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Coping with Emigration in Baltic and East European Countries Coping with Emigration in Baltic and East European Countries The Baltic countries have experienced sustained emigration over the past decade, contributing to population decline and a loss of working-age population. The impact of this emigration is felt strongly in the labour market, the general economy and in social developments. How can countries deal with the impact of high levels of emigration? How to attract back emigrants? How best to benefit from the financial, social and human capital developed abroad? The Baltic countries are not alone in addressing these challenges, and this volume brings together the recent experience of Poland and Romania, as well as a wide range of OECD countries, in developing new policies to cope with emigration. Contents Executive summary Chapter 1. Emigration from the Baltic States: Economic impact and policy implications Chapter 2. Emigration from Estonia: Recent trends and economic impact Coping with Emigration Chapter 3. The social and economic impact of emigration on Lithuania Chapter 4. Emigration from Latvia: Recent trends and economic impact Chapter 5. Matching the skills of return migrants to labour market needs in Poland in Baltic and East European Chapter 6. Mobilising migrants skills and resources in Romania Countries BALTIC INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY Coping with Emigration in Baltic and East European Countries European East and Baltic in Emigration with Coping INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY B MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPOR MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COU DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRI INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA M BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264204928-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATIO BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY IN MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPOR DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY B DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRI MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COU ISBN 978-92-64-20491-1 BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU 81 2013 24 1 P INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA M INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA E 9HSTCQE*caejbb+ BALTIC COUNTRIES DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COUNTRIES DI MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION POLICY DIASPORA BALTIC DIASPORA MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU MOBILITY BALTIC COU DIASPORA BALTIC COUNTRIES INTRA EU MOBILITY MIGRATION PO MIGRATION POLICY INTRA EU M BALTIC COUNTRIES INTR Coping with Emigration in Baltic and East European Countries This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2013), Coping with Emigration in Baltic and East European Countries, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264204928-en ISBN 978-92-64-20491-1 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-20492-8 (PDF) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2013 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD – 3 Foreword Emigrants are increasingly seen as a key resource to support long-term economic growth in their countries of origin, not only providing remittances but contributing to development through investment, exchange, and intensification of networks. The worldwide stock of migrants has grown to comprise 3% of the world population, accounting for more than 232 million people in 2013. The notion of “diaspora” often includes descendants of migrants and more generally persons who maintain ties of some kind with a specific country of origin in relation to their migration background. This makes a broad pool of resources on which countries can draw. How to gain from emigration is a pressing question in countries which are undergoing large emigration. The Baltic countries, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, are a prime example of countries where recent emigration has drawn the attention of policy makers looking to mitigate potential negative impacts of the departure of young and skilled emigrants as well as to support economic development. The latter two countries in particular saw outflows rise after accession to the European Union and peak during the severe recession in which began in 2008. These outflows, which have disproportionately involved young people, exacerbate a demographic situation in which Baltic countries face a rapidly ageing population and receive few immigrants themselves. This publication underlines how the diasporas of each Baltic countries is far from homogeneous, consisting of individuals with different emigration histories, expectations, skills, degrees of attachment to the country of origin and of integration in the destination country. Designing policies which respond to such a heterogeneous and rapidly changing group is particularly challenging. It requires, as a first step, to have a sufficiently detailed and accurate picture of population groups in question, as well as an assessment of future labour market and skills needs. This is a prerequisite for providing them with more specific and targeted information on economic opportunities. To shed more light on these issues, the OECD co-organised, with the Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on 17 December 2012 a conference on the economic impact of emigration, exploring the challenges and policy implications of emigration in the Baltic countries. This was the first time that policy makers in the region came together to discuss the evidence on emigration and its impact, and to exchange their experience with representatives of OECD countries with longer experience of emigration and diaspora relations. This publication compiles the material developed and discussed at the joint seminar. It takes stock of the current knowledge of emigration from Central and Eastern Europe, including the characteristics of past and present emigrants, their tendency to return or to remain abroad, and the economic impact of this movement on the origin country. It is well known that remittances from emigrants may act as a buffer during a recession in origin countries, but there are other effects on the labour market which are more ambiguous, including changes in the skill composition. COPING WITH EMIGRATION IN BALTIC AND EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES © OECD 2013 4 – FOREWORD The publication also identifies policy instruments which
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