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Sistem Basis Data Pertemuan Iii

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Sistem Basis Data Pertemuan Iii SISTEM BASIS DATA PERTEMUAN III DEFI CAHYADI [email protected] LINGKUNGAN BASIS DATA a. Kekangan dalam basis data b. Pemanfaaatan Ilmu Basis Data c. Model Basis Data d. Arsitektur sistem basis data e. Konsep DBMS, Komponen DBMS, Fungsi DBMS, Bahasa dalam DBMS f. Kamus data (data dictionary) g. Model-model data a. Kekangan dalam basis data Penyusunan suatu database digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah pada penyusunan data. yaitu : Mengatasi kerangkapan (Redundancy) data. Penyimpanan data yang sama pada beberapa tempat selain bisa menyulitkan pemakai tentang aktualisasi data juga memboroskan tempat penyimpanan, maka basis data akan mendeteksi dan menghindari jika terjadi kerangkapan data. Menghindari terjadinya inkonsistensi data. Akibat lain jika terjadi kerangkapan data, maka jika terjadi perubahan data yang satu sedangkan yang lain tidak dirubah akan terjadi ketidak konsistenan data. Mengatasi kesulitan dalam mengakses data. Memudahkan jika suatu saat akan diambil atau dicetak data yang memiliki kriteria tertentu, misalnya pada tanggal tertentu, alamat tertentu, jumlah tertentu dan sebagainya. Menyusun format yang standart dari sebuah data. Data yang sama pada file yang berbeda harus memiliki format data berupa tipe dan jangkaunnya harus sama. Penggunaan oleh banyak pemakai (multiple user). Sebuah database bisa dimanfaatkan sekaligus secara bersama oleh banyak pengguna (multiuser). Lanjutan Melakukan perlindungan dan pengamanan data (data security). Setiap data hanya bisa diakses atau dimanipulasi oleh pihak yang diberi otoritas dengan memberikan login dan password terhadap masing-masing data. Menyusun integritas dan independensi data. Basis data merupakan data kompleks yang bisa diintegrasikan, sehingga kita bisa memanipulasi untuk mendapatkan berbagai bentuk form dan laporan yang kita inginkan. b. Pemanfaaatan Ilmu Basis Data Bidang Fungsional : Kepegawaian Pergudangan (inventory) Akuntansi Reservasi Layanan Pelanggan Bentuk Perusahan : Perbankan Rumah Sakit Produsen Barang Sekolah Telekomunikasi c. Model Basis Data Model database adalah suatu konsep yang terintegrasi dalam menggambarkan hubungan (relationships) antar data dan batasan-batasan (constraint) data dalam suatu sistem database. Model data yang paling umum, berdasarkan pada bagaimana hubungan antar record dalam database (Record Based Data Models), terdapat tiga jenis, yaitu : a. Model Database Hirarki (Hierarchical Database Model) o Model hirarkis biasa disebut model pohon, karena menyerupai pohon yang dibalik. Model ini menggunakan pola hubungan orangtua-anak d. Model Database Relasi (Relational Database Model) Model Relasional merupakan model yang paling sederhana sehingga mudah digunakan dan dipahami oleh pengguna. Model ini menggunakan sekumpulan tabel berdimensi dua ( yang disebut relasi atau tabel ), dengan masing-masing relasi tersusun atas tupel atau baris dan atribut. DBMS yang bermodelkan relasional biasa disebut RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System). Model database ini dikemukakan pertamakali oleh EF codd, seorang pakar basisdata. Model ini sering disebut juga dengan database relasi. Model database hirarki dan jaringan merupakan model database yang tidak banyak lagi dipakai saat ini, karena adanya berbagai kelemahan dan hanya cocok untuk struktur hirarki dan jaringan saja. Artinya tidak mengakomodir untuk berbagai macam jenis persoalan dalam suatu sistem database. Model database relasi merupakan model database yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini, karena paling sederhana dan mudah digunakan serta yang paling penting adalah kemampuannya dalam mengakomodasi berbagai kebutuhan pengelolaan database. Sebuah database dalam model ini disusun dalam bentuk tabel dua dimensi yang terdiri dari baris (record) dan kolom (field), pertemuan antara baris dengan kolom disebut item data (data value), table-tabel yang ada di hubungkan (relationship) sedemikian rupa menggunakan field-field kunci (Key field) sehingga dapat meminimalkan duplikasi data. e. Tingkatan Data Dalam Database Relasi Dalam suatu sistem database relasi, data yang tersimpan dalam DBMS mempunyai tingkatan-tingkatan, sebagai berikut : Karakter (Characters) Merupakan bagian terkecil dalam database, dapat berupa karakter numerik (angka 0 s.d 9), huruf ( A - Z, a - z) ataupun karakter-karakter khusus, seperti *, &. %, # dan lain-lain. Field atau Attribute Merupakan bagian dari record yang menunjukkan suatu item data yang sejenis, Misalnya : field nama, file NIM dan lain sebagainya. Setiap field harus mempunyai nama dan tipe data tertentu. Isi dari field di sebut Data Value. Dalam table database, field ini disebut juga kolom. Record atau Tupple Tuple/Record adalah kumpulan data value dari attributee yang berkaitan sehingga dapat menjelaskan sebuah entity secara lengkap. Misal : Record entity mahasiswa adalah kumpulan data value dari field nobp, nama, jurusan dan alamat per-barisnya. Dalam tabel database, Record disebut juga baris. Table/Entity Entity merupakan sesuatu yang dapat diidentifikasi dari suatu sistem database, bisa berupa objek, orang, tempat, kejadian atau konsep yang informasinya akan disimpan di database. Misal. Pada sistem database akademik, yang menjadi entity adalah, mahasiswa, dosen, matakuliah dan lain-lain. Dalam aplikasi nantinya, penggunaan istilah Entity sering di samakan dengan istilah Tabel. (Entity = table). Disebut tabel, karena dalam merepresentasikan datanya di atur dalam bentuk baris dan kolom. Baris mewakili 1 record dan kolom mewakili 1 field. Dalam sistem database tradisional, entity/table ini disebut juga dengan file. Database Kumpulan dari tabel-tabel yang saling berelasi, disusun secara logis, sehingga menghasilkan informasi yang bernilai guna dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Ada beberapa sifat yang melekat pada suatu tabel : Tidak boleh ada record yang sama (kembar) Urutan record tidak terlalu penting, karena data dalam record dapat diurut sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Setiap field harus mepunyai nama yang unik (tidak boleh ada yang sama). Setiap field mesti mempunyai tipe data dan karakteristik tertentu Contoh produk DBMS terkenal yang menggunakan model relasional antara lain adalah : 1. DB2 (IBM) 2. Rdb/VMS (Digital Equipment Corporation) 3. Oracle (Oracle Corporation) 4. Informix (Informix Corporation) 5. Ingres (ASK Group Inc) 6. Sybase (Sybase Inc) Di lingkungan PC, produk-produk berbasis relasional yang cukup terkenal antara lain adalah : 1. Keluarga R:Base (Microrim Corp) antara lain berupa R:Base 5000 2. Keluarga dBase (Ashton-Tate, sekarang bagian dari Borland International), antara lain dbase III Plus, dBase IV, serta Visual dBase 3. Microsoft SQL ( Microsoft Corporation) 4. Visual FoxPro (Microsoft Corporation) .
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