Political Science Unit Academic Year 2010-2011 PROFESSOR Keith Krause [email protected] +41 22 908 57 33 Political Violence E 626 Winter – 6 ECTS Office Hours: Mondays 10:15 – 12:00 (Rothschild) Rothschild, main floor, Mondays, 10:15-12:00 Course Description

Political violence manifests itself at all levels of social organization. “War” is today the least important contemporary manifestation of political violence, which ASSISTANT implicates non-state armed groups, inter-communal conflicts, state violence, large-scale criminal-political Jovana Carapic violence, rebellions, localized struggles, and acts of [email protected] terror. This research seminar will examine the global +41 22 908 59 47 distribution of armed violence, and develop different Office hours: inter-disciplinary approaches to explaining contemporary Wednesdays 12:00-13:30 violence in different cases and contexts. (Rigot 37)

Syllabus

Introduction

The first part of the course will examine issues such as the definition of “violence,” the “new wars” debate, contemporary warlordism, communal conflicts, non-state armed groups, genocidal violence and state violence. This is by no means an exhaustive list, and in each case, a mix of conceptual and empirical material will be introduced, in order to expose students to a wide range of examples (and possible research paper topics). The last part of the course will be devoted to presentations and discussions of student's research papers, which should explore one of the themes of the course in a focused research case study.

Full participation is expected of all students in the seminar. This includes having read the required readings, and being prepared to discuss them critically. Final grades will in large part be determined by the level and quality of seminar participation, by presentations that will be scheduled according to the number of students in the seminar, and by the critique each student offers of one other student’s draft research paper.

Note: in order to take this seminar you must have either taken “Contemporary Issues in Conflict and Security” or have received my permission to enrol.

INSTITUT DE HAUTES ÉTUDES INTERNATIONALES ET DU DÉVELOPPEMENT GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES SWITZERLAND - TEL +41 (0)22 908 57 00 - http://graduateinstitute.ch

Assignments

The first assignment is a short “literature review” of the readings for the first week. It is due 7 March, at the beginning of the seminar.

The main focus of this seminar is on the individual research paper, which will account for 50 percent of your final grade. A draft of the paper must be presented during the scheduled “political violence conference,” which will be scheduled for a full day (or 1.5 days if necessary) during the week of May 23-28. I will provide comments on the paper, but no grade. If you do not present a draft on the scheduled date, you will receive a zero grade on the research paper. In other words, although the draft itself receives no grade, if you do not present one in class you will fail the course. A final grade will be given to the final, revised draft, which is due on Monday, 3 June.

Each student will also be responsible for presenting and critiquing one other student’s paper; this will form part of their final grade.

The research paper must be an empirically-grounded, theoretically-informed, exploration of a particular case study or set of cases relevant to the theme of this course. It cannot be a mere review of theoretical literature, or simply a narrative account of a particular case. It must have an argument, a conceptual framework, an empirical “field” (case or cases, or data, etc.), and a coherent research strategy or method. Case studies that examine a particular theme in the context of recent or current violence and armed conflict (Afghanistan, Sudan, Somalia, Algeria, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Nigeria, Nepal, Rwanda, Burundi, Liberia, Guatemala, Cambodia, Colombia, Mexico, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, the Philippines, Thailand, Venezuela, Nicaragua, etc.) are particularly welcome, but the analysis is not restricted to war or post-conflict states.

Grades will be distributed as follows: literature review (first week’s readings, 5 pages, due 7 March) 15% seminar participation 25% research paper (approximately 30 pages) 50% paper critique 10 %

Students will be free to choose the topic for their research paper, although it must be determined in consultation with me.

Readings

The course readings are not introductory-level, and presume some familiarity with main approaches to violence and conflict studies. The required readings will be made available in a “kit” or polycopie that must be ordered through the ’imprimerie minute’. Needless to say, you must do the readings every week in order to participate in (or do well in) the course. Other readings may be added as we go along.

There are a number of good journals that treat the themes in this course. Among some you might find useful would be:

Journal of Conflict Resolution

- Page 2 - International Security Terrorism and Political Violence Nationalism and Ethnic Politics Studies in Conflict and Terrorism Contemporary Security Policy Small Wars and Insurgencies International Journal of Conflict and Violence Security Studies Civil Wars

Finally, some sessions of the seminar will have to be rescheduled to accommodate some unavoidable commitments on my part. I will provide as much warning as possible for this.

Introduction: “Violence” and “The Political” (February 21)

Charles Tilly, The Politics of Collective Violence, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 1-54. David Apter, “Political Violence in Analytical Perspective,” in David Apter, ed., The Legitimization of Violence, (New York: new York University Press, 1997), 1-32. Mary R. Jackman, "Violence in Social Life," Annual Review of Sociology, 28 (2002). 387-414. Vittorio Bufacchi, “Two Concepts of Violence,” Political Studies Review, 3 (2005), 193-204. Michael Brzoska, “Appendix C: Collective Violence beyond the Standard Definition of Armed Conflict,” in SIPRI Yearbook 2007, 94-106. Willem de Haan, “Violence as an essentially contested concept,” In Sophie Body-Gendrot and Pieter Spierenburg, eds.,Violence in Europe, (Rotterdam: Erasmus University, 2010), 27-40.

No class 28 February

(take this week to write a short paper on the first week’s readings. The question is: “Is political violence an essentially contested concept? Why or why not?”)

The Ontology of Violence (March 7)

Stathis Kalyvas, “The Ontology of ‘Political Violence’: Action and Identity in Civil Wars,” Perspectives on Politics, 1:3 (September 2003), 475-494. Stathis Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 1-15, 146-209, 330-363. Stathis Kalyvas, “Wanton and Senseless? The Logic of Massacres in Algeria,” Rationality and Society 11:3 (1999), 243-285. Elisabeth Jean Wood, “Variation of Sexual Violence during War,” Politics and Society, 34:3 (2006), 307-341. Maria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern, “Why Do Soldiers Rape? Masculinity, Violence and Sexuality in the Armed Forces in the Congo (DRC),” International Studies Quarterly, 53:2 (June 2009), 495-518. Susan Brison, “Outliving Oneself,” reprinted in Vittorio Bufacchi, Violence: A Philosophical Anthology, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 336-364.

- Page 3 - Valerie Hudson, “Sex, War, and Peace: Rank, and Winter on Rank,” Political Psychology, 31:1 (2010), 33-39. William Reno, “Explaining Patterns of Violence in Collapsed States,” Contemporary Security Policy, 30:2 (2009), 356-374.

No Class 14 March

(take this week to develop a short (2 page) outline of your proposed topic, research question or puzzle, and bibliography)

The Changing Face of War and the “New Wars” Debate (March 21)

Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999),13-30, 69-89. Stathis Kalyvas, “‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?” World Politics, 54 (October 2001), 99-118. Erik Melander, Magnus Öberg and Jonathan Hall, “Are ‘New Wars’ More Atrocious? Battle Severity, Civilians Killed and Forced Migration Before and After the End of the Cold War,” European Journal of International Relations, 15:3 (2009), 505-536. Sinisa Malesvic, “The Sociology of New Wars? Assessing the Causes and Objectives of Contemporary Violent Conflicts,” International Political Sociology, 2 (2008), 97-112. Monika Heupel and Bernhard Zangl, “On the Transformation of Warfare: A Plausibility Probe of the New War Thesis,’ Journal of International Relations and Development, 13 (2010), 26-58.

Identity and Communal Conflicts (March 28)

James Fearon and David Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War,” American Political Science Review, 97:1 (February 2003), 75-89. Rogers Brubaker and David Laitin, “Ethnic and Nationalist Violence,” Annual Review of Sociology, 24 (1998), 423-452. James Fearon and David Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Identity,” International Organization, 54:4 (Autumn 2000), 845-877. Bruce Gilley, “Against the Concept of Ethnic Conflict,” Third World Quarterly, 25:6 (2004), 1155–1166. Charles King, “The Micropolitics of Social Violence,” World Politics 56:3 (2004), 431-455. Stathis N. Kalyvas, “Ethnic Defection in Civil War, Comparative Political Studies 41:8 (August 2008), 1043-1068. Sinisa Malesevic, “Nationalism, War, and Social Cohesion,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34:1 (2011), 142-161.

Warlordism (April 4)

William Reno, Warlord Politics and African States, (London: Lynne Reiner Publishers, 1998), 1-44. Kimberly Marten, “Warlordism in Comparative Perspective,” International Security, 31:3 (Winter 2006-2007), 41-73.

- Page 4 - Daniel Brió, “The (Un)bearable Lightness of Violence: Warlordism as an Alternative Form of Governance in the ‘Westphalian Periphery,” in State Failure Revisited II: Actors of Violence and Alternative Forms of Governance, INEF Report 89/2007, 7-49. Antonio Giustozzi, “The Debate on Warlordism: The Importance of Military Legitimacy,” Crisis States Discussion Papers, London School of Economics, 2005. William Reno, “Illicit Markets, Violence, Warlords, and Governance: West African Cases,” Crime, Law, and Social Change, 52 (2009), 313-322. Ariel Ahram and Charles King, “The Warlord as Arbitrageur,” prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, (2010). Antonio Giustozzi, and Noor Ullah, “’Tribes’ and Warlords in Southern Afghanistan, 1980- 2005,” Crisis States Research Centre, working paper no. 7 (2006).

Violence and Terror (April 11)

Martha Crenshaw, “The Debate over “New” vs. “Old” Terrorism,” prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, August 30- September 2, 2007. Robert Pape, “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,” American Political Science Review, 97:3 (August 2003), 343-631. Adrian Guelke, The Age of Terrorism, 1-17, 143-161. Andrew Kydd and Barbara Walter, “The Strategies of Terrorism,” International Security, 31:1 (Summer 2006), 49-80. Mary Anne Weaver, “The Real bin Laden,” The New Yorker, 24 January 2000. Various documents on Al-Qaeda. Clark McCauley, “The Politics of Suicide Terrorism,” (review article), Middle East Journal, 59:4 (October 2005), 663-666. Arabinda Acharya and Sonal Marwah, ‘Nizam, la Tanzim (System, not Organization): Do Organizations Matter in Terrorism Today? A Study of the November 2008 Mumbai Attacks,’ Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 34:1 (2011), 1-16.

Mass Killing and Genocidal Violence (April 18)

Jacques Sémelin, “From massacre to the genocidal process,” International Social Science Journal, 54:174 (December 2002), 433-442. Benjamin Valentino, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), 1-90. Zygmunt Bauman, “The Uniqueness and Normality of the Holocaust,” in Catherine Besteman, ed., Violence: A Reader, (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 67- 96. Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 213-280. Helen Fein, “Revolutionary and Antirevolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-1979, and in Indonesia, 1965-1966, Comparative Studies in Society and History 35:4 (1993), 796-823. Scott Straus, “Order in Disorder: A Micro-comparative Study of Genocidal Dynamics in Rwanda,” in Stathis Kalyvas, Ian Shapiro and Tarek Masoud, Order, Conflict and Violence, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 301-320. Kristen Renwick Monroe, “Cracking the Code of Genocide: The Moral Psychology of Rescuers, Bystanders, and Nazis during the Holocaust,” Political Psychology, 29:5 (2008), 699-736.

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Non-state Armed Groups (May 2)

Jeremy Weinstein, “Resources and the Information Problem in Rebel Recruitment,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49:4 (August 2005), 598-624. Stathis Kalyvas and Matthew Adam Kocher, “How ‘Free’ is Free Riding in Civil Wars: Violence: Insurgency and the Collective Action Problem,” World Politics, 59 (January 2007), 177-216. Klaus Schlichte, “With the State against the State? The Formation of Armed Groups,” Contemporary Security Policy, 30:2 (August 2009), 246-264. Anthony Vinci, “Existential Motivations in the Lord's Resistance Army's Continuing Conflict,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 30:4 (April 2007), 337-352. Lisa Hultman, “Battle Losses and Rebel Violence: Raising the Costs for Fighting,” Terrorism and Political Violence, 19:2 (2007), 205-222. Russell Sobel and Brian Osoba, ‘Youth Gangs as Pseudo Governments: Implications for Violent Crime,’ Unpublished Paper (2006). Yvan Guichaoua, “Process of violent political mobilization: an overview of contemporary debates and CRISE findings,” CRISE (2010).

Violence and the State: Latin America (May 9)

Mark Mazower, “Violence and the State in the Twentieth Century,” American Historical Review, 107:4 (October 2002), 1158-1178. Fernando Coronil and Julie Skurski, “Dismembering and Remembering the Nation: The Semantics of Political Violence in Venezuela,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 33:2 (1991), 288-337. Heidrun Zinecker, Violence in a Homeostatic System – The Case of Honduras, PRIF Report no. 83 (Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, 2008. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 1-30. Corinne Caumartin, “Racism, Violence, and Inequality: An Overview of the Guatemalan Case,” CRISE Working Paper No. 11 (March 2005). Malcolm Deas, “Violent Exchanges: Reflections on Political Violence in Colombia,” in David Apter, ed., The Legitimization of Violence, (New York: new York University Press, 1997), 350-404. Bilal Y. Saab and Alexandra W. Taylor, “'Criminality and Armed Groups: A Comparative Study of FARC and Paramilitary Groups in Colombia,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32 (2009), 455 — 475.

Violence and the State: Southeast Asia (May 16)

Douglass Kammen, “The Trouble with Normal: The Indonesian Military, Paramilitaries, and the Final Solution in East Timor,” in Benedict Anderson, ed., Violence and the State in Suharto’s Indonesia, (Ithaca: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program Publications, 2001), 156-188. Aurel Croissant, “Muslim Insurgency, Political Violence, and Democracy in Thailand,” Terrorism and Political Violence, 19:1 (2007), 1-18. Geoffrey Robinson, The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), 1-18, 218-234, 273-313.

- Page 6 - Charles Frake, “Abu Sayyaf, Displays of Violence and the Proliferation of Contested Identities among Philippine Muslims,” American Anthropologist, 100:1 (Mar., 1998), 41-54. Ian Douglas Wilson, “Continuity and Change: The Changing Contours of Organized Violence in post-New Order Indonesia,” Critical Asian Studies, 38:2 (2006), 265-297. David Brown and Ian Wilson, “Ethnicized Violence in Indonesia: Where Criminals and Fanatics Meet,” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 13:3 (2007), 367-403.

Weeks 11-13

The last sessions will be devoted to presentations of the research paper drafts, and will be organized in a “conference panel format” on one full day (or 1.5 days, if necessary) during the week of May 23-28.

- Page 7 - Suggested Readings

Introduction: “Violence” and “Political”

Steger, Manfred B., and Lind Nancy S. Violence and its alternatives: an interdisciplinary reader. (New York: St. Martin press, 1999). Williams Michael C., ‘The Public, the Private and the Evolution of Security Studies,’ Security Dialogue December, 41 (2010), 623-630. Vittorio Bufacchi, Violence: A Philosophical Anthology. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Vittorio Bufacchi, Violence and Social Justice. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). Geneva Declaration Secretariat, The Global Burden of Armed Violence. (Geneva: Geneva Decleration Secretariat, 2008)9-30. Available at: http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/Global-Burden-of-Armed-Violence-full- report.pdf Kenny, Paul. D. ‘What is Torture?’ Paper prepared for the Order, Conflict, and Violence Workshop. Yale University (2009). Bruce B. Lawrence and Aisha Karim, eds., On Violence: A Reader. (London: Duke University Press, 2007). Catherine Besteman, ed., Violence: A Reader. Main Trends of the Modern World. (New York: New York University Press, 2002). Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois, eds., Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004). Jean-Pierre Derriennic, “Theory and Ideologies of Violence,” Journal of Peace Research, 9:4 (1972), 361-374.

The Ontology of Violence

Halperin, Eran, Canetti-Nisim Daphna, and Sivan Hirsch-Hoefler, ‘The central Role of group Based Hatred as an Emotional Antecedent of Political Intolerance: Case of Israel,’ Political Psychology, 30: 1 (2009), 93-123. Hudson, Valerie M. ’Sex, War, and Peace: Rank and Winter on rank’ Political Psychology, 31: 1 (2010), 33-39. Reno, William 'Explaining Patterns of Violence in Collapsed States', Contemporary Security Policy, 30:2 (2009), 356 — 374. Skaperdas, Stergios. ‘The Cost of Organized violence: A review of the evidence.’ CEFIfo Working paper No. 2704. Available online at: http://www.ifo.de/portal/page/portal/DocBase_Content/WP/WP- CESifo_Working_Papers/wp-cesifo-2009/wp-cesifo-2009-07/cesifo1_wp2704.pdf Spear, Joanna. 'From political economies of war to political economies of peace: The contribution of DDR after wars of predation', Contemporary Security Policy, 27:1 (2006), 168-189. Maria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern, “Making Sense of Violence: Voices of Soldiers in the Congo (DRC), Journal of Modern African Studies, 46:1 (2008), 57-86.

The Changing Face of War and the “New Wars” Debate

Herfried Münkler, The New Wars. (Cambridge Polity Press, 2005).

- Page 8 - Herberg-Rothe Andreas, ‘Clausewitz’s “Wondrous Trinity” as a Coordinate System of War and Violent Conflict,’ International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 3:2 (2009), 204-219. Malesevic, Sinisa. ‘War in Time and Space,’ in The Sociology of War and Violence, by Sinisa Malesevic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 89-179. Mello, Patrick A. ‘In search of New Wars: the debate about the transformation of war,’ European Journal of International Relations, 16:2 (2010), 297-309. Reyna, Stephen. ‘Taking Place: new wars versus global wars,’ Social Anthropology, 17:3 (2009), 291-317. Heupel Monika, and Zangl Bernhard. ‘On the transformation of warfare: a plausibility probe of the new war thesis,’ Journal of International Relations and Development, 13 (2010), 26- 58. Ruth Seifert, ‘The Second Front: The logic of sexual Violence in Wars,’ Reprinted in Violence and its Alternatives. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Kestbaum, Meyer. ‘The Sociology of War and the Military,’ Annual Review of Sociology, 35 (April 2009), 235-254. Online access: http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/papers/Kestnbaum09.pdf Newman, Edward. ‘The New Wars Debate: a historical perspective is needed,’ Security Dialogue, 35:2 (2004), 173-189. Online access: http://www.janeliunas.lt/files/Newman%20(2004)%20-%20New%20Wars%20Debate.pdf Blattman, Christopher, and Miguel Edward. ‘Civil War,’ Center for International and Development Economics Research, Institute of Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley. Online Access: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/90n356hs Nicholas Sambanis, “What Is Civil War?: Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48:6 (2004), 814-858.

Identity and Communal Conflicts

Brubaker Rodgers, ‘Ethnicity, Race, and Nationalism,’ Annual Review of Sociology, 35 (2009), 21-42. Cederman Lars-Erik, Buhaug Halvard, and Rød Jan Ketil, ‘Ethno-Nationalist Dyads and Civil War: A GIS-Based Analysis’ Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53:4 (2009), 496-525. Cederman, Lars-Erik and Gleditsch Kristian Skrede, ‘Introduction to Special Issue on “Disaggregating Civil War”’ Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53:4 (2009), 487-495. Mulloy, D. J. ‘’Liberty or Death’: Violence and the Rhetoric of Revolution in the American Militia Movement.’ Canadian Review of American Studies, 38:1 (2008), 119-145. Abulof, Uriel. ‘’Small Peoples’: The existential Uncertainty of Ethno National Communities’ International Studies Quarterly, 53:1 (2009), 227-248. Karin Dyrstad, ‘After Civil War: An empirical Study of ethnic Intolerance in the Western Balkans.’ Paper prepared for SGIR 7th Pan-European International Relations Conference, Stockholm 9-11 (September 2010). Wucherpfennig Julian, ‘Bargaining, Power, and Ethnic Conflict’ Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Swiss Political Science Association, Geneva, January 7-8, 2010. Chaim Kaufmann, “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars,” International Security, 20:4 (Spring 1996), 136-175. Nicholas Sambanis, “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature,” World Politics, 52:4 (July 2000), 437-483. Ron Hassner and Michael Horowitz, “Correspondence: Debating the Role of Religion in War,” International Security, 35:1 (2010), 201 – 208.

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Warlordism

Reno William, ‘Illicit markets, violence, warlords, and governance: West African cases,’ Crime, Law, and Social Change, 52 (March 2009), 313-322. Ahram Ariel I. and King Charles, ‘The Warlord as Arbitrageur,’ Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, (September 2010). King Charles, ‘Warlordism, Sovereignty, and the State in Eurasia,’ Paper Presented to the Harriman Institute Seminar Series on Limited Sovereignty and Soft Border in South- eastern Europe and the Former Soviet States: The Challenges and Political Consequences of Future Changes in Legal Status (2007): http://www.harrimaninstitute.org/MEDIA/01071.pdf Morten Boas, “Liberia and Sierra Leone – Dead Ringers? The Logic of Neo-patrimonial Rule,” Third World Quarterly, 22:5 (2001), 697-723.

Violence and Terror

Etzioni Amitai, ‘Terrorists: A distinct Species,’ Terrorism and Political Violence, 23:1 (2011), 1-12. Abrahms,Max. ‘What terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Counter Terrorist Strategies,’ International Security, 32:4 (2008), 78-105. Erica Chenoweth, Nicholas Miller, Elizabeth McClellan, Hillel Frisch, Paul Staniland, and Max Abrahms. ‘Correspondence: What Makes Terrorists Tick,’ International Security, 33:4 (2009), 180 – 202. Devlin-Foltz, Zachary, and Ozkececi-Taner Binnur, ‘State Collapse and Islamist Extremism: Re-evaluating the Link,’ Contemporary Security Policy, 31:1 (2010), 88 – 113. Gunaratna Rohan, and Oreg Aviv, ‘Al Qaeda's Organizational Structure and its Evolution,’ Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:12 (2010), 1043 – 1078. Esch, Joanne. ‘Legitimizing the war on terror: political myth in official-level rhetoric.’ Political Psychology, 31:3 (2010), 357-391. Gupta. Dipak K. Understanding Terrorism and Political Violence. (London: Routledge, 2008).pops_738 Anderson, Kenneth. ‘Comments on Professor Etzioni’s ‘‘Terrorists: A Distinct Species’’’ Terrorism and Political Violence, 23 (2011), 16-18. (Forthcoming online) Michael Jacobson, 'Terrorist Financing and the Internet', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:4 (2010), 353 — 363. Eilstrup-Sangiovanni Mette, and Calvert Jones, ‘Assessing the Dangers of Illicit Networks: Why al-Qaida May Be Less Threatening Than Many Think,’ International Security, 33:2 (2008), 7-44. Martha Crenshaw, “The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century,” Political Psychology, 21:2 (June 2000), 405-420.

Mass Killing and Genocidal Violence

Daniel Chirot and Clark McCauley, Why not Kill them All? The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). Melander, Erik. ’Selected to go where murderers lurk? The preventative effect of peace keeping on mass killings of civilians.’ Conflict Management and Peace Science, 26:4 (2009), 389-406.

- Page 10 - Spini, Dario, Elcheroth Guy, and Fasel Rachel. ‘The Impact of group Norms and generalizations of Risk across groups on Judgements of War behaviour,’ Political Psychology, 29:6 (2008), 919-941. Ramadan Adam, ‘Destroying Nahr el-Bared: Sovereignty and Urbicide in the space of exception,’ Political Geography, 28 (2009), 153-163. Baum.Steven K. The Psychology of Genocide. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2008). Ervin Staub, “Genocide and Mass Killing: Origins, Prevention, Healing and Reconciliation,” Political Psychology, 21:2 (June 2000), 367-382.

Non-state Armed Groups

Salehyan Idean, ‘The delegation of War to Rebel Organizations,’ Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54:3 (2010), 493-515. Henriksen Rune, and Vinici Anthony, ‘Combat Motivation in Non-State Armed Groups,’ Terrorism and Political Violence, 20:1 (2008), 87-109. Dowdall Jonathan, and Smith M. L. R., ‘Counter-insurgency in the Grey: The Ethical Challenge for Military Conduct,’ Contemporary Security Policy, 31:1 (2010), 34-60. Mullins, Sam 'Parallels Between Crime and Terrorism: A Social Psychological Perspective', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32:9 (2009), 811 — 830. Boyle, Michael J. 'Explaining Strategic Violence after Wars', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32:3, (2009), 209 — 236. Oehme III, Chester G. 'Terrorists, Insurgents, and Criminals—Growing Nexus?', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31:1 (2008), 80 — 93. Dishman, Chris 'The Leaderless Nexus: When Crime and Terror Converge', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 28 (2005), 237 — 252. Beck, Teresa Koloma, 'Staging Society: Sources of Loyalty in the Angolan UNITA', Contemporary Security Policy, 30:2 (2009) 2, 343 — 355. Schlichte Klaus, In the Shadow of Violence: The Politics of Armed Groups (New York: Campus Verlag, 2009). Clunan,Anne L., and Trinkunas Harold A., Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010). Williams, Phil. ‘From the Middle Ages to a new Dark Age: The Decline of the State and US Strategy,’ Paper Prepared for the Strategic Studies Institute (2008). Okumu, Wafula, and Ikelegbe Augustine, Militias rebels and Islamist Militants. (Institute for Security Studies, 2010) Available online at: http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/MilitiasRebelsIslamistMilitantsNov2010.pdf#page=73 Davis, Diane E. "Irregular Armed Forces, Shifting Patterns of Commitment, and Fragmented Sovereignty in the Developing World." Forthcoming in: Theory and Society. Percy, Sarah, Mercenaries : The History of a Norm in International Relations. (Oxford University Press, 2008). Anthony Vinci, Armed Groups and the Balance of Power. (New York: Routledge, 2009).

Violence and the State: Latin America

Allison, Michael E. ‘The Legacy of Violence on Post-Civil war elections: the case of El Salvador.’ Studies in Comparative International Development, 45 (January 2010),104- 124.

- Page 11 - Boyd, Jaimie. ‘Informal Violence as a Symbolic Strategy,’ Paper Presented at the Canadian Association for Latin American and Carrabin Studies (June 2010). Booth John A, & Seligson. Mitchell A. The Legitimacy Puzzle in Latin America: Political Support and Democracy in Eight Nations. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Review of it can be seen here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467- 9221.2010.00789.x/pdf Rosenberg, Tina. Children of Cain: Violence and the violent in Latin America. (New York: Penguin Books, 1992). Arjona Ana M. and Kalyvas Stathis, ‘Preliminary Results of a Survey of Demobilized Combatants in Colombia,’ Unpublished Working Paper (2006). Arjona Ana M. and Kalyvas Stathis, ‘Rebelling Against Rebellion: Comparing Insurgent and Counterinsurgent Recruitment,’ Paper prepared for the Centre for Research on Inequality, human Security, and Ethnicity (CRISE) Workshop on Mobilization for Political Violence: What do we know? (March 2009). Fifield, Jessica. ‘Just War and Citizenship: Responses to Youth Violence,’ International Journal of Communication, 3 (2009), 668 – 682. Arias Enrique Desmond, Goldstein Daniel M. Violent Democracies in Latin America. (Duke University Press, 2009). Kees Koonings, “Political Armies, Security Forces and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America,” in Gavin Cawthra and Robin Luckham, eds., Governing Insecurity, (Zed Books, 2003)124-151. Jennifer Schirmer, The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy. Kevin Sabet and Viridiana Rios, “Why Violence has Increased in Mexico and What Can We Do about it,” unpublished paper, 28 November 2009.

Violence and the State: Southeast Asia

Kalyvas, Stathis N., and Kocher Mathew Adam. ‘The Dynamics of Violence in Vietnam: Analysis of the hamlet Evaluation System (HES),’ Journal of Peace Research, 46:3 (2009), 335-355. Roberts, Rebecca, 'Cambodia: Surplus Destruction After War and Genocide', Contemporary Security Policy, 29:1 (2008), 103 — 128. Hastings, Justin, V. ‘Illicit flows in the Hong Kong- China-Taiwan Triangle,’ Issues & Studies 45:2 (June 2009), 185-220. Hastings, Justin, V. No Man’s Land: Globalization, Territory, and Clandestine Groups in South East Asia. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010).

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