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Medicine in Balkans During the Roman Period Balkan Med J 2017;34:295-300 Invited Review 295 Medicine in Balkans during the Roman Period Daniş Baykan Department of Archeology, Trakya University School of Letters, Edirne, Turkey The aim of this study is to investigate the archaeological is closer than the Balkan Geography in terms of social finds to enlighten the medical methods of treatments and relations. The spread of medical tools in Balkans during operations applied in Balkans during Roman Period. Roman Period is concentrated around military garrisons, Some independent local and regional find groups, taken and in settlements built around military pathways, and from existing publications will be grouped together and in settlements containing an amphitheater associated a holistic point-of-view will be taken against medicine in with gladiators. This spread is verified by the studies Balkan Geography during Roman Period. Due to basic on Bulgaria in general. The data is also compatible with differences it contained, the data before Roman Period the assertion suggesting that the amount of application are excluded. Most of Greece and Aegean Islands are also of pharmaceutical treatment increases when one moves excluded since the topic selected is “Medicine of Roman away from the military centres. Period.” Greece and Aegean Islands should be evaluated Keywords: History of Medicine, Roman Empire, in another study in connection with West Anatolia which Balkans Medicine in the Balkans during the Roman Period in Balkan Geography during the Roman Period. Due to the basic differences it contained, the data before the Roman Period were The foundation of this study is the declaration (1). I have excluded. Most of Greece and the Aegean Islands were also th given at the “5 Balkan Congress on the History & Ethics of excluded since the topic selected was “Medicine of the Roman Medicine” that took place between October 11 and 15, 2011. Period.” Greece and the Aegean Islands should be evaluated in Here, the data on medicine in the Balkans during Roman Period another study in association with West Anatolia which is closer was studied. The main inputs of the study were the tomb- than the Balkan Geography in terms of social relations. The contexts of physicians and medicine-related finds obtained method of research was to scan all publications, prioritised by from excavations. The initial text was updated by researching most recent date, on medicine in the Balkans during the Roman the catalogues over the archaeological finds of related museums Period and to provide an overview based on the accumulated (2-4) in Balkan countries, specifically after 2010. The aim was data. to investigate the archaeological finds to determine the medical In today’s political map, the Balkan Geography includes methods of treatments and operations applied in the Balkans Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, during the Roman Period. Some independent local and regional Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia, parts of Slovenia (5-8) find groups, taken from existing publications, were grouped and Romania, and the Thracia region of Turkey. The Balkan together and a holistic point-of-view was taken against medicine Peninsula’s geographical and regional division during the Address for Correspondence: Dr. Daniş Baykan, Department of Archeology, Trakya University School of Letters, Edirne, Turkey Phone: +90 284 235 95 27-1211 e-mail: [email protected] - [email protected] Received: 5 April 2017 Accepted: 18 May 2017 • DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2017.0474 Available at www.balkanmedicaljournal.org Cite this article as: Baykan D. Medicine in Balkans during the Roman Period. Balkan Med J 2017;34:295-300 ©Copyright 2017 by Trakya University Faculty of Medicine / The Balkan Medical Journal published by Galenos Publishing House. 296 Daniş Baykan. Medicine in Balkans during the Roman Period Roman Period was different from that today. During the Roman Tekirdağ, and Kırklareli, alongside sculptures, scriptures, and Period, the region where Greece is was called Provincia Akhaia, altars. A recent publication on Edirne Archaeology Museum’s north of Greece was called Macedonia, the region containing article inventory number 1148, the marble Telesphoros sculpture the Thracia region of Turkey was called Thracia, and the (13) stated that the origin of the artefact is suspected to be from northern region was called Moesia. The main reason behind the Western or Southern Anatolia. propagation of modern medicine, including surgery, during the Apart from those health-cults briefly mentioned here, Roman Period was Roman garrisons, soldiers and gladiators. Aesculapius, Hygeia, and Telesphoros, a rarer cult, Glykon, is The tradition of burying physicians with their tools (9) during also rather common in the Balkans. The cult of Glykon was the Roman Period, especially between the 1st and 4th Centuries in fact established in the 2nd Century A.D. by Alexander of A.D., helps us to understand medical tools better. Ernst Künzl Abonutichus, who claimed to be a descendant of Aesculapius published extensive studies on the contexts of many types of ancestry and was a false prophet; Glykon is described as a physician tombs (10,11). creature having a part-dog, part-lion head, humanlike ears, long hair, and a snake-like body (14). The Glykon sculpture found Cults related to healthcare in the city of Tomis in 1962 and in The National Museum of History and Archaeology (Constanta) is one of the most well- Also, more information on the beliefs and traditions of the known and the largest sculpture of its kind (15,16). Small Roman Period can be gathered from the coins produced by bronze statuettes of the same kind are located in Athens Agora settlements. For example, if cults related to healthcare, such Archaeology Museum and in Ankara Anatolian Civilisations as Aesculapius, Hygeia, and Telesphoros, are worshipped Museum. It is also interesting that Glykon-depicted coins are in the region, this is reflected on the coins. Balkan cities observed in cities of Balkan Geography rather than Ionopolis from the Roman Empire Period can be counted among those (İnebolu/Turkey) where the cult originated. We encounter which use coins that depict the god of health, Aesculapius: coins depicting Glykon in Nicopolis, Dionysopolis (Balchik/ Ainos (Enez/Turkey), Anchialos (Pomorie/Bulgaria), Bulgaria), Markianopolis, and possibly in Pautalia and Tomis. Augusta Traiana (Stara Zagora/Bulgaria), Bizya (Vize/ In the future issues of this magazine, Dr. Aliye Erol Özdizbay Turkey), Callatis (Mangalia/Romania), Deultum (Burgas/ will author an article with the context of “the issue of healthcare Bulgaria), Hadrianopolis (Edirne/Turkey), Markianopolis in Balkans based on Roman coins” which will include (Devnya/Bulgaria), Mesembria (Nesebar/Bulgaria), Pautalia Aesculapius, Hygeia, Telesphoros, and Glykon cults in Balkans. (Kyustendil/Bulgaria), Plotinopolis (Dimetoka/Greece), The contexts of physician tombs will be evaluated together with Philippopolis (Plovdiv/Bulgaria), Serdica (Sophia/Bulgaria), the medicine tools found in settlement excavations and located Tapiros (Xanti/Greece), Traianopolis (Dimetoka/Greece), and in museums. Tomis (Constanta/Romania). Among those centres, Pautalia is especially important since it shows Aesculapius inside a Tombs related to healthcare in the Balkans temple with four columns. The goddess of hygiene from the same period, Hygeia, is depicted in coins from Augusta Traiana, With its 22 metre diameter and 65 metre height, Dulgata Mogila Callatis, Hadrianopolis, Pautalia, Philippopolis, Plotinopolis, (Nova Zagora/Bulgaria) tumulus contains the most important and Serdica. Aesculapius and Hygeia are depicted together in physician tombs in Balkans. This tumulus’ excavation started coins from Anchialos, Apollonia Pontica (Sozopol/Bulgaria), in 1976 and produced three publications on tomb contexts Bizya, Hadrianopolis, Nicopolis (Tarnavo/Bulgaria), Pautalia, identified in 1996 (17). These tombs are dated to the late 1st and Perinthos (Marmara Ereğlisi/Turkey). Century A.D. and early 2nd Century A.D. (18). The first tomb’s Another figure related to health, Telephoros, who is usually context contains three different scalpels with silverworks over regarded in mythology as Aesculapius’ son, can be noticed right bronze, four different forceps, two blunt hooks, ear probes, away by his cuculati outfit. Although his depictions are rare on and a cylindrical probe box (theca vulneraria) (Figure 1) (17). coins, his image appears on urban coins from Balkan Geography Other than the tools, the most important find of the context is in Anchialus (Pomorie/Bulgaria), Deultum, Hadrianopolis, a rectangular medication box with blocks of medicines inside. Markianopolis (12), Nicopolis, and Pautalia. These examples The finds suggest that the physician buried here was performing constitute almost the entire variety of Telesphoros-depicted surgery as well as treating with medication. The physician coins. Telesphoros is also depicted together with Aesculapius buried in Tomb 2 was probably a pharmacist, and a physician and Hygeia on the coins of Bizya and Pautalia. Finds of health- who applied treatment with surgery as well as medication was cults from Turkish Thracia include very few Aesculapius and buried in Tomb 3 (Figure 2). Some tools, small spoons, and the Telesphoros depictions and are exhibited in Museums of Edirne, remains of medications were found in another tomb in Bansko Balkan Med J, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2017 Daniş Baykan. Medicine in Balkans during
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