★ 1861 ★

May 24-25 Union troops occupy Arlington Heights and Alexandria. Col. E. Elmer E WASH GEORG INGTO N M Ellsworth, commander of the 11th Fire Zouaves, removes a Confederate EM O R Ft. Stevens flag from the Marshall House hotel and is killed by proprietor James Jackson. Jackson IA L P is killed by Cpl. Francis E. Brownell, who later received the Medal of Honor for his 193 K W action. Confederate Capt. Motram Ball and 35 cavalrymen are captured, becoming Y the first Southern prisoners of war. Alexandria is placed under martial law. 123 May-July Confederates fortify Manassas Junction with a series of 12 earthen forts. 495 Field artillery and naval cannon captured at Norfolk are placed in the works. Ft. Marcy DC June 1 Union and Confederate forces clash at Fairfax Court House and along the National Park railroad at Vienna. Capt. of Warrenton becomes the first Confed- Service Ft. Ethan Allen erate officer killed in action. To Harpers Ferry 309 June 11-24 Balloonist Thaddeus Lowe discusses military use of balloons with Pres- ident . On June 24, Lowe makes three ascents at Taylor’s Tavern in Falls Church to observe Confederate troop movements near Fairfax Court House. ARLINGTON July 18 AUnion reconnaissance force is repulsed by Confederate troops in a skirmish Ft. C.F. Smith at Blackburn’s Ford, a prelude to the First Battle of Manassas. July 19 Piedmont Station (Delaplane) becomes the site of the first strategic use of railroads in warfare when Gen. Thomas J. Jackson’s 1st Brigade entrains 9 Surgeon’s pocket kit, FALLS for Manassas Junction to reinforce the Confederate army. Fort Ward Museum collection. CHURCH Arlington July 21 First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). Gen. Irvin McDowell’s Union forces National Cemetery/ 395 are defeated by Confederate Gens. P.G.T. Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston in the 66 Arlington House 287

first battle of the war. Gen. Thomas Jackson receives his nickname “Stonewall” To Gettysburg 29 120 ) in the battle, which results in more than 4,600 casualties. 1 Taylor’s Tavern R July Confederate and Union forces fight a series of skirmishes before and after 50 Freedman’s R Village O First Manassas at Arlington Mill, Febre’s Mill, Ball’s Cross Roads, and Hall’s Hill. I Confederate signal stations are erected at Upton’s Hill near Seven Corners. The H Ball’s Bluff National Cemetery, Leesburg. O Ronald Reagan City of Alexandria is established as a military hospital center for the . Washington 15 & National Aug.-Sept. Confederate forces construct artillery batteries along the Potomac River 7 E at Freestone Point, Possum Point, Cockpit Point, and Evansport to block shipping R Airport O to and from Washington, DC. Confederate troops under Gens. and M J.E.B. Stuart occupy Munson’s Hill and Falls Church. Skirmishes occur daily in the I 295 Ft. Ward T “Peach Orchard” area of Falls Church. Mile Hill Ball’s Bluff Battlefield & L

National Cemetery A

Oct. 21 Battle of Ball’s Bluff near Leesburg. Defeated Federal troops are driven PURCELLVILLE B 7 ( into the Potomac River. Union defeat results in establishment in Congress of the 401 Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. LEESBURG 236 Bluemont Dec. 20 The occurs when Union and Confederate foraging Confederate General 690 parties collide. Federals retain possession of the field in what is regarded as the first Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) F AIRFAX ALEXANDRIA Union victory on Southern soil. (1824-1863) earned his famous 16th President of the . nickname at the First Battle 734 Winter 1861-62 Confederates build the first railroad dedicated exclusively to mili- P 395 tary use, connecting camps at Manassas and Centreville. Confederate Gen. D.H. Hill of Manassas. O T O M oversees completion of Forts Evans, Beauregard, and Johnston around Leesburg. A C Leesburg R I V E R 95 Airport ( A Alexandria ★ 1862 ★ l e x National Cemetery a n March Confederates evacuate Manassas Junction and other d D r sites to concentrate near Richmond. Union forces occupy Manassas Junction. UL i 15 LE a LOUDOUN SGR , E L June 19 President Lincoln visits Gen. Irvin McDowell’s headquarters at the Weir E o N u family home Liberia in Manassas. W d AY o TO 611 LL u Aug. 22-23 Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s conducts a reconnaissance behind Union RD. n & 7 lines in Fauquier County, raiding Catlett’s Station. Stuart “liberates” Warrenton D U H (Winchester, 20 miles) L a L and obtains intelligence on the disposition of the Union that E m Upperville Goose Creek S G p Gens. Lee and Jackson use to plan the Second Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). Bridge R EE s NW h A i Aug. 25-26 Gen. “Stonewall” Jackson and 23,000 men of the Army of Northern Sky Meadows Y r 734 (T OL e Virginia conduct a flank march through western Fauquier County into Prince State Park L) R R William County where they raid Bristoe Station and Manassas Junction, cutting Upperville ) the supply line of Union Gen. John Pope’s Army of Virginia. Mount Bleak 50 Aug. 28 Battle of Groveton. Gen. “Stonewall” Jackson attacks elements of the Army Farm W of Virginia to prevent consolidation of Pope’s forces. Near The Plains, “Jessie scout” a HERNDON s 17 h Jack Sterry, disguised as a Confederate officer, detains Gen. John B. Hood’s in Aldie Mill gt from its march to Manassas. Sterry is discovered and hanged as a Union spy. MIDDLEBURG on and Old Aug. 29-30 Second Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). Gen. Pope’s Union army suffers 713 Dom inio a decisive defeat, but retires across Bull Run in good order. Total casualties exceed n B Mt. Zion Church ik 25,000, and the stage is set for Gen. Robert E. Lee’s invasion of Maryland. D e ULL T 123 ES TOLL RD. ra Sept. 1 Union troops retreating from Second Manassas clash with “Stonewall” To Route 81 50 Dulles International Airport il 495 Jackson’s infantry in the (Ox Hill). Union Gens. Philip Kearney (5 miles to Front Royal) Delaplane 28 Fort Marcy Arlington House, pre-war home Rectortown 626 and are killed. 713 Freeman of Robert E. Lee. Markham Store / Museum Sept. 2 Col. Thomas Munford’s 2nd Virginia Cavalry routs a Federal force 710 Fort Ethan Allen composed of Cole’s Maryland Cavalry and the at Mile Hill, Piedmont ( M a Fort C.F. Smith Loudoun County. n a s s a s G a p R R ) 55 Station WASHINGTON DC 15 Oct. 15 The City of Alexandria leases land to the Federal government for 999 years ARLINGTON Arlington for the Alexandria National Cemetery. National Cemetery/ VIENNA Arlington House Nov. 7-11 Following the Antietam Campaign, Gen. George B. McClellan is relieved 66 from command at Rectortown in Fauquier County and is replaced by Gen. Ambrose 66 Marshall FALLS Burnside. McClellan holds his final review of Union troops near Warrenton and Salem 55 THE PLAINS CHURCH departs from Warrenton Junction (Calverton). Taylor’s Tavern 50 Chantilly 50 Freedman’s Dec. Confederate cavalry under Gens. Wade Hampton and J.E.B. Stuart conduct (Ox Hill Battlefield) Fauquier County Court House in Warrenton, August 1862. Village raids on Union garrisons at Dumfries and Occoquan. Hampton briefly occupies the 7 towns capturing prisoners, horses and supplies. FAIRFAX Ronald Reagan 245 29 Washington National Airport ★ 1863 ★ Feb. Union army bakers in Alexandria set a record by producing 114,500 rations 66 Manassas Fairfax Fort Ward of bread in a single day. National Museum 236 Thoroughfare Gap 55 Mar. 9 Lt. John S. Mosby and 29 of his Rangers undertake one of the war’s most HAYMARKET Battlefield Park 66 ALEXANDRIA daring guerrilla exploits when they slip through Union lines to capture Gen. Edwin Stoughton at Fairfax Court House. Besides Stoughton, the Rangers escape with 15 395 32 prisoners and 58 horses, without firing a shot or losing a man. F AUQUIER R. Mar. 17 Gen. William Averell’s Union cavalry raid Kelly’s Ford on the Rappahan- ( SUDLEY MANOR D Gainesville M a 95 Alexandria nock River. Though Averell fails to destroy Confederate Gen. ’s cavalry, 29 n Ben Lomond National Cemetery a s 1 s Union horsemen show growing parity with their Southern counterparts. 674 a Manor House 17 s CLIFTON May 30 Maj. John S. Mosby’s Rangers raid a Union supply train near G MANASSAS F AIRFAX a p 234 Catlett’s Station. A running battle results in the loss of Mosby’s mountain howitzer. 15 R R PARK 29 ) June 8-9 During a night visit to his wife at the Hathaway House near Salem 619 MANASSAS Signal 123 (Marshall), Mosby narrowly escapes capture by Union cavalry by hiding in a tree. Buckland Races Hill June 10 Maj. Mosby formally musters his Partisan Rangers into Company A, 234 S IG 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry near Rector’s Cross Roads (Atoka). From 70 men, The N AL RD the unit will grow into a full regiment of two battalions. Manassas HILL

Bristow Courtesy of The Manassas Museum Old Jail Museum 95 June 17-28 Prior to the , more than 100,000 Federal troops Museum O C C O cross the Potomac River at Edwards Ferry east of Leesburg. WARRENTON 28 Q P U Manassas R I A June 19-21 Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s Confederate cavalry clashes with Gen. Alfred 211 N Municipal Airport C N E Pleasanton’s Union cavalry west of Middleburg, at Upperville and Ashby’s Gap near W R IL I LI V Paris. Stuart delays Union detection of Gen. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia as it 619 AM E PK R advances down the toward . WY 1 June 23 Gen. Stuart and Maj. Mosby confer at Rector’s Cross Roads (Atoka). 234 Based on Mosby’s scouting, Stuart leads his cavalry east around the Army of the 3000 Potomac, depriving Gen. Robert E. Lee of valuable intelligence before the Battle OCCOQUAN of Gettysburg. 15/17 Aug. 28 Governor Francis H. Pierpont and the “Restored Government of Virginia” 29 Catlett move from Wheeling to Alexandria after West Virginia becomes the 34th Union state. (New Market, 53 miles) PRINCE Catlett’s Oct. 14 Battle of Bristoe Station. Gen. A.P. Hill’s Confederates attack Gen. Gouver- U.S. Navy steamer Wyandank engaging ) Station neur K. Warren’s II Corps of the Army of the Potomac as it retires near Broad Run. 643 R R WILLIAM Confederate artillery batteries at Freestone Point The vicious fight results in 1,900 casualties as Hill is repulsed. R a r i on the Potomac River, March 11, 1862. A d Oct. 19 Gen. Stuart’s Confederate cavalry attacks Union cavalry under Gens. Judson n P a

x Courtesy of Howard L. Family Churchhill Kilpatrick and George A. Custer in a running battle nicknamed the “Buckland e P Opal l A Races,” between Chestnut Hill near Warrenton and Buckland Mills in Prince A Flag of the Prince William Cavalry &

William County. H e (Co. A, 4th Virginia Cavalry).

g A n Nov. 7 The Army of the Potomac achieves strategic victory over Gen. Lee’s army a 17 by crossing the Rappahannock River at Kelly’s Ford and Rappahannock Station N 28 (Or 234 R E N 610 V (Remington). Confederate forces retire south of the Rapidan River. 15 Freestone I O 29 R Prince William 1 Leesylvania Point ★ 1864 ★ C Forest Park State Park C K Warrenton-Fauquier A Jan. A hospital for freed slaves is established in Alexandria. L’Overture Hospital Airport M R O and Contraband Barracks are later constructed. I T V O Mar.-June The 28th & 29th United States Colored Troops (USCT) are assigned E 619 DUMFRIES to the Defenses of Washington at Alexandria. R P July 11-16 Confederate Gen. ’s troops threaten Washington, D.C. Bus. 15/29 A heavy skirmish occurs at , the northernmost fort in the defenses of Washington. Abraham Lincoln becomes the only sitting U.S. president to come under Rappahannock REMINGTON fire in battle. Early withdraws his troops and retires through Loudoun County. Station

Oct. 5 Mosby’s Rangers attack Federal repair crews on the 15 at Salem (Marshall), denying its use to Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley. 29 Nov. 6 In retaliation for the execution of seven of his Rangers by Federal cavalry in 674 651 Front Royal, Col. John S. Mosby orders 27 Union prisoners at Rectortown to draw seven lots for their own execution. 17 miles to Fredericksburg 75 miles to Richmond Nov. 28-Dec. 1 Union Gen. Wesley Merritt’s Cavalry division conducts the “Burning 620 17 Raid” in northern Fauquier and Loudoun Counties in reprisal for Mosby’s guerrilla activities against Gen. ’s army in the Shenandoah Valley. Dec. 21 Col. John S. Mosby is wounded by Union cavalry at Lakeland near Rector’s Kelly’s Cross Roads (Atoka). Concealing his identity, Mosby is left to die, but recovers and Ford resumes command of his Rangers two months later. 651 Courtesy of the Library of Congress U.S. Military Railroad locomotive Firefly, ★ 1865 ★ (Culpeper, 11 miles) on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad, ca. 1862. Virginia Civil War Trails Site April 21 Rather than surrender his command to Union forces, Col. John S. Mosby disbands the 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry at Salem (Marshall). Towns Information May 24 Virginia Governor Francis H. Pierpont leaves Alexandria to establish The Kelly’s Ford cavalry clash was marked executive offices in Richmond. by fierce hand to hand combat. 15 miles to Fredericksburg Cities and State and 73 miles to Richmond July-Oct. The offices of Military Governor and Provost Marshal are abolished Drawing from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated History of the Civil War. Incorporated Towns National Parks in Alexandria, ending military occupation of the city.