura: _____________________________ Prof. Dr. ____________________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________ Assinatura: _____________________________ Prof. Dr. ____________________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________ Assinatura: _____________________________ Prof. Dr. ____________________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________ Assinatura: _____________________________ Prof. Dr. ____________________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________ Assinatura: _____________________________ 4 Aos avôs Aurio e Jorge, pela lembrança da tradição; Às sobrinhas Emilia e Olivia, pelo desejo de ruptura. 5 Agradecimentos Ao Marcos, pela orientação que vem desde 2004, passando pela Iniciação Científica, pelo Mestrado e pelo Doutorado. Por toda a ajuda prestada, pela confiança em meu trabalho, pelo incentivo dado para que eu estudasse as relações entre cinema e política, e por todo o aprendizado adquirido ao longo desses anos, seja em suas aulas, em seus grupos de estudo ou em conversas sobre o andamento da pesquisa e da tese. À CAPES, pela bolsa concedida durante o doutorado, possibilitando uma maior dedicação à pesquisa e à produção desta tese. Aos funcionários do DLM, em especial à Edite, por toda a ajuda prestada durante esses anos. Também aos funcionários da Biblioteca Florestan Fernandes e da Seção de Pós- Graduação da FFLCH. Ao Antonio Aleixo, pela leitura atenta e pelas sugestões durante o exame de qualificação, que me ajudaram a prosseguir com a pesquisa. Ao Giovanni Alves, também pelas contribuições que trouxe durante sua participação no exame de qualificação, e pelas preciosas discussões nos cursos de extensão do projeto Tela Crítica, tanto no curso sobre a obra de Charles Chaplin quanto no curso sobre a precarização do trabalho no cinema. Ao Centro Angel Rama, em especial à Marlene Petros, pelo convite para participar de exibições dos filmes de Michael Moore seguidas de debate. Aos alunos e ex-alunos que me incentivam a prosseguir na carreira docente, mesmo com todos os seus percalços. Aos colegas de pós-graduação, especialmente Márcio Deus, Giuliana Gramani, Livia Mantovani, Sheila Saad, Patricia Kruger, Alysson Oliveira e Fabiana Vilaço que, de maneira direta ou indireta, me apoiaram muito nesses últimos anos, criando vínculos de amizade para além da universidade. À Giuliana, também agradeço pela leitura e contribuições que fez ao primeiro capítulo da tese. Ao Daniel Soares, por toda a ajuda prestada nos primeiros anos desta pesquisa. À Rita, pelo ouvido atento e por ser capaz de me conhecer melhor que eu mesma. Por me permitir enxergar meu potencial de mudança, além de apontar para um horizonte de 6 caminhos e escolhas. Ao Rafael, pela companhia, ouvido, ombro, carinho e paciência nos últimos meses de escrita da tese. Ao Quino, por ser meu companheiro de todas as horas e por me oferecer amor incondicional, tornando os dias e noites mais leves. À grande amiga Elaine, que há anos faz parte da minha vida de uma das maneiras mais intensas e belas, mesmo com toda a distância geográfica. Pelas leituras e contribuições de vários trechos dessa pesquisa, e pelo apoio incondicional. Aos grandes amigos Elder, Neyde e Roberta, pela relação de solidariedade que construímos desde o início da pós-graduação. Por cada leitura, comentário e sugestão. Por todos os momentos dentro e fora da universidade em que pude contar com a ajuda, o carinho e o ombro amigo desse trio. Por acreditarem em meu potencial e por torcerem sinceramente por mim. Aos meus pais, pelos sacrifícios que fizeram para que eu chegasse até aqui. Por todo o apoio e carinho, cada um à sua maneira. Espero um dia ter condições de retribuir-lhes tudo isso. 7 RESUMO Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a produção fílmica do cineasta norte- americano Michael Moore, tendo como questão central a relação que se estabelece entre arte e política num momento histórico que, de um lado, aponta para a crise do capitalismo e, de outro, para a fragmentação política da classe trabalhadora. A partir da análise formal de dois de seus filmes, estabelecemos uma relação com os momentos históricos que lhes deram condições de produção, a fim de compreender o método desenvolvido pelo cineasta para lidar com a crise de representação e comunicação vivida pela arte política nas últimas décadas. Os dois filmes escolhidos para tal análise são Roger e Eu (Roger & Me, 1989) e Capitalismo: uma história de amor (Capitalism: a love story, 2009). Ambos os filmes possuem diagnósticos de momentos distintos da crise do capitalismo, juntamente com a constatação de que existe um desmonte da classe trabalhadora, fruto de uma série de mudanças econômicas, políticas e culturais, especialmente ao longo da segunda metade do século XX e início do XXI. Este trabalho faz um estudo comparativo dos dois filmes, traçando as continuidades e mudanças estéticas e políticas ocorridas na obra de Michael Moore num intervalo de duas décadas, bem como sua relação com as condições de representação da luta de classes dentro da cultura norte-americana. Esta pesquisa reflete sobre o surgimento do fenômeno Michael Moore como parte de um processo de construção e desconstrução de uma tradição da classe trabalhadora norte-americana. Palavras-chave: cinema político; cinema norte-americano; classe trabalhadora; cultura e sociedade. 8 ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the film production of the American filmmaker Michael Moore, proposing as a central question the relationship established between art and politics in a historical moment which, on one side, points to the crisis of capitalism and, on the other side, to the political fragmentation of the working class. Starting from the formal analysis of two of his films, we have established a relationship with the historical moments which gave conditions of production to them, in order to understand the method developed by the filmmaker to deal with the crisis of representation and communication experienced by political art in the last decades. The two films chosen for this analysis are Roger & Me (1989) and Capitalism: a love story (2009). Both films have different diagnoses of the distinct moments of the capitalist crisis, along with the realization of the fact there is a dismantling of the working class, result of a series of economic, political and cultural chances, especially during the second half of the 20th century and early 21st century. This research makes a comparison between the two films, tracing the aesthetic and political continuities and changes in the work of Michael Moore which happened throughout two decades, as well as its relation to the conditions of representation of class struggle in American culture. This work reflects on the rise of the Michael Moore phenomenon as part of a process of construction and deconstruction of a tradition of the American working class. Keywords: political cinema; American cinema; working class; culture and society. 9 Os conceitos básicos, dos quais partimos, deixam repentinamente de ser conceitos para se converterem em problemas; não problemas analíticos, mas movimentos históricos que, contudo, não foram resolvidos. (Raymond Williams) 10 Índice Introdução ............................................................................................................................................. 15 1. Roger e Eu: uma geração em busca do protagonismo ....................................................................... 35 2. Capitalismo: uma história de “investigação” ................................................................................... 93 3. A linguagem documental e os obstáculos à representação de classe .............................................. 148 4. O projeto de Michael Moore e a tradição cultural norte-americana ................................................ 217 Considerações finais ...........................................................................................................................
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