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Palinotaxonomia De Alcantarea (E. Morren Ex Mez) Harms, Um Gênero Segregado De Vriesea Lindl. (Bromeliaceae Juss.)

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Palinotaxonomia De Alcantarea (E. Morren Ex Mez) Harms, Um Gênero Segregado De Vriesea Lindl. (Bromeliaceae Juss.) VALÉRIA LEOBINA DOS SANTOS Palinotaxonomia de Alcantarea (E. Morren ex Mez) Harms, um gênero segregado de Vriesea Lindl. (Bromeliaceae Juss.) SÃO PAULO 2016 VALÉRIA LEOBINA DOS SANTOS Palinotaxonomia de Alcantarea (E. Morren ex Mez) Harms, um gênero segregado de Vriesea Lindl. (Bromeliaceae Juss.) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. ORIENTADORA: DRA. CYNTHIA FERNANDES PINTO DA LUZ Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pelo NÚCLEO DE BIBLIOTECA E MEMÓRIA Santos, Valéria Leobina dos S231p Palinotaxonomia de Alcantarea (E.Morren ex Mez) Harms, um gênero segregado de Vriesea Lindl. (Bromeliaceae Juss.) / Valéria Leobina dos Santos -- São Paulo, 2016. 198p. il. Dissertação (Mestrado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2016. Bibliografia. 1. Bromeliaceae. 2. Grãos de pólen. 3. Tillandsioideae. I. Título. CDU: 582.564 VIA LÁCTEA "Ora (direis) ouvir estrelas! Certo Perdeste o senso!" E eu vos direi, no entanto, Que, para ouvi-las, muita vez desperto E abro as janelas, pálido de espanto... E conversamos toda a noite, enquanto A via-láctea, como um pálio aberto, Cintila. E, ao vir do sol, saudoso e em pranto, Inda as procuro pelo céu deserto. Direis agora: "Tresloucado amigo! Que conversas com elas? Que sentido Tem o que dizem, quando estão contigo?” E eu vos direi: "Amai para entendê-las! Pois só quem ama pode ter ouvido Capaz de ouvir e de entender estrelas". (Olavo Bilac) Dedico, Aos meus queridos pais, Pedro e Odavina, exemplos de amor e honestidade. i Agradecimentos À minha orientadora Dra. Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz pela paciência e por todos os ensinamentos que com certeza, levarei por toda a minha trajetória profissional e pessoal. Agradeço também a sua disposição em confeccionar as pranchas de Alcantarea desta dissertação. Ao Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente pela infraestrutura concedida. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pelo apoio financeiro e concessão de bolsa de estudo (Processo 2013/22881-9). À Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento em Pesquisa e Ensino Superior (CAPES) pelo auxilio financeiro concedido a Dra Maria das Graças Lapa Wanderley no projeto “Estudos Integrados visando ao Conhecimento Interdisciplinar nas Famílias Bromeliaceae e Xyridaceae” (Edital Programa Nacional de Apoio e Desenvolvimento da Botânica PNADB 17/2009), que financiou parte da aquisição das eletromicrografias desta dissertação, realização de excursões para coleta do material estudado e ida a eventos científicos para divulgação dos dados preliminares obtidos. Aos especialistas em Bromeliaceae Dra. Maria das Graças Lapa Wanderley e Dr. Leonardo de Melo Versieux pelas valiosas colaborações que foram cruciais para o desenvolvimento do presente estudo. À pesquisadora do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Palinologia Mse. Ângela Maria da Silva Corrêa por toda a ajuda nos momentos de duvidas e dificuldades, assim como pelas palavras de fé. Serei eternamente grata por ter dedicado tantas vezes parte do seu tempo para me auxiliar e conduzir. Agradeço também a sua ajuda na confecção dos gráficos dos intervalos de confiança desta dissertação. Aos curadores do Herbário “Maria Eneyda P. K. Fidalgo” (Instituto de Botânica), Herbário do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Herbário da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Herbário do Departamento de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo e da Coleção Viva do Instituto de Botânica (Coleção de Bromeliaceae do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Plantas Ornamentais) pela disponibilização dos materiais polínicos. À mestranda Camila Araujo por ter me recebido de maneira tão gentil e me auxiliado durante as minhas visitas técnicas ao herbário do Instituto de Botânica para aquisão dos botões florais. ii À Msc. Laura Benitez Bosco por todo auxilio durante a prestação de contas à FAPESP assim como nas questões pertinentes as disciplinas, pelo companherismo e palavras positivas nos momentos difíceis. Muito obrigada. À pesquisadora do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Palinologia do Instituto de Botânica Dra. Maria Amélia Vitorino da Cruz-Barros pelas sugestões dadas na elaboração da aula de Qualificação, na doação de artigos científicos sobre Palinologia e por sua disposição em sempre me transmitir seus conhecimentos. Ao Dr. Luciano Maurício Esteves, pesquisador do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Palinologia, pela atenção e doação de material de estudo. À Dra. Carolina Brandão Coelho pela generosidade e pela amizade. Ao Kauê Fonseca, funcionário do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Palinologia, pelo apoio técnico-administrativo durante o andamento deste estudo. À Dra. Luciana Benatti, funcionária do Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura do Instituto de Botânica, ao André Haraguti Aguillena do Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica da UNIFESP e demais técnicos do Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica da UNICAMP pela aquisição das imagens. Ao mestrando Higor Antonio Domingues pelo companherismo e trocas de experiências. Ao meu querido professor de inglês, Jailson Ribeiro Lima por ter me ensinado que não há obstáculos ou limites para se aprender uma nova língua. Eu nunca teria conseguido sem seus ensinamentos e seus gestos de apoio. Você mora em meu coração. Ao Richard Turner por também ter me ensinado inglês com amor e por sempre estar perto, mesmo estando tão longe. Continue lutando por um mundo melhor e mais justo. À Sonia Mori pela amizade, ternura e pelas conversas épicas de final de tarde nas cafeterias da vida. À equipe da EMEI Montese por todo carinho, atenção, estímulo e respeito durante a minha fase pré-mestrado. À Agatha Carvalho por toda atenção e lealdade nesses vários anos de amizade. À Udayan Goswami pelas explicações de matemática, por toda atenção e bons conselhos. À todos os meus ex-professores que contribuíram para o meu crescimento e amadurecimento em cada fase da minha. À Deus, meu pai celeste, que sempre acreditou em mim e somente me deu aquilo que eu realmente precisava e não o que eu desejava. iii RESUMO Bromeliaceae Juss. apresenta 58 gêneros e aproximadamente 3.200 espécies, com distribuição majoritariamente neotropical. Apesar dos avanços significativos na classificação de Bromeliaceae nos últimos anos, a subfamília Tillandsiodeae ainda apresenta problemas de delimitação de gêneros e espécies. O gênero Alcantarea (E. Morren ex Mez) Harms foi foco de discussões porque tradicionalmente era classificado como um subgênero de Vriesea Lindl., ambos pertencentes a família Tillandsiodeae. No entanto, em outros trabalhos foi tratado como um gênero independente. Diante disto, a aquisição de dados palinológicos pode ajudar na delimitação intergenérica e infragenérica em Alcantarea e Vriesea e com este objetivo foram analisados a morfologia polínica de 19 espécies de Alcantarea [A. acuminatifolia Leme, A. aurantiaca Versieux, A. burle-marxii (Leme) J.R. Grant, A. duarteana (L.B. Sm.) J.R. Grant, A. extensa (L.B. Sm.) J.R. Grant, A. farneyi (Martinelli & A.F. Costa) J.R. Grant, A. geniculata (Wawra) J.R. Grant, A. glaziouana (Leme) J.R.Grant., A. hastschbachii (L.B. Sm & Read), A. heloisae J.R. Grant, A. imperialis (Carriére) Harms, A. nanhoumii (Leme) J.R. Grant, A. nevaresii Leme, A. nigripetala Leme & L. Kollmann, A. regina (Vell.) Harms, A. roberto-kautskyi Leme, A. trepida Versieux & Wand, A. turgida Versieux & Wand. e A. vinicolor (E. Pereira & Reitz) J.R. Grant] e 17 espécies de Vriesea [V. atropurpurea Silveira, V. bituminosa Wawra, V. cacuminis L.B. Sm., V. flava A.F. Costa, V. friburgensis Mez, V. itatiaiae Wawra, V. jonghei (K.Koch) E. Morren, V. longicaulis (Baker) Mez, V. medusa Versieux, V. minarum L.B. Sm, V. aff. minor (L.B. Sm.), V. nanuzae Leme, V. neoglutinosa Mez, V. oligantha (Baker) Mez, V. philippocoburgii Wawra, V. pseudoatra Leme e V. stricta L.B. Sm.], totalizando 75 espécimes. Os botões florais contendo o material polínico foram obtidos de exsicatas depositadas nos herbários SP, SPF, RB e UFRN, além de material fresco da Coleção de Bromeliaceae do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Plantas Ornamentais do Instituto de Botânica. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, descritos e fotografados sob microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados demonstraram que o padrão polínico de Alcantarea é similar ao de Vriesea: os grãos de pólen são heteropolares, com âmbito elipsoidal (apesar de Alcantarea aurantiaca, A. burle-marxii, A. glaziouana, A. nahoumii, A. roberto-kauskyi e A. trepida terem apresentado também alguns grãos de pólen esferoidais), monossulcados, sulco apresentando margem, ornamentação da exina reticulada (com exceção de Alcantarea imperialis que apresentou ornamentação foveolada) e, com ápices do eixo equatorial (calotas) de ornamentação diferenciada (microrreticulada ou psilado-perfurada) da área central do pólen. Devido a grande similaridade polínica os dois grupos foram considerados estenopolínicos, o que não corrobora a segregação por estes iv caracteres. No entanto, as características polínicas secundárias aqui observadas podem, de certo modo, auxiliar em futuros estudos destes grupos, já que a ornamentação das calotas equatoriais, espessura da sexina, largura do lumen e tipo de muro do retículo na área central do grão de pólen auxiliaram na separação da maioria das espécies de Alcantarea das de Vriesea, principalmente pelas menores dimensões na sexina
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