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Peak Oxygen Uptake and Body Composition Original Article (Short Paper) Fat Mass Is Negatively Associated with the Physiological Ability of Tissue to Consume Oxygen

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Peak Oxygen Uptake and Body Composition Original Article (Short Paper) Fat Mass Is Negatively Associated with the Physiological Ability of Tissue to Consume Oxygen 1 Motriz, Rio Claro, v.24, Issue 4, 2018, e101808 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201800040010 Peak oxygen uptake and body composition Original article (short paper) Fat mass is negatively associated with the physiological ability of tissue to consume oxygen Valentine Z. Vargas1 , Claudio A. B. de Lira2 , Rodrigo L. Vancini3 , Angeles B. R. Rayes1 , Marilia S. Andrade1 1Universidade Federal de Säo Paulo, UNIFESP, Departamento de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; 2Universidade Federal de Goiás, UFG, Setor de Fisiologia Humana e do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; 3Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, UFES, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, CEFD, Vitória, ES, Brazil Abstract –– Aims: To describe the relationship between variables related to body composition and peak oxygen uptake ̇ (VO2 peak) and to verify whether fat mass can affect these relationships. Methods: Eighty participants underwent ̇ cardiopulmonary exercise testing to measure VO2 peak and a body composition assessment to measure fat mass, fat free ̇ mass (FFM), and total body mass (BM). Results: There were significant relationships between VO2 peak relative to FFM (fat free mass) (mL/kgFFM/min) and absolute fat mass (kg) (r=-0.50, p<0.001) and relative fat mass (%) (r=-0.56, ̇ p<0.001). Absolute VO2 peak (L/min) had a high positive relationship with FFM (r=0.83, p<0.0001); the relationship ̇ between VO2 peak (L/min) and FFM remained high and positive even when accounting for absolute fat mass (kg) ̇ (r=0.83, p<0.001). VO2 peak relative to total body mass (mL/kgBM/min) showed a high negative relationship with relative fat mass (%) (r=-0.89, p<0.001) and a positive relationship with fat free mass (kg) (r=0.57, p<0.001), which did not change when accounting for fat mass (kg) (r=0.56, p<0.001). Conclusion: These data indicate that the physiological ̇ ability of tissue to consume oxygen (VO2 peak in mL/kgFFM/min) is negatively associated with fat mass. Moreover, the ̇ individual’s cardiorespiratory capacity to transport oxygen for working muscles (VO2 peak in L/min) is strongly related to absolute FFM, and this association is not affected by fat mass. Finally, a better body mass composition (high FFM ̇ and low fat mass) is important for aerobic physical fitness (VO2 peak in mL/kgBM/min) and improved physiological ̇ ability of tissue to consume oxygen (VO2 peak in mL/kgFFM/min). Keywords: aerobic physical fitness; body composition; peak oxygen uptake; obesity; fat free mass. Introduction highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up, transported, and utilized by the body during maximal exercise12. Furthermore, ̇ According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 39% of VO2 max can be used as a means for identifying physiological adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2016, and 13% impairments and as prognostic data for several types of heart 1 13 ̇ were obese . This number, which is increasing exponentially disease . Achieving a clear plateau in oxygen uptake (VO2) during worldwide, has been strongly associated with physical inactivity1. cardiopulmonary exercise testing has traditionally been used as the ̇ Globally, around 31% of adults (men 28% and women 34%) best evidence of VO2 max. However, in clinical testing situations, aged 15 years and over were insufficiently active in 2008. As a clear plateau may not be detected. Consequently, peak oxygen ̇ ̇ a consequence, approximately 3.2 million deaths each year are uptake (VO2 peak) is often used as an estimate for VO2 max. For 2. ̇ ̇ 13 attributable to insufficient physical activity practical purposes, VO2 max and VO2 peak are used interchangeably . ̇ A sedentary lifestyle and obesity are public health issues In order to compare different individuals, VO2 max/peak is because they are thought to be important risk factors for several usually expressed relative to total body mass (BM) (in mL/kgBM/ noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and min), and when comparing exercise tolerance, this representation 3 14 ̇ type 2 diabetes mellitus . However, there is currently no consensus should be used . Specifically, when VO2 max/peak is used in about whether obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are related or clinical situations, it should be presented relative to fat free whether they are actually independent risk factors. Several previous mass (FFM) (in mL/kgFFM/min), as this better reflects the studies aimed to verify the relationship between obesity and physical physiological ability of the tissue to consume oxygen11. fitness. Their results revealed lower cardiorespiratory fitness for It is possible that the confusion surrounding the proper 4-10. ̇ obese than for thinner subjects for several different populations expression of VO2 max/peak contributes to the conflicting However, contradictory results about the relationship between fat results regarding the relationship between body composition and 4,11 ̇ body mass and physical fitness were found in the literature . VO2 max/peak. In overweight and obese adults, this relationship Aerobic physical fitness levels have traditionally been assessed may present some peculiarities. Overweight and obese people are ̇ by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and can be defined as the characterized by high fat mass percentage, which is a negative 1 Vargas V. Z. & Lira C. A. B. & Vancini R. L. & Rayes A. B. R. & Andrade M. S. ̇ point for VO2 max/peak relative to BM, but not necessarily for Methods expressed in absolute values (L/min). This is because higher fat free mass, a metabolically active tissue, is also expected Participants for overweight and obese people and may contribute to higher ̇ 11 absolute VO2 max/peak values . On the other hand, it is not Adults of both sexes, 18-66 years old, were invited to take part known if a high fat mass can prejudice the ability of the fat free in this study. Participants were recruited through advertisements mass to consume oxygen. that were posted on social networks and at a medical school. To the best of our knowledge, no data are available about Inclusion criteria were: body mass index (BMI) > 20 and <42 the relationship between body composition and different ways kg/m2, plus no history of neurological, cognitive, orthopedic, ̇ to express VO2 max/peak (absolute, relative to BM or relative respiratory, or endocrine disease (except obesity). BMI was to FFM). Therefore, the main aim of this study was to describe calculated by dividing body mass by height squared (kg/m2). the relationship between total body mass and body composition Subjects were classified according to BMI by using the following (body fat mass and fat free mass in absolute and relative values) criteria: a BMI < 25 kg/m2 indicates lean subjects, while BMI ≥ 25 ̇ 2 2 and VO2 peak in individuals with different body mass index kg/m indicates overweight subjects, and a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m (BMI) and to verify whether the level of individual fat mass is indicates obese subjects1. Between July 2013 and December able to affect these relationships. We hypothesized that absolute 2014, 136 subjects were assessed for study eligibility by medical ̇ values for VO2 peak (L/min) will have a significant relationship assessment that included a medical history questionnaire and a ̇ with absolute fat free mass, but VO2 peak relative to BM (mL/ medical examination. Fifty-six individuals were excluded after kgBM/min) will not, and will instead show a stronger relationship application of the inclusion criteria. Eighty subjects participated in with fat mass. We also hypothesized that higher fat mass will this study, the subjects presented the following characteristics: age: ̇ impair the relationship between VO2 peak and FFM and will 47.4±10.3 years old; body mass: 82.2±14.3 kg; height: 164.2±8.7 also be negatively associated with the physiological ability of cm; BMI: 30.5±5.0 kg/m2; fat mass: 42.0±12.3 %; fat mass: the tissue to consume oxygen. These data may be helpful for 33.4±12.4 kg and fat free mass: 44.8±10.6 kg. According to BMI better understanding the factors associated with aerobic physical criteria, 12 subjects were classified as lean, 36 were classified as fitness in lean and overweight or obese populations and to aid overweight and 32 were classified as obese. Figure 1 illustrates evaluation of these populations. flow chart showing participant selection. Figure 1. Flow chart for selection of study participants. The participants were informed about the study’s purpose Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and experimental procedures, and all gave informed written consent before taking part. All experimental procedures were Participants were submitted to a cardiopulmonary exercise approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (protocol test on a motorized treadmill (Inbrasport, ATL, Porto Alegre, ̇ number 215.154) of the University and are in accordance with Brazil) with individualized ramp protocol to measure VO2 peak. the Declaration of Helsinki. An individual, subjective level of exertion was obtained using 2 Motriz, Rio Claro, v.24, Issue 4, 2018, e101808 Peak oxygen uptake and body composition the Borg scale15. During the cardiopulmonary exercise testing, Results ventilation and expired gases were measured breath by breath using a metabolic analyzer (Quark, Rome, Italy). For analysis, The treadmill performance of the participants is shown in mean values were calculated every 20 seconds for each variable. Table 1. All participants finished the test without intercurrence. Calibration procedures for the metabolic analyzer were performed Table 2 presents Pearson coefficient correlations between ̇ according to the manufacturer’s guidelines before each test. The VO2 peak and total body mass (kg), absolute fat mass (kg), fat ̇ highest VO2 measured at the cessation of exercise was called free mass (kg) and relative fat mass (%).
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