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Metazoische Parasitendiversität Wildlebender Und Domestizierter

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Metazoische Parasitendiversität Wildlebender Und Domestizierter Metazoische Parasitendiversität wildlebender und domestizierter Säugetiere unterschiedlicher Ordnungen und Geographien unter Berücksichtigung ihres humanpathogenen Potenzials Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Raphael Frank aus Neuss Frankfurt 2015 (D 30) vom Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Goethe-Universität als Dissertation angenommen. Dekanin: Prof. Dr. Meike Piepenbring Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Klimpel Prof. Dr. Jörg Oehlmann Datum der Disputation: 17.12.2015 Vorwort Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation wurde auf der Basis von vier Publikationen angefertigt. Der erste Teil (Einleitung) beinhaltet den thematischen Überbau sowie Hintergrundinformationen. Im zweiten Teil (Ergebnisse) werden die sowohl von mir als auch in Kollaboration angefertigten (ISI) Publikationen sowie der Review-Artikel zusammenfassend vorgestellt. Im anschließenden Diskussionsteil werden die eigenen Ergebnisse mit anderen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten in Kontext gesetzt und in das thematische Umfeld eingebracht. Die Publikationen sind in voller Länge im Anhang aufgeführt. Die zugrundeliegenden Publikationen sind entsprechend ihres Erscheinungsdatums aufgeführt. Im nachfolgenden Text erfolgt ein Querverweis anhand ihrer römischen Nummerierung. Sie sind unter folgenden Titeln erschienen: I Frank R, Melaun C, Martins MM, Santos ALQ, Heukelbach J, Klimpel S (2012) Tunga penetrans and further parasites in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Parasitology Research, 111(5):1907-1912. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3036-1 II Heukelbach J, Frank R, Ariza L, de Sousa Lopes I, de Assis e Silva A, Borges AC, Limongi JE, de Alencar CHM, Klimpel S (2012) High prevalence of intestinal infections and ectoparasites in dogs, Minas Gerais State (southeast Brazil). Parasitology Research, 111(5):1913-1921. doi:10.1007/s00436-012- 3037-0 III Frank R, Münster J, Schulze J, Liston A, Klimpel S (2014) Macroparasites of Microchiroptera: Bat Ectoparasites of Central and South America. In: Mehlhorn H, Klimpel S (Herausgeber). Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites. Volume 5. Springer, Heidelberg, S. 87-130 IV Frank R, Kuhn T, Werblow A, Liston A, Kochmann J, Klimpel S (2015) Parasite diversity of European Myotis species with special emphasis on Myotis myotis (Microchiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from a typical nursery roost. Parasites and Vectors, 8(101). doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0707-7 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ I Abkürzungsverzeichnis .............................................................................................. III Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................... IV Tabellenverzeichnis .................................................................................................... V Einführung .................................................................................................................. 1 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Zoonosen (Übersicht) ......................................................................................... 7 1.1.1 EID und EZD: Definition, Ursachen und Stand der Forschung ............... 9 1.1.2 Zoonosen in Deutschland und den Tropen ........................................... 11 1.1.3 Zukünftige Herausforderungen in der Zoonoseforschung ..................... 15 1.2 Metazoische Parasiten terrestrischer Säugetiere mit unterschiedlichen Lebensweisen .................................................................................................. 19 1.2.1 Diversität und Taxonomie metazoischer Parasiten der Fledermäuse (Ordnung Chiroptera) ........................................................................................ 19 1.2.2 Metazoische Parasiten domestizierter und verwilderter Haustiere am Beispiel des Hundes (Ordnung Carnivora) ........................................................ 27 1.2.3 Die Gattung Tunga (Klasse Insecta, Ordnung Siphonaptera) und ihre Bedeutung für den Menschen ........................................................................... 29 1.3 Zielsetzung der Arbeit ...................................................................................... 36 2 Ergebnisse ....................................................................................................... 38 2.1 Frank R, Melaun C, Martins MM, Santos ALQ, Heukelbach J, Klimpel S (2012) Tunga penetrans and further parasites in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Parasitology Research, 111(5):1907-1912. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3036-1 ...................................................................... 38 2.1.1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................... 38 2.2 Heukelbach J, Frank R, Ariza L, de Sousa Lopes I, de Assis e Silva A, Borges AC, Limongi JE, de Alencar CHM, Klimpel S (2012) High prevalence of intestinal infections and ectoparasites in dogs, Minas Gerais State (southeast I Inhaltsverzeichnis Brazil). Parasitology Research, 111(5):1913-1921. doi:10.1007/s00436-012- 3037-0 .............................................................................................................. 41 2.2.1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................... 41 2.3 Frank R, Münster J, Schulze J, Liston A, Klimpel S (2014) Macroparasites of Microchiroptera: Bat Ectoparasites of Central and South America. In: Mehlhorn H, Klimpel S (Herausgeber). Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites. Volume 5. Springer, Heidelberg, S. 87-130. .................................... 44 2.3.1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................... 44 2.4 Frank R, Kuhn T, Werblow A, Liston A, Kochmann J, Klimpel S (2015) Parasite diversity of European Myotis species with special emphasis on Myotis myotis (Microchiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from a typical nursery roost. Parasites and Vectors, 8(101). doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0707-7 ............................................ 46 2.4.1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................... 46 3 Diskussion ........................................................................................................ 50 3.1 Sozial und solitär lebende terrestrische Säugetiere als Wirte .......................... 50 3.2 Vergleich der Parasitendiversität süd- und mittelamerikanischer Microchiroptera mit europäischen Arten .................................................................................... 54 3.3 Humanmedizinische Bedeutung der untersuchten Wirte ................................. 57 3.4 Zum Wirtsspektrum von Tunga spp. ................................................................ 61 3.5 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick .................................................................... 62 4 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................... 65 5 Literaturverzeichnis .......................................................................................... 67 6 Anhang ............................................................................................................. 97 II Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ä.A. = ätiologisches Agenz Mio. = Millionen bspw. = beispielsweise n = Anzahl NTD = Neglected Tropical Diseases ca. = circa NW = Nebenwirt ebd. = ebenda PID = Parasitic and Infectious EID = Emerging Infectious Disease Diseases et al. = et alii EZD = Emerging Zoonotic Disease RKI = Robert Koch-Institut RNA = Ribonucleic Acid FW = Fehlwirt rRNA = Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid GDP = Gross Domestic Product S = Seiten ggf. = gegebenenfalls s. = siehe spp. = Spezies Pluralis HEPC = Health Expenditure Per syn. = synonym Capita HW = Hauptwirt THE = Total Health Expenditure i.d.R. = in der Regel u.a. = unter anderem i.e. = id est US$ = US amerikanische Dollar Jhd. = Jahrhundert VBD = Vector Borne Diseases vgl. = vergleiche LDG = Latitudinal Species Diversity Gradient ZW = Zwischenwirt max. = maximal % = Prozent mind. = mindestens °C = Grad Celsius III Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Taxonomische Einteilung der Krankheitserreger des Menschen. Bisher sind rund 1.400 Erreger bekannt, die Krankheiten bei Menschen verursachen können (Kreis links). Von diesen sind ca. 61 % zoonotisch (Kreis rechts). Dargestellt ist jeweils der prozentuale Anteil der beteiligten taxonomischen Gruppen. Exklusive Ektoparasiten. Nach Woolhouse & Gaunt (2007). ...................................................... 9 Abbildung 2: Gemeldete Fälle zoonotischer Erkrankungen in Deutschland zwischen 2005-2014. Die Darstellung beinhaltet sämtliche beim RKI registrierten Erkrankungsfälle gemäß Meldeverordnung, die von zoonotischen Erregern ausgelöst wurden (RKI). ........................................................................................................... 15 Abbildung 3: Morphologische Merkmale zur Artbestimmung von Streblidae. Vorrangige Unterscheidungsmerkmale zur Artspezifizierung sind Aufbau und Behaarung des Thorax (a = dorsal, b = lateral, c = ventral) und des Abdomens (d = lateral, hier weiblich) sowie die Aderung der Flügel (e) (verändert
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