World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water WMO OMM

WMO and CGMS Involvement in Space Weather

Jérôme Lafeuille WMO Space Programme, Geneva

WMO www.wmo.int Acronyms

WMO

. WMO: World Meteorological Organization

. CGMS: Coordination Group for Meteorological

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 2 Outline

. Why should WMO be involved in Space Weather ? . Is there any interest for WMO to engage in space weather? . Is there interest for space weather to engage WMO? . WMO activities in space weather . Observation, data exchange . Products and services . CGMS potential activities in space weather

. Conclusions

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 3 World Meteorological Organization in a nutshell

The specialized agency for (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.

 protection of life and property  poverty alleviation and economic growth  sustainable use of natural resources  environmental quality

WMO Members include 185 States + 6 territories represented by the Head of their Met Service WMO headquarters Geneva, Switzerland

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 4

WMO Global Observing Systems (1)

 Global Observing System of the World Weather Watch (WWW/GOS)  Space-based observing system (Serving all WMO applications)  RBSN, RBCN (>10,000 stations,1,000 upper-air)  AMDAR (39754/day)  Ship & Marine obs (30417/day)  Surface-based remote sensing  Meso-scale networks

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 5 WMO Global Observing Systems (2)

 Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)  World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS)  WMO Co-sponsored Observing Systems  GCOS, GOOS, GTOS  Striving for integration of these different systems

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 6 FRegionaligure 1: Region aTelecommunicationl Meteorological Telecommunica Networktion Network fo()r WMO Regio n VI 13.03.2014 Not connected to South Africa INTERNET RMDCN-NG yet Canada Israel USA Dorval Bet Dagan Pretoria Australia Washington Melbourne 2M/2M Russia RTH in RA VI 2M/2M 1 2M/2M 1M 0 VPLS Khabarovsk Sweden 1M/1M M /1 Slovakia 0 METEONET NMC in RA VI Norrköping M 1M Russia 1G/100M Bratislava Novosibirsk Finland 1M/1M Poland Ukraine RTH in other region Helsinki Warszawa 10M 256 Kiev 5M 1M/1M Estonia Romania 128 Belarus Centre in other region Tallinn 10M/10M Bucharest 19.2 Minsk MTN circuit 2M/2M 21.6 Latvia Russia Republic of Moldova Regional circuit Riga Kishinev 10M/10M Moscow 64 Interregional circuit Lithuania 1M/1M 64 Uzbekistan Hungary Tashkent Bilateral circuit Vilnius 1M/1M 1M/1M Budapest Kazakhstan Norway 64 1G/200M Link speed/Band width Almaty Oslo Czech Republic to the RMDCN-NG 20M/20M 7M/7M Prague Egypt Iceland Cairo NI Not implemented Reykjavik 2M/2M Austria 8M/8M Vienna Armenia NO Not operational Ireland Yerevan Dublin 10M/10M Croatia Georgia 1M/1M Transmission speed in kilobit/s Denmark Zagreb Tbilisi Copenhagen 50M/50M Slovenia 9.6 Viet Nam 4M/4M Germany Ljubljana Hanoi EUMETSAT 20M/20M Iran Serbia Tehran EUMETSAT- 1M/1M ? Belgrade EUMETCast Australia United Kingdom Macedonia 128/128 Melbourne

Greenland Exeter 20M/20M Skopje

Sondre NO Azerbaijan

M Stormfjord United Kingdom 8 Turkey Baku ECMWF 1G/100M 10M/8M Ankara INTERNET Albania Germany Tirana 50M/50M Bulgaria Offenbach 100M/10M NO Kenya 64 Sofia Montenegro Nairobi Spain Podgorica Greece Madrid 4M/4M 4M/4M 2.4 Athens Bosnia and Herzegovina Algeria Belgium Sarajevo 10M/10M NO Algiers Brussels 128/128 Lebanon Beirut 64 Switzerland 21.6 Senegal 4M/4M Cyprus Zurich 4M/4M India NI Dakar NO Larnaca 9.6 France New Delhi 100M/50M Toulouse 64 128/128 United Arab Emirates The Netherlands Syria Tunisia 4M/4M Abu Dhabi De Bilt Damascus Tunis 0.05 1M Jordan NI The Netherlands-DR 3M/3M Amman De Bilt 0.05 4M/4M 8M/8M China Portugal Libia Lisbon RMDCN-NG Beijing Tripoli 10M/10M 0.05 Italy 10M/10M Japan Roma Tokyo 8M/8M 512/128 2.4 2M/2M Saudi Arabia Malta Boulder, 8-11 AprilLuxem 2014bourg 4M/4M South Korea Luxembourg Morocco Jeddah 7 Casablanca Seoul WMO Information System (WIS) Information exchange – common procedures; real-time and non-real time Information management – a few standard data formats; coordinated metadata and catalogues

World Radiation Centre International Organizations (IAEA, CTBTO, UNEP, FAO.. ) Regional Instrument 5 GAW World Data Centres Centres GCOS Data Centres

IRI and other climate Global Run-off Data Centre research institutes DCPC NMC NMC Universities NMC/ DPCP Commercial Regional Climate Centres Service Providers

NMC/ NMC DCPC

NMC GISC NMC WMO World Data Centres GISC GISC NMC DCPC DCPC GISC GISC

Satellite Dissemination NMC NMC Two-Way System NMC Real-time “push” NMC Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 8 On-demand “pull” Natural disasters 1980-2011: 90% of the disasters are hydro-meteorological events

• Löw, P. and A. Wirtz. 2012 NatCat Service and Risk Management: This Year in Figures, Munich Re Topics Geo 2011, pp.50-51.

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 9 Is WMO interested in space weather ? . Space weather affects meteorological activities . Impact on meteorological satellites (90% of observ) . Impact on radio-communications used in daily operations . Coupling between ionosphere and neutral atmosphere . Potential impact on climate

. User or active player ?

. WMO priorities (2012-2015 Strategic Plan) . Global Framework for Climate Services . Disaster Risk Reduction . Integration of global observing and information systems . Aeronautical Meteorology . Capacity development

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 10 Can WMO help space weather ? (1)

. To evolve towards fully operational scale . Permanent, sustainable, quality-controlled services . Delivered to a global audience . Globally coordinated within intergovernmental commitments

. WMO’s 60-year experience in operational E-GVAP network coordination of observation, data exchange, forecasting, warning . Global Telecommunication System, WMO Information System…

. Best practices . Dual use of some observations (GNSS)

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 11 Can WMO help space weather ? (2)

. Key application sectors interested in WMO taking an active role to allow integration of services

. Global aviation (ICAO-WMO) . Emergency management (Multi-hazard warning) . Probably others . Energy, ground transportation, off-shore…

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 12 Decisions by WMO Executive Council and Congress

 In 2008 the Executive Council agreed to set up a an expert team for initial activities in cooperation with ISES, ICAO, ITU, UN (COPUOS)

 In 2011 WMO Members (WMO Congress) confirmed the decision to engage in « international coordination of operational Space Weather observation, products and services, in particular to protect against global space weather hazards ».

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 13

WMO’s activities in Space Weather

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 14 . Mike Terkildsen . Ronald Van der Inter-Programme Coordination Team Linden . René Warnant on Space Weather (ICTSW) . Clezio de Nardin . Joaquim Costa . Larisa Trichtchenko . Jingsong Wang . Currently 23 countries . Xiaoxin Zhang . Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, . Alain Hilgers . Yitaktu Tesfatsion Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, . Neil Mitchison Japan, Norway, Pakistan, Rep. Korea, . Kirsti Kauristie . Nicole Vilmer Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, . Raul Romero Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, . Sergio Buonomo . Daniele Biron USA . Bruno Zolesi . 7 international organizations . Mauro Messeroti . Mamori Ishii . ESA, ISES, EU/JRC, ICAO, ITU, . Pal Brokke . Hans Haubold UN-OOSA, WMO . Kichang Yoon . Co-chairs . Hyesook Lee . Muhammad Ameen . Terrance Onsager (USA) . Vyachesloav Burov . Lee-Anne McKinell . Xiaoxin Zhang (China) . Werner Schmutz . Consuelo Cid . Governance . Wirat Waranuchit . Commission for Basic Systems . David Jackson . Joe Davila . Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology . Mangala Sharma . Terry Onsager . Jerome Lafeuille

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 15 Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 16 ICTSW intended activity areas

Outreach and education

Services

Requirements Information Information chain

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 17 ICTSW activities / Space weather observations . Review observation requirements and capabilities . Requirements database . Inventory of space-based observing capabilities . Statement of guidance (observation gaps and priorities) . Advocacy for continuous key space weather observations . WMO Implementation Plan for Global Observing Systems . Mobilizing CGMS . Acknowledged in radio-frequency management discussions . Not yet addressed . Interoperability (harmonizing measurement specifications, inter- comparison and calibration)

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 18 Rolling Review of (observation) Requirements . OSCAR database (http://www.wmo.int/oscar/)

Repository of observation requirements and capabilities

>500 satellites >800 instruments

Note: the Space Weather part of the database is still under construction and review

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 19 OSCAR database (http://www.wmo.int/oscar/)

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 20 ICTSW activities / Space weather data exchange

. Use of WIS for space weather data and metadata . Registration of initial set of products in WIS catalogue . Space weather centres becoming WIS Data Collection or Production Centre (DCPC) . NICT (proposed by Japan) . Data format evaluation . RINEX/GTEX/IONEX, GNSS-RO data, ISES formats

. Not yet addressed: . Review WMO metadata profile (ISO 19115)

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 21 ICTSW activities / space weather products and services

. Space Weather product portal  To inform potential users and demonstrate product availability  40 « product collections » in 10 product categories

. Civil aviation : response to new ICAO requirements . Extension of the meteorological information coordinated by WMO

. Disaster risk management . Space weather increasingly recognized in national risk registers . Working on « best practices » for severe space weather warnings

. Other applications and services (GIC, GPS..): still to be addressed

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 22

CGMS

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 23 Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (created in 1972)

. Satellite agencies (operational or R&D) operating weather/climate/oceanographic missions in support of WMO or UNESCO/IOC programmes, + WMO, IOC . CMA, CNES, CNSA, ESA, EUMETSAT, IMD, JAXA, JMA, KMA, NASA, NOAA, Roscosmos, Roshydromet . Scope: . Exchange technical information . Harmonization of mission parameters for interoperability (standards, best practices) . Continuity, complementarity, mutual back-up, through cooperative mission planning

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 24 CGMS and Space Weather

. Many meteorological missions of CGMS Members are flying space weather payload

. CGMS is considering to play an active role to support continuity and integration of space-based observations for operational Space Weather products and services. . Technical harmonization . Cooperative mission planning to ensure continuity

. Proposal to be discussed next May

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 25

Conclusions

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 26 Expected benefits of WMO’s involvement

. WMO’s experience and procedures (observation, information, warning systems) enable leveraging the technical coordination initiated by ISES

. WMO intergovernmental framework will facilitate international commitments by Members for long- term provision of services

. Integration/synergy can develop with meteorological information delivered to key users (Aviation, emergency managers, energy production and transport..)

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 27 Perspectives

. Complementary international initiatives . ISES, COSPAR, ILWS, CGMS, UN COPUOS

. ICTSW initial activities demonstrate relevance and usefulness of the WMO framework to enhance and coordinate operational space weather activities

. Real breakthrough requires more focused action . Long term continuity/interoperability of key observations . Best practices for severe event warnings . Space weather scales and forecast verification . Data sharing policy and protocols . Aviation and other applications  Stronger involvement of WMO in space weather will be discussed at upcoming Council and Congress

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 28 WMO OMM

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 29 ICTSW Terms of Reference Inter-Programme Coordination Team on Space Weather

• Integration of Space Weather observations, through review of space- and surface-based observation requirements, harmonization of sensor specifications, monitoring plans for Space Weather observation;

• Standardization and enhancement of Space Weather data exchange and delivery through the WMO Information System (WIS);

• Harmonized definition of end-products and services, including e.g. quality assurance guidelines and emergency warning procedures, in interaction with aviation and other major application sectors;

• Encouraging the dialogue between the research and operational Space Weather communities.

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 30 Draft CGMS objectives for Space Weather to support continuity and integration of space-based observations for operational Space Weather products and services.

. Keeping abreast of major user interests for operational Space Weather products and services and the related requirements that can be addressed by CGMS Members; . Evaluating existing operational products and services in support of spacecraft operations, and recommending additional services as appropriate; . Encouraging Space Weather monitoring missions either through dedicated satellites or through hosting space weather payloads aboard weather and climate monitoring satellites as technically appropriate; . Supporting when relevant the dual use of sensors such as GNSS radio- occultation receivers that provide essential information for weather/climate and ionosphere; . Fostering orbit coordination, sensor calibration and harmonization of operational sensors and data formats with a view to ensure interoperability and data consistency; . Reporting on spacecraft anomalies and sharing the results of analyses; . Pursuing global coordination of the operational Space Weather observing constellation, with a view to help to sustain future observing capabilities as done for terrestrial weather . Encouraging complementarity, compatibility and possible mutual back-up in the event of system failure through cooperative mission planning,

. CommunicatingBoulder, 8-11 April 2014 on socio-economic benefits of space weather prediction with policy makers, public, non technical community. 31 A WMO vision of the space-based global observing system

WMO OMM

Geostationary component • VIS/IR imagery • IR hyperspectral • Lightning imagers

Core sun-synchronous component imagery and sounding Other missions/orbits: • MW imagery • Altimetry, scatterometry • Radio-occultation • Global Precipitation • Atmospheric composition • Radiation Budget • Multi-directional viewing IR imager • Space weather (Solar, particles, space environment)

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 www.wmo.int/oscar/space32 WMO’interest in Space Weather (1) WMO OMM

Space Weather affects meteorological / climate activities • Impact on radio-communications • Impact on meteorological satellites • Effect on climate to be further investigated • Coupling between ionosphere and neutral atmosphere models

Boulder, 8-11 April 2014 33