BAB II FENOMENA KEKERASAN BERBASIS GENDER DI DRC Pada

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

BAB II FENOMENA KEKERASAN BERBASIS GENDER DI DRC Pada BAB II FENOMENA KEKERASAN BERBASIS GENDER DI DRC Pada bab ini, penulis menguraikan sejarah singkat atas kondisi DRC yang mendapat julukan sebagai rape capital of the world dan the worst place in the world to be a woman. Pada bagian pertama, penulis menguraikan beberapa faktor utama yang memicu terjadinya konflik di DRC. Pada bagian kedua, penulis menjelaskan mengenai kekerasan berbasis gender yang di gunakan sebagai alat perang di DRC. Lalu pada bagian ketiga, penulis menjelaskan mengenai dampak yang di alami oleh perempuan korban kekerasan berbasis gender. 2. 1. Faktor Penyebab Pecahnya Konflik di DRC Sungguh ironi, DRC yang kaya akan sumber daya alam dengan sekitar 80 juta hektar lahan yang subur, memiliki kandungan tembaga, berlian dan emas, menjadi salah satu negara termiskin, dan berada dalam daftar negara yang memiliki krisis kemanusiaan.38 Bukan kesejahteraan yang di dapatkan, kekayaan tersebut justru mendatangkan malapetaka yang memporak-porandakan negara tersebut. Kekayaan yang terkubur dalam tanah yang mereka pijak, tidak dapat mereka 38 Jeffrey Gettleman, The World’s Worst War, The New York Times, diakses dalam https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/sunday-review/congos-never-ending-war.html pada 08/04/2018, 20:15 WIB 34 nikmati. Penduduknya banyak yang melarikan diri dan mengungsi ke negara lain karena menganggap hal tersebut adalah satu-satunya cara untuk bisa bertahan hidup. Namun, tidak sedikit dari mereka yang tidak dapat melangkahkan kaki keluar dari DRC. Masyarakat yang menetap, tidak memiliki pilihan lain selain pasrah dengan kejadian yang mereka alami. Gambar 2. 1. Kondisi pengungsian di DRC (sumber: http://time.com/war-and-rape/) Selama 75 tahun, DRC berada dibawah kepemimpinan Raja Leopold II yang menganggap DRC adalah miliknya. Selama itu juga kejahatan yang membabi buta terjadi, mengakibatkan tewasnya sebagian dari populasi DRC, yaitu kurang lebih sekitar sepuluh juta jiwa. Mereka di jadikan budak dan di siksa secara tidak manusiawi. Perempuan diculik sebagai jaminan agar suami mereka mengumpulkan getah karet sebanyak-banyaknya, dijadikan objek olahraga tembak bagi para petinggi negara, serta memotong tangan mereka yang bermalas-malasan. Bahkan, 35 ada suatu saat dimana terdapat sekitar 1.000 potong tangan di hasilkan dalam satu hari saja.39 Merdeka dari penjajahan Belgia pada tahun 1960, bukanlah akhir dari penderitaan masyarakat DRC. Bahkan, krisis semakin menjadi-jadi dengan penyebab yang berlapis-lapis. Di masa transisi kemerdekaan, perang saudara terjadi terus-menerus selama kurang lebih lima tahun akibat perselisihan internal antara elit politik, dan juga masalah etnis. Selain faktor internal, konflik pada masa transisi di DRC juga di akibatkan oleh faktor external. Sejak akhir abad ke-19, sumber daya alam DRC yang luas terus menarik intervensi kekerasan dari luar negeri dan memicu konflik internal. Salah satunya yaitu negara Amerika Serikat yang mengambil alih kontrol DRC setelah hengkangnya Belgia dengan dalih ingin memberantas komunisme di tanah Afrika, tetapi kepentingan yang sesungguhnya ialah masalah ekonomi.40 Tidak hanya berhenti sampai di situ saja, sejak runtuhnya rezim Mobutu yang merupakan pemimpin paling brutal dan korup di Afrika pada pertengahan 1990-an, DRC mengalami perang yang merupakan salah satu bencana kemanusiaan paling parah di dunia sejak Perang Dunia II, yaitu pada tahun 1996-1997 dan berlanjut lagi pada tahun 1998-2003. Dari perang tersebut, terdapat sekitar enam juta jiwa meninggal dunia, dengan 45.000 jiwa yang terus meninggal setiap 39 Asad Ismi, October 2001: The Western Heart of Darkness, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, diakses dalam https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/october-2001- western-heart-darkness pada 10/04/2018 15:42 WIB 40 United Nation, 2015, Conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Causes, Impact and implications for the Great Lakes Region, Ethiopia: Economic Commission for Africa, hal.10 36 bulannya, selain itu ratusan ribu perempuan diperkosa sebagai senjata perang.41 Dalam bab ini, penulis akan menjabarkan garis besar dari latar belakang terjadinya konflik yang tidak berkesudahan di DRC, dengn membaginya dalam empat faktor utama, yaitu faktor ekonomi, faktor politik, faktor etnis, dan faktor konflik antar kelompok bersenjata. 2. 1. 1. Faktor Ekonomi DRC dianggap sebagai negara terkaya di Afrika. Bagaimana tidak, DRC merupakan rumah bagi jutaan ton intan, seng, uranium, juga sebagai pemegang deposit tembaga, kobalt, dan kadmium terbesar di dunia. Daya tarik tersebut lah yang membuat negara-negara barat sangat terpikat, salah satunya ialah Amerika Serikat. Hampir 80% dari mineral yang dibutuhkan AS, ditemukan di DRC. Salah satu sumber daya alam yang paling banyak di cari, ialah tantalum atau coltan. Coltan merupakan sumber daya alam paling menguntungkan yang dimiliki DRC, melebihi emas atau berlian. Coltan sendiri merupakan salah satu bahan dasar dari telepon seluler, komputer, televisi, DVD player, playstation, serat optik, industri nuklir, aerospace, dan merupakan kebutuhan pokok dari perusahaan besar seperti Sony, Microsoft, IBM, Nokia, Motorola, Hewlett-Packard, Dell dan Intel.42 Namun, kekayaan yang mereka miliki, dianggap sebagai sebuah kutukan bagi sebagian 41 Emery Brusset, Joint Evaluation of Conflict Prevention and Peace Building in The Democratic Republic of Congo, Joint Evaluation of Conflict Prevention and Peace Building In DRC, Vol. 1 (June 2011), FPS Foreign Affairs. 42 Gregory Queyranne, Congo: A Critical Political Economic Analysis of the War in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Its Effects on Women, diakses dalam http://www.terry.ubc.ca/2006/12/01/congo-a-critical-political-economic-analysis-of-the-war-in- the-democratic-republic-of-congo-and-its-effects-on-women/ pada 10/04/2018 17:35 WIB 37 orang. Hal ini dikarenakan perang yang tidak berkesudahan terjadi di DRC, dimulai dari masa imperialisme di tahun 1870-an hingga saat ini. Bukan mensejahterakan, kekayaan alam yang ada, namun malah mengurangi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan stabilitas politik mereka.43 Gambar 2. 2. Peta sumber daya alam di DRC (sumber: https://mondediplo.com/maps/congo2006) Mineral yang di miliki oleh DRC, sangatlah penting untuk menjaga dominasi militer dan kemakmuran ekonomi di AS. Mengingat AS tidak memiliki pasokan mineral sendiri, sehingga pemerintah AS mengidentifikasi sumber mineral terutama di negara-negara dunia ketiga, kemudian mendorong perusahaan- perusahaan untuk berinvestasi dan memfasilitasi produksi bahan yang dibutuhkan 43 Ibid. 38 tersebut. 44 Segala macam cara di lakukan oleh AS untuk mendapatkan kepentingan mereka. Seperti dengan membantu faksi anti Lumumba dalam membunuh Patrice Lumumba yang merupakan Perdana Menteri pertama dan satu-satunya yang dipilih secara demokratis. Disaat berkuasa, Lumumba menuntut agar Afrika independen secara ekonomi dan politik dari AS dan Eropa. Hal itulah yang membuat AS ingin membantu Jendral Mobutu yang merupakan sekertaris pribadi Lumumba, untuk menyingkirkan Lumumba. Disaat Mobutu telah berhasil menduduki kursi kepresidenan, ia segera mengubah nama DRC menjadi Zaire.45 DRC terus mendapat dukungan dari pemerintah AS sebagai pos anti- komunis di Afrika, hal ini yang membuat George Bush menyebut Mobutu sebagai “salah satu teman kami yang paling berharga”.46 Sejak tahun 1965 hingga 1991, AS menghabiskan jutaan dolar dalam bentuk bantuan ekonomi, militer dan pelatihan senjata untuk para penyalahguna hak asasi manusia dan rezim yang tidak demokratis tersebut. Hal itu dilakukan demi mengamankan akses terhadap mineral berharga yang terdapat dalam tubuh DRC. Sebagai imbalannya, Mobutu meningkatkan jatah perusahaan multinasional AS akan kandungan mineral yang ada di DRC.47 Akibatnya, kerjasama tersebut membuat semakin intensnya perang yang terjadi disana. 44 Dena Montague and Frida Berrigan, The Business of War in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Dollars and Sense magazine, Issue 235, May/June, 2001, diakses dalam http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Africa/Business_War_Congo.html pada 10/04/2018, 19:53 WIB 45 Louisa Carpenter, Conflict Minerals In The Congo: Blood Minerals and Africa’s Under- Reported First World War, Working Paper. Suffolk, April 2012, Suffolk University, hal. 5 46 Ibid. 47 Ismi, Op.Cit. 39 Saat menjabat, Mobutu menerapkan paham ‘zairianization’, yaitu di mana usaha kecil dan menengah milik orang asing dinasionalisasikan atau didistribusikan kepada para petinggi. Seperti perkebunan besar, peternakan dan perusahaan bisnis komersial yang cukup besar diberikan kepada para elit politik dengan jabatan yang tinggi. Sedangkan perusahaan yang lebih kecil dialokasikan untuk tokoh lokal di setiap daerah. Sehingga, bagi masyarakat yang ingin mendapatkan perkebunan atau pertanian tersebut, harus membelinya dari negara.48 Mobutu juga memperkenalkan paham ‘radikalisasi’, yaitu sebuah program yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki masalah utama dari perekonomian negara, termasuk pengangguran, inflasi, ketidakadilan sosial, dan individualisme. Tidak hanya sampai di situ saja, Mobutu juga mengambil langkah lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan kontrolnya atas sumber daya mineral dengan menciptakan Société Zairoise pour la Commercialization des Minerais (SOZACOM) yang dimandatkan untuk memasarkan sumber daya mineral negara. Paham zairianisasi dan radikalisasi yang Mobutu terapkan di DRC tersebut, menimbulkan efek samping yang malah membuat rugi negara. Salah satunya yaitu rusaknya kepercayaan sektor swasta yang ada di dalam maupun luar negeri. Sehingga transaksi antara sektor swasta dan negara menurun.
Recommended publications
  • Reglas De Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe) a Book by Lydia Cabrera an English Translation from the Spanish
    THE KONGO RULE: THE PALO MONTE MAYOMBE WISDOM SOCIETY (REGLAS DE CONGO: PALO MONTE MAYOMBE) A BOOK BY LYDIA CABRERA AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION FROM THE SPANISH Donato Fhunsu A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature (Comparative Literature). Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Inger S. B. Brodey Todd Ramón Ochoa Marsha S. Collins Tanya L. Shields Madeline G. Levine © 2016 Donato Fhunsu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Donato Fhunsu: The Kongo Rule: The Palo Monte Mayombe Wisdom Society (Reglas de Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe) A Book by Lydia Cabrera An English Translation from the Spanish (Under the direction of Inger S. B. Brodey and Todd Ramón Ochoa) This dissertation is a critical analysis and annotated translation, from Spanish into English, of the book Reglas de Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe, by the Cuban anthropologist, artist, and writer Lydia Cabrera (1899-1991). Cabrera’s text is a hybrid ethnographic book of religion, slave narratives (oral history), and folklore (songs, poetry) that she devoted to a group of Afro-Cubans known as “los Congos de Cuba,” descendants of the Africans who were brought to the Caribbean island of Cuba during the trans-Atlantic Ocean African slave trade from the former Kongo Kingdom, which occupied the present-day southwestern part of Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Brazzaville, Cabinda, and northern Angola. The Kongo Kingdom had formal contact with Christianity through the Kingdom of Portugal as early as the 1490s.
    [Show full text]
  • International Election Observation Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, Presidential
    The Carter Center International Election Observation Mission to Democratic Republic of Congo 2006 Presidential and Legislative Elections Final Report One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................5 POLITICAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................15 CONFLICT IN THE DRC ................................................................................................ 15 INTERNATIONAL ACTORS ............................................................................................. 18 SELECT INTERNATIONAL NONGOVERNMENTAL ACTORS ............................................. 20 ELECTION SECURITY .................................................................................................... 21 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ELECTIONS ................................................................................ 24 CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM .................................................................................. 24 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ....................................................................................... 25 ELECTION ADMINISTRATION ........................................................................................ 26 ELECTORAL SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 26 POLITICAL PARTIES
    [Show full text]
  • Final Ebook Mr. Chandru 4.Indd
    Inequality, Democracy and DevelopmentDemocracy Developmentunder Neoliberalism and Beyond South-South Tricontinental Collaborative Programme under Neoliberalism and Beyond South-South Tricontinental Collaborative Programme Inequality, Democracy and Development under Neoliberalism and Beyond Seventh South-South Institute Bangkok, 2014 The views and opinion expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Executive Secretariat of IDEAs First edition Inequality, Democracy and Development under Neoliberalism and Beyond (IDEAs, New Delhi, June 2015) Inequality, democracy and development under neoliberalism and beyond / Sofiane Bouhdiba ... [et al.]. - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : CLACSO, 2015. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga ISBN 978-987-722-091-9 1. Análisis Sociológico. 2. Cooperación Internacional. I. Bouhdiba, Sofiane CDD 306 International Development Economics Associates (IDEAs) Economic Research Foundation, 104 Munirka Enclave, Nelson Mandela Marg, New Delhi 110067 Tel: +91-11-26168791 / 26168793, Fax: +91-11- 26168792, www.networkideas.org Executive Secretary: Professor Jayati Ghosh Member of the Executive Committee: Professor C.P. Chandrasekhar CLACSO Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (Latin American Council of Social Sciences) Estados Unidos 1168 | C1101AAX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel. [54 11] 4304 9145, Fax: [54 11] 4305 0875, [email protected], www.clacso.org Deputy Executive Secretary: Pablo Gentili Academic Director: Fernanda Saforcada CODESRIA (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) Avenue Cheikh Anta Diop X Canal IV, BP 3304, CP 18524, Dakar, Senegal, Tel: (221) 33 825 98 22 ou (221) 33 825 98 23, Fax: (221) 33 824 12 89, http://www.codesria.org Executive Secretary: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN ART a PRESTIGIOUS SWISS COLLECTION Works from the Georges Keller and Paolo Morigi Collections 14 OCTOBER 2020, Milan
    AFRICAN ART A PRESTIGIOUS SWISS COLLECTION Works from the Georges Keller and Paolo Morigi collections 14 OCTOBER 2020, Milan AFRICAN ART A PRESTIGIOUS SWISS COLLECTION Works from the Georges Keller and Paolo Morigi collections Milan, Wednesday 14 October 2020 SESSION 5.30 p.m. lots 1 - 77 EXHIBITIONS: Milan: from Monday14 September until Wednesday 14 October 2020 Via Paolo Sarpi, 6, Finarte Milan SALES CONDITION See the detailed important notices at the end of the catalogue FOR PRE/AUCTION OFFERS TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS ONLINE AUCTION www.finarte.it INFORMATION ABSENTEE / TELEPHONE BIDDING ADMINISTRATION Tel. +39 02 3363801 BUYERS AND SELLERS ABOUT THIS SALE Fax +39 02 28093761 Sara Cremonesi [email protected] Tel. +39 02 33638023 [email protected] All bids must be received within 24 hours before the start of the saòe Milena Pellizzoni Tel. +39 02 33638022 ON-LINE [email protected] [email protected] SHIPMENTS AND EXPORTS Finarte offers the opportunity to Grazia Besana participate in the auction online Tel. +39 02 33638021 [email protected] You need to register by following the information on the site CONDITION REPORT www.finarte.it Tel. +39 02 33638026 Tel. +39 06 6791107 [email protected] Catalogue TELEPHONE Research and documentation Tel. +39 02 3363801 Franco Scotti Fax. +39 02 28093761 Cards and advice Roberto Ballarini For the documentation we thank: * Roberto Ballarini (Historical Archive) * The Museum of Cultures (Musec), Lugano * All collectors who have collaborated while maintaining anonymity FINARTE AUCTIONS S.r.l. Graphic project Samuele Menin Codice Fiscale e P. IVA: 09479031008 Registro Imprese Milan Photos REA- 2570656 Pietro Scapin, Milan Sede Legale: Via Paolo Sarpi n.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbert F. Weiss Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4489r7b5 No online items Register of the Herbert F. Weiss papers Finding aid prepared by Hoover Institution Library and Archives Staff Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2009, 2021 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Herbert F. Weiss 2009C55 1 papers Title: Herbert F. Weiss papers Date (inclusive): 1947-2003 Collection Number: 2009C55 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: In French and English Physical Description: 68 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize box(50.7 Linear Feet) Abstract: Writings, notes, correspondence, government documents, bulletins and issuances of Congolese political organizations, reports, studies, conference materials, and printed matter relating to nationalism in and independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Parti Solidaire Africain, Patrice Lumumba, civil war and political opposition groups in the Congo, and political conditions elsewhere in Africa. Used in part as research material for the book by H. F. Weiss, Political Protest in the Congo: The Parti Solidaire Africain during the Independence Struggle (Princeton, 1967). Creator: Weiss, Herbert F. Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 2009 and 2010. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Herbert F. Weiss papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Biographical Note American political scientist.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Third Edition
    HDCongoPODLITH.qxd 9/28/09 2:27 PM Page 1 KISANGANI & AFRICA HISTORY BOBB HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF AFRICA, NO. 112 THIRD EDITION One of Africa’s largest, most populated, and generously endowed countries, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has both dominated the surrounding region and been greatly republic democratic affected by it. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has under- of the dictionary historical gone a long period of war, and the outlook for political renewal and economic recovery is bleak. Human security is likely to of the congo of the congo remain a distant dream for many years because of the prevalence of rape and sexual violence, which is considered the worst in the world. This third edition of Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reviews the nearly 48 years of independ- ence, more than a century of colonial rule, and earlier kingdoms and groups that shared the territory. It contains a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and more than 800 cross- referenced entries on civil wars, mutinies, notable people, historical dictionary of the places, events, and cultural practices. democratic republic Emizet François Kisangani is professor in the Department of Political Science at Kansas State University in Manhattan. of the congo F. Scott Bobb is a journalist who has been reporting on and writing about the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the mid-1970s. He is serving as a Voice of America correspondent in Southern Africa. THIRD EDITION For orders and information please contact the publisher SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of EMIZET FRANCOIS¸ KISANGANI The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic-Linguistic Study of Plantain in Africa / Gerdarossel
    TAXONOM1C- LINGUISTIC STUDY OF PLANTAIN IN AFRICA Proefschrift ter verkrijging van degraa d van Doctor opgeza g van deRecto r Magnificus van de Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen dr. CM. Karssen in het openbaar te verdedigen opdinsdag21 april 1998 des namiddags te dertien uur dertig in de Aula door Gerda Rossel geboren te Vorden in 1951 CENTHALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0751 6954 Promotiecommissie: Promotores: Dr. ir. L.J.G. van derMaese n Hoogleraari n dePlantentaxonomie , Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen. Dr. Th.C. Schadeberg Hoogleraari n de AfrikaanseTaalkunde , Rijksuniversiteit Leiden. Co-promotor: Dr. ir. A.C. Zeven Voormalig Universitair Hoofddocent, Vakgroep Plantenveredeling. Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen. BJELIOTHFEK lANDBOliWlJNIVERSITEIT WAGENINGEN lM$ol?£>\ , ^r^ TAXONOMIC-LINGUISTIC STUDYO FPLANTAI NI N AFRICA GERDAROSSEL Research SchoolCNW S School ofAsian ,Africa n andAmerindia nStudie s Leiden,Th eNetherland s 1998 Ujv\ cx^HOS'l CNWS PUBLICATIONS VOL. 65 CNWS PUBLICATIONS is produced by the Research School CNWS, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Editorial board: R.A.H.D. Effert; K. Jongeling; J. de Moor; F.E. Tjon Sie Fat; W.J. Vogelsang (editor in chief) All correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. W.J. Vogelsang, editor in chief CNWSPublications , c/o Research SchoolCNWS ,Leide n University, PO Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Gerda Rossel Taxonomic-linguistic study of plantain in Africa / GerdaRossel . - Leiden: Research School CNWS. - (CNWSpublications , ISSN 0925-3084 ; vol. 65) Also publ. as thesis Wageningen Agricultural University, 1998. - With ref. ISBN 90-5789-004-6 Subject heading: Botany; linguistics; Africa. Cover: Musaparadisicaca L., illustrationb yA . vande r Laani nC . Linnaeus 1736. Musa cliffortiana florens Hartecampiprope Harlemum, by courtesy of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2012
    State of the minority rights World’s Minorities group and Indigenous international Peoples 2012 Events of 2011 Focus on land rights and natural resources State of theWorld’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 20121 Events of 2011 Front cover: Young Dinka men at a cattle camp Inside front cover: Indigenous miners working in near Tali village in South Sudan’s Central Equatoria the Potosí mines of Bolivia. Samer Muscati. Inside state. For decades, Dinka constituted a minority in back cover: An Adivasi woman fetches water from a the Republic of Sudan. In July 2011, South Sudan lake that was formed when villages were flooded by declared independence from the north after enduring the Machkund Dam in Odisha State, India. Stuart Africa’s longest running civil war. The country’s Freedman/Panos. future now depends on whether the government can balance the interests of its myriad ethnic groups. Sven Torfinn/Panos. Acknowledgements Support our work Minority Rights Group International (MRG) MRG relies on the generous support of institutions gratefully acknowledges the support of all organizations and individuals to further our work. All donations and individuals who gave financial and other assistance received contribute directly to our projects with to this publication, including CAFOD and Matrix minorities and indigenous peoples. Causes Fund. One valuable way to support us is to subscribe to our report series. Subscribers receive © Minority Rights Group International, June 2012. regular MRG reports and our annual review. All rights reserved. To subscribe to our publications please visit our website: www.minorityrights.org, email Material from this publication may be reproduced [email protected] or call +44 (0)20 7422 for teaching or for other non-commercial purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Appendix
    Online Appendix Contents A Coding Pre-Colonial States4 A.1 Coding Rules..........................................4 A.2 Country-by-Country Coding Discussions............................8 A.2.1 Angola.........................................8 A.2.2 Benin..........................................9 A.2.3 Botswana........................................ 10 A.2.4 Burundi......................................... 10 A.2.5 Cameroon........................................ 11 A.2.6 Central African Republic................................ 12 A.2.7 Chad.......................................... 13 A.2.8 Congo, Democratic Republic.............................. 13 A.2.9 Congo, Republic.................................... 14 A.2.10 Cote d’Ivoire...................................... 15 A.2.11 Djibouti......................................... 16 A.2.12 Eritrea.......................................... 16 A.2.13 Ethiopia......................................... 16 A.2.14 Gabon.......................................... 17 A.2.15 Gambia......................................... 18 A.2.16 Ghana.......................................... 18 A.2.17 Guinea......................................... 19 A.2.18 Guinea-Bissau..................................... 19 A.2.19 Kenya.......................................... 20 A.2.20 Liberia......................................... 20 A.2.21 Madagascar....................................... 20 A.2.22 Malawi......................................... 21 A.2.23 Mali........................................... 22 A.2.24 Mauritania......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Alur, Lur in Congo, DRC Amba, Ruwenzori Kibira in Congo, DRC Population: 1,256,000 Population: 6,800 World Popl: 2,550,000 World Popl: 62,800 Total Countries: 2 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: Nilotic People Cluster: Bantu, Central-Congo Main Language: Alur Main Language: Amba Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Significantly reached Status: Partially reached Evangelicals: 22.0% Evangelicals: 4.0% Chr Adherents: 96.0% Chr Adherents: 92.0% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Portions www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Angba, Hanga in Congo, DRC Apakabeti in Congo, DRC Population: 27,000 Population: 53,000 World Popl: 27,000 World Popl: 53,000 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: Bantu, Central-Congo People Cluster: Bantu, Central-Congo Main Language: Ngelima Main Language: Pagibete Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Partially reached Status: Significantly reached Evangelicals: 7.0% Evangelicals: 16.0% Chr Adherents: 95.0% Chr Adherents: 82.0% Scripture: Translation Started Scripture: New Testament www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Arab in Congo, DRC Aushi, Northern Bemba in Congo, DRC Population: 28,000
    [Show full text]
  • (DRC) Bibliographie Des Migrations
    Migration Bibliography: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Bibliographie des Migrations: Republique Democratique du Congo (RDC) (OCPAL), O. d. c. p. l. p. e. A. d. G. L. (2002). Le Rwanda, l'Ouganda et le Burundi dans une guerre ouverte d'agression contre la République démocratique du Congo. Le point sur trois années d'occupation et sur les crimes contre l'humanité au Kivu, Nairobi. Dans la partie introductive, le livre retrace l’histoire de la migration des peuples Rwandais, Ougandais et Burundais sur le sol congolais depuis 1937 jusqu’à la décennie 1990‐2000 en complicité des grandes puissances américaine et européenne. Ce travail est le fruit des enquêtes menées par l’observatoire dans le kivu. C’est‐à‐dire que le document n’a ni le style, ni la présentation d’une publication classique. Ce document a deux parties ci‐après : 1. La chronologie des événements : dans cette première partie, l’observatoire fourni l’information du jour au jour depuis août 1998 jusqu’en septembre 2001, sur les événements saillants dans un style anecdotique suivi parfois d’un commentaire. 2. Le Kivu victime d’un complot : dans cette seconde partie, l’observatoire donne un aperçu général sur la RDC comme mouvement politique, ses acteurs, ses actes et ses relations avec les alliés qui sont les agresseurs contre la R.D.Congo, qui veulent occuper définitivement le Congo. En conclusion, pendant la période de cette occupation, les congolais souffraient d’injustice internationale. La solidarité socio‐politique des tusti unissait des tutsi rwandais aux immigrés et implantés tutsi qui se disent banyamulenge.
    [Show full text]