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Steroid and Bile Acid Conjugates Are Substrates of Human Multidrug-Resistance Protein (MRP) 4 (ATP-Binding Cassette C4)

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Steroid and Bile Acid Conjugates Are Substrates of Human Multidrug-Resistance Protein (MRP) 4 (ATP-Binding Cassette C4) Biochem. J. (2003) 371, 361–367 (Printed in Great Britain) 361 Steroid and bile acid conjugates are substrates of human multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) 4 (ATP-binding cassette C4) Noam ZELCER*1, Glen REID*1, Peter WIELINGA*, Annemieke KUIL*, Ingrid VAN DER HEIJDEN*, John D. SCHUETZ† and Piet BORST*2 *Division of Molecular Biology and Center for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and †St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 501 St. Jude Place, Memphis, TN 38105, U.S.A. Human multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) 4 transports cyclic port of DHEAS by MRP4 showed saturable kinetics with Km µ \ nucleotides and when overproduced in mammalian cells mediates and Vmax values of 2 M and 45 pmol mg per min, respectively resistance to some nucleoside analogues. Recently, it has been (at 27 mC). We further studied the possible involvement of other shown that Mrp4 is induced in the livers of Fxr(−/−) mice, which members of the MRP family of transporters in the transport of have increased levels of serum bile acids. Since MRP4, like DHEAS. We found that MRP1 transports DHEAS in a gluta- MRP1–3, also mediates transport of a model steroid conjugate thione-dependent manner and exhibits Km and Vmax values of β β µ \ m substrate, oestradiol 17- - -glucuronide (E#17 G), we tested 5 M and 73 pmol mg per min, respectively (at 27 C). No whether MRP4 may be involved in the transport of steroid and transport of DHEAS was observed in membrane vesicles con- bile acid conjugates. Bile salts, especially sulphated derivatives, taining MRP2 or MRP3. Our findings suggest a physiological and cholestatic oestrogens inhibited the MRP4-mediated trans- role for MRP1 and MRP4 in DHEAS transport and an β port of E#17 G. Inhibition by oestradiol 3,17-disulphate and involvement of MRP4 in transport of conjugated steroids and taurolithocholate 3-sulphate was competitive, suggesting that bile acids. these compounds are MRP4 substrates. Furthermore, we found that MRP4 transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulphate Key words: adrenal gland, bile acid, cholestasis, dehydro- (DHEAS), the most abundant circulating steroid in humans, epiandrosterone 3-sulphate (DHEAS), multidrug-resistance which is made in the adrenal gland. The ATP-dependent trans- protein (MRP), steroid. INTRODUCTION methotrexate and the oestradiol metabolite oestradiol 17-β-- β glucuronide (E#17 G), organic anions that are often used to Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of membrane study transport by MRPs, are transported by MRP1–4 with pumps mediate the transport of various substrates across mem- comparable affinities. In addition, MRP4 and its closest hom- branes at the expense of ATP hydrolysis [1,2]. The human ologue MRP5 have a substrate specificity distinct from the other ABCC subfamily contains nine members that are referred to as MRPs characterized to date in that they transport cAMP and multidrug-resistance proteins (MRPs) 1–9, in addition to cGMP [8,9]. This has led to the speculation that they might be sulphonylurea receptors SUR1 and SUR2, and cystic fibrosis involved in the regulation of the intracellular concentration of transmembrane conductance regulator (‘CFTR’) [3,4]. Initial these important second messengers. Moreover, mammalian cells interest in the MRP members of this subfamily was driven by that overproduce either MRP4 or MRP5 are resistant to nucleo- their possible involvement in clinical drug resistance. MRP1 side analogue drugs such as 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) (ABCC1), the first member of this subfamily to be cloned, adenine (‘PMEA’) [8–14]. Unexpectedly, it was recently shown confers resistance to multiple and structurally unrelated anti- that Mrp4 is induced in livers of Fxr(−/−) mice [15]. Absence of the cancer drugs when overexpressed in cells [5]. It quickly became nuclear receptor FXR leads to elevated levels of bile acids in evident, however, that MRPs transport a wide variety of other the livers and serum of these mice due to the reduction in the organic anions and compounds that are conjugated to sulphate, expression of the major canalicular bile salt pump (Spgp\Bsep) glucuronide or GSH (reviewed in [4,6]). Mutations in MRP [16]. This finding provides a possible link between bile acid genes are the cause of two genetic diseases. Mutations in homoeostasis and MRP4 and suggests that cholestatic bile MRP2 cause Dubin–Johnson syndrome (reviewed in [6]), acids or structurally related compounds (e.g. steroids) might be whereas mutations in MRP6 lead to pseudoxanthoma elasti- endogenous substrates of MRP4. cum, a disorder of connective tissue (reviewed in [2]). Both Using vesicular transport assays with membrane vesicles examples emphasize the importance of understanding the role of containing MRP4, we found high-affinity transport of dehydro- MRPs in normal and aberrant physiology. A first step to this epiandrosterone 3-sulphate (DHEAS), the major circulating end is a proper characterization of the substrate specificity of steroid in humans, which is made in the adrenal gland. Both each member of this family. cholestatic bile acids and steroids competitively inhibited the β MRPs share an overlapping substrate specificity despite dif- MRP4-mediated transport of E#17 G and DHEAS. We also ferent patterns of tissue distribution, localization in polarized found that like MRP4, MRP1 transports DHEAS with high cells and protein size (reviewed in [6,7]). The antifolate drug affinity, but in a glutathione-dependent manner. In contrast, no β Abbreviations used: ABC, ATP-binding cassette; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulphate; E217 G, oestradiol 17-β-D-glucuronide; MRP, multidrug-resistance protein; NNAL, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; OATP, organic anion-transporting polypeptide. 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail p.borst!nki.nl). # 2003 Biochemical Society 362 N. Zelcer and others transport of DHEAS by MRP2 or MRP3 was found. MRP1 and buffer (0.5 mM sodium phosphate\0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) MRP4 may represent the as yet uncharacterized transporters supplemented with protease inhibitors (2 mM PMSF, 5 µg\ml that release DHEAS from the adrenal gland. Our results extend aprotinin, 5 µg\ml leupeptin and 10 µM pepstatin) and incubated the substrate specificity of MRP4 and suggest a physiological at 4 mC for 90 min. The suspension was centrifuged at 100000 g role for MRP4 in the transport of conjugated steroids and bile for 40 min at 4 mC and the pellet was homogenized in ice-cold acids. TS buffer (50 mM Tris\HCl, 250 mM sucrose, pH 7.4) using a tight-fitting Dounce homogenizer. After centrifugation at 500 g EXPERIMENTAL at 4 mC for 10 min, the supernatant was centrifuged at 100000 g for 40 min at 4 mC. The pellet was resuspended in TS buffer Materials and passed 25 times through a 27-gauge needle. The vesicles were $ β \ $ \ [ H]E#17 G (40.5 Ci mmol) and [ H]DHEAS (60 Ci mmol) dispensed in aliquots, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at were purchased from NEN Life Science Products (Boston, MA, k80 mC until use. U.S.A.). Creatine phosphate and creatine kinase were obtained from Boehringer Mannheim (Almere, The Netherlands) and RC- Vesicular transport assays L55 and ME25 filters were from Schleicher and Schuell (Dassel, Germany). All other chemicals and reagents were purchased The time- and concentration-dependent uptake of various sub- from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). strates into membrane vesicles was studied following the rapid filtration method as described previously [18]. Concentration- dependent uptake was analysed using a non-linear regression Cell lines and culture conditions algorithm. The transfection of HEK-293 cells with a MRP4 cDNA construct and generation of clones overproducing MRP4 have been RESULTS reported previously [17]. Cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and MRP4 is competitively inhibited by conjugated steroids and bile 100 units\ml penicillin\streptomycin. Cells were grown at 37 mC acids with 5% CO# under humidifying conditions. The generation of To study the substrate specificity of MRP4 we used membrane baculovirus containing MRP1 and MRP3 cDNA constructs was vesicles from HEK-293 cells that overexpress MRP4 and Sf9 reported in Zelcer et al. [18]. The baculovirus containing MRP2 insect cells infected with an MRP4 cDNA-containing baculovirus cDNA was a gift from Balasz Sarkadi (Institute of Enzymology, (Figure 1, inset). We found a clear ATP- and time-dependent Budapest, Hungary) [19] and that containing MRP4 cDNA β transport of E#17 G in membranes containing MRP4 (results was from Remon van Aubel (Nijmegen Center for Molecular not shown), a previously characterized substrate of MRP4 [9,13]. Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) [13]. In the livers of Fxr(−/−) mice, which display 8-fold-increased serum bile acid levels as a result of a decrease in the expression Protein analysis and immunohistochemistry Total cell lysates from cell lines and membrane vesicle prepara- tions were prepared in a hypotonic buffer (10 mM KCl, 1.5 mM \ MgCl# and 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.4), supplemented with a cocktail of protease inhibitors used at the concentration recom- mended by the manufacturer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Normal human tissues collected post-mortem were obtained from the tissue bank of the Netherlands Cancer Institute (Amster- dam, The Netherlands) and after homogenization were processed as above. The indicated amount of protein was separated on a SDS\polyacrylamide (7.5%) gel and subsequently blotted over- night in a tank blotting system. MRP3 was detected with the monoclonal antibody M$II9 (1:250) followed by a rabbit anti- mouse horseradish peroxidase conjugate (1:1000), as described previously [18]. MRP1 and MRP4 were detected with monoclonal antibodies MRP1-R1 (1:1000) and NKI-12C4 (1:10), respect- ively, followed by a rabbit anti-rat horseradish peroxidase conjugate (1:1000).
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