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Monografia- Deivid -Catapulta.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE FÍSICA CURSO DE GRADUAÇÃO EM FÍSICA – LICENCIATURA DEIVID GOMES DE MEDEIROS O USO BÉLICO DA CIÊNCIA: O EXEMPLO DAS CATAPULTAS, COMO APLICAÇÃO DAS TEORIAS DA ELASTICIDADE E DO LANÇAMENTO OBLÍQUO. NITERÓI – RJ 2014 2 M488 Medeiros, Deivid Gomes de. O uso bélico da ciência : o exemplo das catapultas como aplicação das teorias da elasticidade e do lançamento oblíquo / Deivid Gomes de Medeiros ; orientador: José Antônio e Souza. –- Niterói, 2014. 40 f. : il. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Licenciatura em Física) – Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Física, 2014. Bibliografia: f. 40. 1.FÍSICA. 2.GUERRA. 3.CATAPULTA. 4.RECURSO DIDÁTICO. 5.ENSINO MÉDIO. I.Souza, José Antônio e, Orientador. II.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Física, Instituição responsável. III.Título. CDD 530 3 DEIVID GOMES DE MEDEIROS O USO BÉLICO DA CIÊNCIA: O EXEMPLO DAS CATAPULTAS, COMO APLICAÇÃO DAS TEORIAS DA ELASTICIDADE E DO LANÇAMENTO OBLÍQUO. Monografia apresentada ao Curso de Graduação em Física – Licenciatura da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de licenciado em Física. ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. JOSÉ ANTÔNIO E SOUZA NITERÓI - RJ 2014 4 DEIVID GOMES DE MEDEIROS O USO BÉLICO DA CIÊNCIA: O EXEMPLO DAS CATAPULTAS, COMO APLICAÇÃO DAS TEORIAS DA ELASTICIDADE E DO LANÇAMENTO OBLÍQUO. Monografia apresentada ao Curso de Graduação em Física – Licenciatura da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de licenciado em Física. Aprovada em ______________ BANCA EXAMINADORA _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Antônio e Souza – UFF Orientador _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Gildo de Holanda Cavalcanti - UFF _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ms. Éden Vieira Costa - UFF NITERÓI - RJ 2014 5 Àqueles para os quais não há distância, não há senão, incondicionais: meus pais. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por me conceder a vida e me colocar neste caminho, pois eu nunca imaginaria que um dia me tornaria professor de Física. E por me dispor a perseverança e sempre poder estar sorrindo; Aos meus pais pelo incentivo aos estudos, a paciência, a dedicação, o carinho e a ajuda em qualquer momento. À minha avó Maria que me ajudou muito na minha caminhada e também aos outros, porquê de uma forma ou de outra sempre ficaram preocupados comigo. Aos meus muitos familiares; tios, que sempre me aconselharam muito bem, tias, primos e irmã. Aos meus grandes amigos da faculdade que começaram comigo e depois seguiram caminhos diferentes. (Marcel, Mellina, Rose, Leonardo, Daniel, Guto , Geisa, Carlos Gabriel (CG) e Axel). Mesmo que eu faça outra faculdade garanto que não será tão intensa e emocionante como foi assistir aulas com vocês. Histórias que nunca esquecerei. Obrigado por estarem lá comigo. Sendo na sala de aula, ou no DCE, ou matando aulas. Aos meus amigos que sempre estiveram comigo até hoje e sempre perguntando se eu já tinha terminado a faculdade. Aos amigos que fiz lecionando nos cursos Tamandaré, Progressão, Miguel couto, Estudando eu passo, Canaã e outros. Ao Robson, pois foi o primeiro curso preparatório que trabalhei e me ajudou muito. Se sou alguém hoje é por que devo 7 muito a ele e a todos que trabalharam comigo. A amiga Renee, pois ficou horas na madrugada me ajudando a pesquisar para esta monografia À Dayana, minha baixinha, tchacarrama, que sempre esteve ao meu lado e me dando apoio. A minha sogra para dar uma moral a ela. Ao professor José Antônio por toda a paciência, apoio, orientação, sem a qual este trabalho não seria possível. A todos os (as) professores (as) que participaram direta ou indiretamente da minha formação desde o jardim ao superior, e contribuíram para eu saber o que sei hoje. 8 Não preciso me drogar para ser um gênio; Não preciso ser um gênio para ser humano; Mas preciso do seu sorriso para ser feliz. Charles Chaplin "Viver é melhor do que sonhar, eu sei o amor é uma coisa boa". (Elis Regina) 9 RESUMO Após uma breve discussão dos problemas éticos envolvidos na interação entre o desenvolvimento científico e as aplicações bélicas, e também uma pequena menção às teorias da elasticidade e do lançamento´de projéteis, foi feito um apanhado histórico sobre uma das mais famosas armas de guerra dos tempos antigos e medievais: a catapulta. Citamos também algumas aplicações em que este dispositivo não é usado como arma, por exemplo, em espetáculos circenses. Acreditamos que o assunto pode motivar o aprendizado do movimento de projéteis e da lei de Hooke pelos estudantes de nível médio. Palavras Chave: Ensino Médio; prática docente; ciência e Guerra; recurso didático- metodológico. 10 Resumo - Espanhol RESUMEN Después de una pequeña discussion de los problemas éticos causados por la interacion entre el desarollo científico e las aplicaciones de este mismo desarollo a las armas de guerra, e também de uma breve mención a las teorias de la elasticidad e del movimiento de los proyectiles, hemos hecho un estúdio cerca una de las mas renombradas armas de los tiempos antiguos e medievales: la catapulta. Han sido citadas también algunas aplicaciones de este aparato a fines non bélicos, por ejemplo, a espetáculos de circo. Creemos nosotros que la presentacion de este asunto ayude a mejorar el aprendizaje por los estudiantes de la escuela secundária, de las teorias citadas mas arriba 11 Resumo - Françês RÉSUMÉ Après une brève discussion des questions éthiques impliqués dans l'interaction entre le développement scientifique et l'application des matériels de guerre, et aussi une petite mention des théories de l'élasticité et de lancement des projectiles, il a été fait une compilation historique de la plus célèbre armes de guerre de l'Antiquité et du Moyen Âge: la catapulte. Nous rappelons aussi certaines applications òu ce dispositif n’est pas utilisé comme une arme, par exemple, dans les spectacles de cirque. Nous pensons qu'il peut motiver l'apprentissage de mouvement d'un projectile et la loi de Hooke pour les élèves du secondaire. 12 Mots-clés: Lycée, pratique de l'enseignement, la physique et la guerre; ressources didactique et méthodologique. SUMÁRIO 13 Introdução: Alguns comentários sobre a aplicação da ciência, em especial a Física, ao desenvolvimento de armas de guerra. ............................................................................................................... 14 1. Referencial teórico ......................................................................................20 1.1 – Lançamento Oblíquo ........................................................................20 1.2 - Lançamento Horizontal .....................................................................21 1.3 - Cálculos básicos ...............................................................................23 1.4 – Força Elástica ..................................................................................24 1.5 – Lei de Hooke.....................................................................................25 2. Uma breve história do tempo......................................................................27 2.1- O dinamômetro – Aplicação da lei de Hooke ....................................28 3. História das Catapultas...............................................................................31 3.1- Tipos de catapultas ...........................................................................32 3.1.1 –Trebuchet.......................................................................................32 3.1.2 – Ballista...........................................................................................33 3.1.3 – Mangonel ......................................................................................34 4. Aplicações de catapultas ...........................................................................36 4.1 – O homem bala..................................................................................36 4.2 – Porta aviões .....................................................................................38 4.3 – Batalha de Monte Castelo.................................................................40 4.4 – Resistência do ar no movimento de um projétil................................41 4.4.1 – Uma bala no ar...............................................................................41 4.4.2 – Um tiro de longo alcance ...............................................................42 4.4.3 – O canhão “Big Bertha” ...................................................................43 5. Relatos de uma experiência de estágio ...................................................45 14 Apêndice .........................................................................................................50 Referências ....................................................................................................52 Introdução 15 Alguns comentários sobre a aplicação da ciência, em especial a Física, ao desenvolvimento de armas de guerra. É bem conhecida a tendência da espécie humana para a violência. Desde os primeiros registros disponíveis sobre comunidades humanas, aparece a evidência de uso da força física e de armamentos para resolver as pendências entre os membros de uma sociedade, ou entre diferentes sociedades (neste caso costuma-se dizer que há uma guerra). Feliz ou infelizmente, estas guerras sempre estiveram ligadas a avanços científicos e tecnológicos, sendo, as vezes impulsionadas por
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