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1 Volume 9, Issue 3 (2020) E-ISSN 2164-9170 Pp. 193-213 Decolonizing Risk Communication: Indi 1 Volume 4, Issue 1 (October 2015) Volume 9, Issue 3 (2020) http://w w w.hawaii.edu/sswork/jisd http://scholarspace.manoa.hahttps://ucalgary.ca/journals/jisdwaii.edu/ handle/10125/37602 E-ISSN 2164-9170 E-ISSN 2164-9170 pp. 193-213 pp. 1-15 RDecolonizingeaching Ha Riskrmo Communication:ny Across Ind Indigenousigenous aResponsesnd Main tos tCOVIDream -19 using Social ReMediasear ch Contexts: An Emergent Narrative CaNicoletherine S.E. Kuhn,Burnet tBSc,e Ph.D. Student Josephine Hoy, MS, Ph.D. Student TuUniversitylane Univer sofity Washington University of Washington ShShawonanondora Sarkar, Billiot MA, MI, Ph.D. Student Celena J. McCray, BS WaUniversityshington Un ofiv eWashingtonrsity in St. Lou is Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board Lauren Alaine White, MPH, Ph.D. Student UniversityKey Wor dofs Michigan Clarita Lefthand-Begay, MS, Ph.D. Indigenous research • power • decolonizing research • critical tUniversityheory of Washington Abstract ReKeywordssearch with: iAmericanndigenous Indiancommu andnitie sAlaska is one Nativeof the fe wAIAN areas o fNative researc hAmerican Indigenous encompCoronavirusassing profou Diseasend cont r2019oversi es , COVIDcomplex-i19tie s, epandemicthical resp o nsocialsibiliti emedias, and risk communication historicculturallyal context adaptedof expl ocommunicationitat ion and harm . FacebookOften th is Tribalcomple xcommunitiesity becomes overwh elmingly apparent to the early career researcher who endeavors to make meaningful contributions to decolonizing research. Decolonizing research has the Abstract capacity to be a cat alyst for the improved wellbeing and positive social change among indigenInou sthis com mexploratoryunities and b estudy,yond. Twee p uexaminerpose of t hihows crit icAmericanal analysis i s Indianto reach and Alaska Native (AIAN) harmongovernmentsy across main sandtrea morganizations and indigeno uares re susingearch csocialontext smedia. We m toar tishareal crit icriticalcal health information about theory coronavirusto deconstru cdiseaset barrier s2019 to d e(COVIDcolonizing- 19)rese awithrch, stheiruch a scitizens. power i n eThroughquities, a thematic analysis of 119 public Facebook posts made by Tribal governments and organizations, we identified three broad and idecategoriesntify strat e gandies t13o o vsubthemes.ercome thes eTribal barrie rgovernmentss. First, we cr itandical lorganizationsy analyze the created risk communication historicmaterialal contex fort o ftheir deco respectivelonizing re scommunitiesearch with in dthatigen fellous ucondermm u(1)nit iriskes. N reduction,ext, (2) meeting community we anamembers’lyze the co nneeds,cept of and“ins i(3)der ”staying and “o uconnectedtsider” rese atorc hcommunity. We identi fandy ba rculture.riers Our findings suggest that and strthroughat egies to socialward f nmediading h AIANarmony communities across indigen oandus a organizationsnd mainstream playedresearch a crucial role in disseminating paradigreliablems and cculturallyontexts. adapted risk communication and vital community information to Tribal citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such communication included clear illustrations, posts and Few amessagesreas enc oaboutmpas sthe th importancee profound ofc omaskingntrovers yup,, c osocialmplex idistancingties, ethi caandl washing one’s hands; mandated border closures; and suggestions for maintaining a sense of connectedness with responsibilities, and historical context as research with indigenous communities community. By doing so they are filling a gap that ensures their communities receive the relevant (Burnette information& Sanders, 2they014 ;need Bur ntoet tmitigatee, Sande andrs, B manageutcher, &risks. Sal o iIns, order2011; toD eundeloria,rstand how to better meet 1991; Smitcommunityh, 2007; S mneeds,ith, 2more012). workT e isde neededpth of toth iimproves tensio nthe is wellbeingoverwhelm anding visibilityly of AIAN people in apparent ttheo tareashe e aofrl yhealth care edisparities,r research etechnology,r who end esocialavors media,to ma andke mtheea manyningf uimpactsl of COVID-19. contributio ns through research with indigenous communities (Burnette & Sanders, 2014; Burnette, Sanders, Butcher, & Rand, 2014). As M ihesuah (2006) aptly notes, “So many indigenous people and our allies are f nding their voices, and they are expressing their thoughts. But speaking out can still be precarious, especially for those who haven’t graduated or haven’t received tenure… ” (p. 131). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike License KUHN ET AL: Decolonizing risk communication 194 Introduction As the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak expands, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) communities are experiencing some of the highest rates of infection, hospitalization, and morbidity among all racial groups in the US (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Many of these increased health risks are rooted in the significant ongoing health disparities faced by AIAN peoples (Castor et al., 2006; Jones, 2006) and amplified by persistent lack of adequate and timely support from the US government (Nagle, 2020; O’Neill, 2020; Pickner et al., 2018). These risks are further compounded by the barriers Tribal citizens face when seeking current and relevant health information. Furthermore, AIANs experience invisibility in America (Fryberg & Townsend, 2008; Hammack et al., n.d.), that is perpetuated during the pandemic through the omission of AIANs as a distinct population in critical health data such as national COVID-19 risk assessments and risk communication (Godoy & Wood, 2020; Nagle, 2020). Risk communication refers to “the exchange of real-time information, advice and opinions between experts and people facing threats to their health, economic or social well-being.” (Abrams & Greenhawt, 2020; World Health Organization, n.d.). To circumvent these shortcomings, and to effectively mitigate COVID-19 within Tribal communities, access to culturally relevant and timely risk communication from reliable sources who understand the culture, behaviors and values of these communities is critical (Driedger et al., 2013; Hilleary, 2020). Social media plays an influential role in many communities (Pew Research Center, 2019), including Indigenous communities (Morris & Meinrath, 2009; Rushing & Stephens, 2011; Vigil et al., 2015) where it is being used to transmit health information (Rice et al., 2016; Sweet, 2013).. In this exploratory study, we aimed to shed light on how AIAN governments and organizations are using Facebook to share critical health information with their citizens. Method Criteria and Dataset Our inclusion criteria in this qualitative study were national, regional, and local Tribal governments or organizations in the US with a publicly accessible social media presence and with messaging on COVID-19 risk communication directed at a Tribal community audience. We collected data from January 20, 2020, the date of the first reported COVID-19 case in the US (World Health Organization, 2020), through May 28, 2020. During our data collection window, Journal of Indigenous Social Development Volume 9, Issue 3 (2020) KUHN ET AL: Decolonizing risk communication 195 early exposures and cases were first identified and quickly spread in the Western US near Pacific Northwestern and Southwestern tribes (Holshue et al., 2020; Gamio et al., 2020). Our data collection was driven by three broad categories of communication important to Tribal communities during the COVID-19 pandemic: risk reduction, meeting community members’ needs, and staying connected to community and culture. These categories were informed by our own personal and professional experiences as AIANs connected to tribes and non-Indigenous researchers, as well as Indigenous social media and relevant literature (Belton, 2010; Duarte, 2017; Duarte & Vigil- Hayes, 2017; Molyneaux et al., 2014; Monroe, 2002; Sweet, 2013). We generated our dataset by gathering and enumerating Facebook posts, messages and dates from each of these organizations, agencies or governments. Thematic Analysis We employed thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Crowe et al., 2015), guided by principles in decolonizing and critical Indigenous methodologies (Denzin et al., 2008; Kovach, 2010; Smith, 2013; Wilson, 2008). After familiarizing ourselves with the dataset, our analysis began by reviewing and writing about each post, then discussing with our research team the emerging patterns and subthemes that materialized within the three main categories listed above. This was an iterative process that led to the refinement of each category and subtheme in order to accurately define and describe each of them. Results and Discussion Our dataset included 119 public Facebook posts from 11 Tribal governments and nine Tribal organizations distributed across three broad categories (Table 1): Risk Reduction (26), Meeting Community Needs (78), and Staying Culturally Connected (15). Additionally, 13 distinct subthemes emerged from our analysis (Table 2). We describe how Tribal governments and organizations used social media messaging in two broad communication types: culturally adapted risk communication and community-based responses relating to Tribally focused services or culture. Journal of Indigenous Social Development Volume 9, Issue 3 (2020) KUHN ET AL: Decolonizing risk communication 196 Table 1. Total Facebook Posts per category made by Local, Regional and National Tribal Organizations and Tribal Governments. Source of post Tribal organization Category
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