RESOURCE BULLETIN Fall 2011 Volume 27 :: Number 1

endered erspectives Gon InternationalP Development

IN THIS ISSUE Gree ngs from the Center for Gender in Global Context (GenCen) at Michigan State Articles ...... 1 University, the host center for the Gender, Development, and Globaliza on (GDG) Program, formerly the Women and Interna onal Development (WID) Program! Audiovisuals ...... 4 Monographs and Technical The Gendered Perspec ves on Interna onal Development Working Papers series Reports ...... 6 is pleased to announce the publica on of its newest paper, “Prolonging Suff ering: Domes c Violence, Poli cal Economy, and the State in Northern Vietnam,” by Lynn Periodicals ...... 12 Kwiatkowski. While the Vietnamese state has recently made domes c violence a prominent concern, it has con nued to emphasize a reconcilia on approach which Books...... 13 has had the unintended eff ect of prolonging the suff ering of many abused women. Study Opportunities...... 17 This paper examines the links between a state approach to domes c violence, transna onal processes, and women’s physical and emo onal health and suff ering. Grants and Fellowships . . . . . 18 This paper, along with much of the Working Papers series, is available for free Conferences...... 20 online at gencen.msu.edu/publica ons/papers.htm.

Calls for Papers...... 23 As always, we encourage submissions and sugges ons from our readers! We especially invite graduate students, scholars, and professionals to review one of a Online Resources ...... 24 number of books that are available for review. We also encourage submissions by Book Review ...... 26 authors and publishers of relevant ar cles and books for inclusion in future issues.

Remember, the current issue of the Resource Bulle n, along with the most recent back issues, are now online! Visit gencen.msu.edu/publica ons/bulle n.htm.

Thank you very much, and enjoy the Fall 2011 issue of the Gendered Perspec ves on Interna onal Development Resource Bulle n!

Execu ve Editor: Anne Ferguson, PhD **The contents of this publica on were developed under a Title VI grant Managing Editor: Meskerem Glegziabher from the U.S. Department of Educa on. However, those contents do Editorial Assistants: Varsha Koduvayur not necessarily represent the policy or views of the U.S. Department of Rebecca Farnum Educa on.** Edited by: Galena Os pow AArticlesrticles

Affilia and par cipant observa on, inspired Comparative Studies of South Asia, Volume 26, Issue 2, 2011 by feminist standpoint analysis as a Africa and the Middle East “The Impact of Unintended theore cal interest. Volume 31, Issue 1, 2011 Consequences of the 1996 U.S. “Islamic Feminism Revisited,” by Haideh Immigra on Reform Act on Women,” Volume 26, Issue 1, 2011 Moghissi, pp. 76-84. Women in almost by Maria Gomes and Fariyal Ross-Sheriff , “Gendered Ma ers: Undocumented every Muslim society have placed issues pp. 117-124. One of the unintended Mexican Mothers in the Current of women’s rights fi rmly at the heart consequences of the 1996 Illegal Policy Context,” by Michele Belliveau, of their socie es’ poli cs. Women- Immigra on Reform and Immigrant pp. 32-46. Feminist theorists have centered secular religious and/or Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), also known exchanged an exclusively gendered nonreligious perspec ves and ac vi es, as the 1996 Immigra on Reform Act, analysis for an intersec onal lens that through their resistance against Islamist which was designed to address the accounts for the mul ple marginalized gender poli cs, have introduced a new issues of illegal immigra on in the loca ons occupied by individuals in dynamism into debates over religion United States, is the fracturing of a hierarchy. This ar cle uses both and the secular and the separa on of families. For some female deportees intersec onal and feminist standpoint state and faith. This essay ques ons who have lived in the United States theories to analyze the fi ndings from the outcome for women who in their since infancy, deporta on is a case of a qualita ve study of undocumented con nued and persistent intellectual double despair because they are sent Mexican mothers’ strategies of a aining tendencies push for Islamic feminism as away from both the country to which resources for their children in the the only homegrown, locally produced, they have been socialized and their current policy context. Standpoint and culturally appropriate frame for families and are exiled to their countries theory foregrounds the voices of feminist ac vism in Muslim-majority of birth, where they are strangers. undocumented Mexican mothers, while countries. Despite the interlocking and overlapping intersec onal analysis illuminates their oppressions of gender, migra on status, mul ple and interac ng social loca ons. “Ij had and Lower-Middle-Class and social class, many of these deported The fi ndings that mothers accessed Women: Secularism in Rural mothers and grandmothers (as well some needed resources but not others Bangladesh,” by Fauzia Erfan Ahmed, as fathers and grandfathers) have to are analyzed to demonstrate the pp. 124-132. Scholars who argue for the use their social loca on and mul ple relevance of intersec onal analysis to compa bility of Islam with democracy iden es to develop crea ve strategies policy development and prac ce. tend to gloss over the fact that the for coping with the myriad challenges separa on of religion and state has not of reintegra on or rese lement and “Experiences of Racism by Female taken place in the history of the Muslim paren ng from strange lands, their Minority and Immigrant Nursing world. In fact, li le research has been birthplaces. Assistants,” by Natsuko Ryosho, pp. carried out on contemporary eff orts 59-71. In the long-term care system, to make this structural dis nc on, an “To Be or Not to Be a Feminist in gender, race, ethnicity, and class impera ve of the democra c state. India,” by Adi Mitra, pp. 182-200. intersect. While both care providers The author begins this ar cle with an This study was situated in the context and consumers are predominantly analysis of the nineteenth-century of a postcolonial understanding of women, their caregiving and working debates between Islamic scholars and feminism by women in social ac on rela onships refl ect a hierarchical European posi vists and how they work. It analyzed how urban middle- pa ern that is based on race and created a polarized perspec ve that and upper-class women in Kolkata, socioeconomic status. This qualita ve frames Western secular tenets as India, constructed a feminist praxis study explored perceived racism inherently opposed to Islamic religious in terms of their everyday lived and cultural confl icts of eight female principles and that con nues to the experiences as volunteers and social minority and immigrant cer fi ed nursing present day. The author then examines ac vists and as urban Indian women assistants (CNAs) who work at the the call by scholars and ac vists to working in the social work sector of bo om of the nursing home industry separate religion and state in the Indian society. The cri cal issue was hierarchy. On the basis of the fi ndings, Muslim world as well as the Bangladesh the women’s concep on of feminism. the author discusses implica ons Supreme Court’s decision in 2001 to Tes monies from 21 women form the for feminist prac ce in addressing declare the fatwa uncons tu onal. crux of the data that were collected via interracial and cultural issues in nursing The author inves gates to what extent semi-structured bilingual interviews homes. this decree has led to the separa on 1 of religion and state and how it has Women’s Associa ons in Rural South “Gender and the Global Food-Price infl uenced the future of poli cal Islam India,” by Jonathan Pa enden, pp. Crisis,” by Agnes Quisumbing et al., in Bangladesh. Since fatwas target 469–498. This ar cle argues that the pp. 488-492. This ar cle argues that low-income rural women, the author laboring class poor are best able to it is impera ve to take gender into concludes by exploring the implica on access social protec on when they have considera on when evalua ng the of this decision on no ons of gender, suffi cient economic autonomy from their impact of the global food-price crisis Muslim iden ty, and ci zenship in village’s dominant class to allow them and developing crisis-related policies. Bangladesh. to act poli cally. To this end, the ar cle Considera on of gender is important, analyzes the capacity of associa ons given the key role that women play in Development and Change of scheduled caste female laborers in agriculture, the dispropor onate impact Volume 42, Issue 2, 2011 rural Karnataka (south India) to access that the crisis has on women, and the “Between Affi lia on and Autonomy: social protec on through collec ve poten al role that women can play in Naviga ng Pathways of Women’s ac on. It iden fi es links between resolving the crisis. Recent research Empowerment and Gender Jus ce in modifi ca ons of the material condi ons on diff eren al impacts of the crisis is Rural Bangladesh,” by Naila Kabeer, of the laboring class, their capacity to discussed, as are gender dimensions—or pp. 499-528. Inasmuch as women’s take poli cal ac on and the social and lack thereof—in policy responses. subordinate status is a product of the patriarchal structures of Ethiopian Journal of Health constraint that prevail in specifi c and Development contexts, pathways of women’s Volume 16, Issue 3, 2002 empowerment are likely to be “The Role of Men in Fer lity and “path dependent.” They will be Family Planning Programs in Tigray shaped by women’s struggles to Region,” by Gebrekidan Mesfi n, act on the constraints that prevail pp. 247-255. This ar cle seeks to in their socie es, as much by assess men’s role on fer lity and what they seek to defend as by their a tudes towards family what they seek to change. The planning, to compare in which universal value that many feminists ways and to what extent they claim for individual autonomy diff er from their wives/partners, may not therefore have the same and the implica ons for future purchase in all contexts. This family planning programs. The ar cle examines processes of study involved a cross-sec onal empowerment as they play out in compara ve study design. The the lives of women associated with study included couples of the social mobiliza on organiza ons reproduc ve age group, who in the specifi c context of rural were married or in union for Bangladesh. It draws on their greater than six months at the narra ves to explore the collec ve me of the survey. Four hundred strategies through which these and ten respondents (205 men organiza ons sought to empower and 205 wives/partners) were the women and how they in turn drew ins tu onal forms that refl ect the social included. The study for the two sample on their newly established “communi es rela ons of produc on. Three important propor ons showed that Tigrian men of prac ce” to navigate their own variables are iden fi ed: the extent of in general wanted a greater number pathways to wider social change. It economic autonomy from the dominant of children than their wives/partners. concludes that while the value a ached class, support from class-conscious Men’s fer lity inten ons, reproduc ve to social affi lia ons by the women in the social movement organizers and the preferences and their a tude towards study is clearly a product of the socie es poli cal confi gura on of the local family planning seem to infl uence the in which they have grown up, it may state. The former variable in par cular fer lity behavior of their wives and their be no more context-specifi c than the is something that the mainstream a tudes towards the use of modern apparently universal value a ached to social protec on policy agenda fails to contracep ves. Tradi onal sociocultural individual autonomy by many feminists. priori ze. norms, economic and property ownership status mean that Tigrian men “Social Protec on and Class Rela ons: Development in Practice dominate decision-making at all levels Evidence from Scheduled Caste Volume 21, Issue 4-5, 2011 of the reproduc ve processes. Therefore

2 AARTICLESRTICLES in an a empt to promote reproduc ve no on of “fric on,” this ar cle off ers la er, this study inves gates women’s health through the increasing use of an account of what has been at stake in prac ces of travelling to create (a sense modern contracep ves, family planning disavowals of the possibility of reading of) normal joyful life for themselves, programs need to target men specifi cally Chipko as eco/feminist, and suggests the their families, friends and community at all levels of the program. Men should importance of a more generous reading with the aim of shedding light upon be ac vely involved at “knowledge” of eco/feminists’ a en on to the Chipko the complex and mutually cons tu ve level, “suppor ve” level and “acceptor” movement. interplay between women’s agency and level. the various social and poli cal power Journal of International Women’s structures. It is argued that Pales nian Feminist Theory Studies women, although framing their acts Volume 12, Number 1, 2011 Volume 12, Number 2, March 2011 of crossing Israeli-imposed physical “Eco/Feminism and Rewri ng the “‘Giving Memory a Future:’ Confron ng restric on as acts of resistance against Ending of Feminism: From the Chipko the Legacy of Mass Rape in Post- the occupa on, are in fact also seizing movement to Clayoquot Sound,” by Confl ict Bosnia-Herzegovina,” by an opportunity to covertly challenge and Niamh Moore, pp. 3-21. This ar cle Teodora Todorova, pp. 3-15. Responses trespass internal patriarchal forms of draws on research at an eco/feminist to the prevalence of war me rape in control. peace camp set up to facilitate Bosnia-Herzegovina during the 1990s blockades against clear-cut logging civil war has been characterized by Race, Gender and Class in a coastal temperate rainforest in a confl ic ng paradox between the Volume 17, Number 3-4, 2010 Clayoquot Sound on Vancouver Island, interna onal legal a empts by the ICTY “The Abject Bodies of the Maquiladora Bri sh Columbia, in Canada in the to prosecute perpetrators, and Bosnian Female Workers on a Globalized early 1990s. The camp was said to society’s silence, marginaliza on of Border,” by Guadalupe Taylor, pp. be based on feminist principles and individual vic ms, and the pronounced 349-363. This paper ques ons the some mes these were even ar culated desire to “forget” about certain aspects universalism of materialist feminist as eco/feminist principles. The slippage of war me vic miza on. Given that the theories to explain the violence against between these terms provides a focus contemporary prospects of retribu ve the bodies of female maquiladora for discussion. Specifi cally the ar cle jus ce and interethnic reconcilia on in workers. The author draws on Simone explores the apparent paradox of Bosnia-Herzegovina remain a distant de Beauvoir and Judith Butler’s the sheer vitality of this eco/feminist prospect, the ques on of what can be conceptualiza ons of the female ac vism, and in par cular its insistence done to reassert the ethical value of body as well as socialist feminist on interna onal connec ons, in contrast the vic ms of mass rape and violence theory to advocate for a transcultural- to the widely circula ng accounts of con nues to be of great importance. transna onal feminist approach that the end of feminism, and especially Minow’s response to this ques on is includes class, gender, culture, state, the end of global sisterhood, which that even “if the rigor of prosecu on globaliza on, free-trade agreements, emerged in the early 1990s. Thus this and punishment are not pursued, some and phenotype of women who work ar cle is also necessarily about how other form of public acknowledgement, in the maquiladora industry. Since the recent histories of eco/feminism, overcoming communal denial, is the Mexican government exemp on of taxes including tensions between theory very least that can be done to restore to US companies that opened factories and ac vism, are narrated. Taken as dignity to vic ms” (1998: 17). Pertaining on the border, NAFTA has turned a departure point are references to to this, women’s tes monies of war me Mexico in an excellent source of profi ts the work of Vandana Shiva and the viola on have resulted in the concep on for transna onal companies based on Chipko movement which circulated in of cri cal and refl ec ve cultural texts the exploita on of Mexican workers, accounts of the camp, and explore ways such as the two analyzed in this paper. mainly female workers. The patriarchal in which eco/feminists might read such state and capitalism have reinserted u erances as more than evidence of “Pales nian Women‘s Everyday women in a space where they have lost a naive and problema c universalism. Resistance: Between Normality and ci zenship and where their bodies have Eco/feminism’s interna onalism is Normaliza on,” by Sophie Richter- become abject objects for the benefi t situated genealogically in feminism and Devroe. The paper traces Pales nian of globalized industrial produc on. The eco/feminism and read as a counter- women’s understandings, prac ces author suggests that a transcultural- narra ve to the ending of global and framings of everyday resistance. transna onal feminist approach is sisterhood. Through paying a en on Women’s resistance acts consist of both needed to explain and to foster an to various movements, back and forth, materially-based survival strategies agenda for improving the plight of the between Clayoquot and Chipko, Canada and various coping strategies at the maquiladora workers. and India, and drawing on Anna Tsing’s idea onal level. Focusing on the

AARTICLESRTICLES 3 AAudiovisualsudiovisuals

Documentary Educational of the places where it is prac ced, ¡Ya No Mas! (I’ve Had Enough!) Resources FGM con nues to be administered to Violence against women aff ects the lives www.der.org very young women, o en even li le of millions of women worldwide, in all Ritual Burdens girls. In the majority of cases it exposes socioeconomic classes. It is the leading Ritual Burdens is part of the Affl ic ons: them to medical and psychological cause of death and injury among women Culture & Mental Illness in Indonesia problems from which they some mes from fi een to forty-fi ve years of age, series of ethnographic fi lms on severe never recover. The reasons are rooted occurring in greater numbers than traffi c mental illness in Indonesia, based on in religious, cultural and historical accidents, cancer or war, according material drawn from 12 years of person- grounds; this fi lm comprises a balanced to U.N. sta s cs. Nicaragua has not centered research by director and anthropologist Robert Lemelson. The fi lm focuses on Ni Ketut Kasih who has lived her whole life surrounded by the complex rhythms of the Balinese ritual calendar. Here, par cipa on in ritual events is both a spiritual mandate and social obliga on for women who spend countless hours cra ing off erings. Ni Ketut’s masterful hand has contributed to her status as a highly respected ceremonial leader. However, the and non-judgmental explora on into escaped this pandemic. The pervasive pressures of ritual requirements those factors. Na ves of Burkina Faso, culture of machismo and the general o en overwhelm her, crowding her Egypt, Djibou and Ethiopia express public’s indiff erence to the problem in mind with memories of her diffi cult their opinions both in support of and its male-dominated society led to the childhood during Indonesia’s war for against FGM. Their authen c, undiluted murders of more than fi y women at independence. 2011, 25 min. statements highlight the diffi culty of the hands of their husbands or partners resolving an issue that is as deeply last year. Half of these women had Filmakers Library rooted in their cultures as it is shocking fi led police reports on their assaulters www.fi lmakers.com to us. Narrated by Meryl Streep, before they were murdered. In this The Cuƫ ng TradiƟ on with footage of tradi onal wedding documentary, several women describe The Cu ng Tradi on focuses on the celebra ons and a shocking scene their husbands’ and partners’ a acks issue of female genital mu la on (FGM), which follows a young girl experiencing and their frustra ng a empts to obtain a custom which appears barbaric to the FGM, Streep’s narra on takes us jus ce from the Nicaraguan police, westernized eye but is s ll prac ced in through this journey in a delicate and district a orneys and judges. The vic ms many African and some Middle-Eastern non-judgmental way. 2011, 47 min. are rou nely ignored by the police and countries. Despite being illegal in many bureaucrats responsible for arres ng 4 their a ackers. The media makes fun programs that aff ect their lives. 2010, 73 the astronomers and the earthly one of of the women’s suff ering, using songs min. the women, Nostalgia for the Light is a to encourage male chauvinism. The gorgeous, moving, and deeply personal psychologist Ruth Marina Matamoros Films Media Group odyssey. 2011, 90 min. says the situa on is so bad that violence www.fi lms.com against women has been declared a Tribal Wives: Female Roles, Western Indie Pix Films public health problem. To alleviate this Norms, and Tribal Life www.indiepixfi lms.com a few all-women police precincts have Entering a developing-world culture, Pearls on the Ocean Floor been set up, staff ed by specially-trained especially an isolated one, is a reality Pearls on the Ocean Floor examines the policewomen. The policewomen deplore check for any Westerner. If the visitor is lives and works of Iranian female visual that no shelters exist for the ba ered a woman, issues related to patriarchal ar sts living and working in and outside women. In the fi lm, some of the women control and female independence the Islamic Republic. This unfl inching a end a mee ng to learn how to break will almost certainly shape her and incisive study, featuring interviews the cycle of violence. 2010, 38 min. interac ons with the community. This with Shirin Neshat, Shadi Ghadirian, three-part series follows three Bri sh Parastou Forouhar, Sara Rahbar, and Good Fortune: The Development women as they become temporary twelve others, captures the uncertainty Dilemma in Kenya addi ons to families in remote areas of this momentous me in Iran’s history. Are interna onal aid programs in Africa of Turkey, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. As Speaking with grace and honesty, these undermining the very communi es an on-the-ground case study, each brave women express what is seldom they aim to help? Good Fortune is episode evokes challenging ques ons seen in the western media: unique a rare and in mate portrait of two regarding women’s rights across the individual perspec ves regarding issues vibrant Kenyan communi es, one globe. To what extent can we impose of iden ty, gender, and the role art plays rural, one urban, ba ling to save their Western standards? Should they enter in challenging the tradi onal stereotypes homes and businesses from large- the discussion at all? Is defi ance or o en associated with women in Iran. scale development organiza ons. conformity the be er strategy when 2009, 77 min. Both communi es believe the aid the customs under discussion, however projects will devastate their lives and alien, are no longer theore cal? 2010, Women Make Movies are organizing to fi ght back. Part I is 50 min. www.wmm.com set in the rural countryside where The Price of Sex an American company is threatening Icarus Films An unprecedented and compelling to fl ood Jackson’s family farm. The www.icarusfi lms.com inquiry into a dark side of immigra on company has invested over $21 million Nostalgia for the Light so diffi cult to cover or probe with in a commercial rice farm in the region For his new fi lm master director depth, The Price of Sex sheds light on that they say will s mulate the economy, Patricio Guzmán travels 10,000 feet the underground criminal network of create employment, and provide above sea level to the driest place human traffi cking and experiences of infrastructure. But to irrigate its farm, on earth, the Atacama Desert, where traffi cked Eastern European women the company is planning to fl ood over atop the mountains astronomers from forced into pros tu on abroad. 1100 acres of local farmland, including all over the world gather to observe Filming under cover with extraordinary the homes of 500 families like Jackson’s. the stars. The Atacama is also a place access, even posing as a pros tute to As water reaches his doorstep, Jackson where the harsh heat of the sun gather her material, Bulgarian-born organizes his community and vows to keeps human remains intact: those of Chakarova travels from impoverished fi ght to protect his land. Part II shows Pre-Columbian mummies; 19th century rural areas in post-Communist Eastern the life of a successful midwife, Silva explorers and miners; and the remains Europe, including her grandmother’s Adhiambo, who lives in Kibera, Africa’s of poli cal prisoners, “disappeared” village, to Turkey, Greece, and Dubai. largest squa er community. Her home by the Chilean army a er the military This dangerous inves ga ve journey and business are being demolished as coup of September, 1973. So while brings Chakarova face to face with part of a UN slum-upgrading project. astronomers examine the most distant traffi cked women willing to trust her The government and the U.N. insist and oldest galaxies, at the foot of the and appear on fi lm undisguised. Their the evic ons will be temporary but the mountains, women, surviving rela ves harrowing fi rst-person accounts, as well residents do not believe them. Silva, her of the disappeared whose bodies were as interviews with traffi ckers, clients, husband and her neighbors organize dumped here, search, even a er twenty- and an -traffi cking ac vists, expose the to stop it. The fi lm suggests that poor fi ve years, for the remains of their root causes, complex connec ons, and people should not be passive recipients loved ones, to reclaim their families’ stark signifi cance of sexual slavery today. of well-inten oned interna onal aid histories. Melding the celes al quest of 2011, 73 min.

AAUDIOVISUALSUDIOVISUALS 5 MMonographsonographs andand TechnicalTechnical ReportsReports

ActionAid decision-making processes on climate document provides a cri que of current nyurl.com/5varpta change. Drawing on case studies and monitoring and evalua on frameworks “Farming as Equals: How Suppor ng local ac on in countries across Africa and approaches as experienced by Women’s Rights and Gender Equality (South Africa, Togo, Cameroon, Namibia, women’s organiza ons and movements Makes the Diff erence,” 2011, 44 pp. This Kenya and Tanzania), the sixth edi on worldwide along with an analysis of report takes seven concrete examples of the briefi ng series highlights ways to a large number of monitoring and of policy interven ons which highlight improve gender analysis and increase evalua on frameworks and tools. Part good prac ce for focusing on women, representa on in climate adapta on. I of this document provides a broad and combines this with wider evidence overview of common challenges with to draw out key lessons for monitoring and evalua on delivering stronger outcomes and iden fi es feminist for women smallholder prac ces for engaging in to farmers. It then looks at the strengthen organiza onal current role that diff erent learning and more readily ins tu ons and donors are capture the complex playing in suppor ng women, changes that women’s concluding with concrete steps empowerment and gender that donors and mul lateral equality work seek. Part II ini a ves can take to start off ers an analysis of a large pu ng women’s rights and number of monitoring and gender equality at the heart of evalua on frameworks their agricultural policies. and tools, along with some of their strengths and Arid Lands Information weaknesses in assessing Network women’s rights and gender nyurl.com/4x3vrax equality processes and “Joto Afrika: Women as impacts. Key Players in Climate Adapta on,” by G. Adeniji, nyurl.com/5v4t4ez 2011, 8 pp. Joto Afrika, Swahili “The Power of Inves ng for “Africa is feeling the in Women’s Rights and heat,” is a series of briefi ngs Empowerment: A Mid-Term and online resources about Summary of the MDG3 adap ng to climate change in Fund and its Gender Africa. Gender o en dictates Equality Outcomes,” by who gains and who loses Alexandra Pi man, 2011, in environmental disasters: 18 pp. This brief shares an where women lack basic assessment of the Dutch rights, more will die from MDG3 Fund, highligh ng natural disasters than men; the mid-term outcomes of where they enjoy equal rights, grants made to a sample of the death rate is the same. Global Association for Women’s Rights in women’s organiza ons worldwide. The debates therefore iden fy the need to Development (AWID) fi ndings reveal how cri cal support to mainstream gender into climate change nyurl.com/3vt7qlm women’s organiza ons, working from a analysis, par cularly as women provide “Capturing Change In Women’s rights-based approach, catalyzes a broad up to 90 percent of rural poor people’s Reali es: A Cri cal Overview of Current and wide-reaching set of outcomes that food and produce 60-80 percent of Monitoring and Evalua on Frameworks truly make a diff erence in women’s lives, the food in most developing countries and Approaches,” by Srilatha Batliwala rights, and par cipa on around the but are insuffi ciently represented in and Alexandra Pi man, 2010, 43 pp. This world.

6 Center for Advocacy on Stigma on Responsible Governance of Land aspects of FPP’s work with its partners. and Marginalization and the Paulo and Other Natural Resources,” by In Indonesia, Thailand, and Guyana, Longo Research Initiative Elizabeth Daley and Clara Mi-young a en on to women’s systems of land nyurl.com/4x2lk52 Park, 2011, 45 pp. This paper is wri en use shows how these complement male “The First Pan-India Survey of Sex as a contribu on to the subsequent systems of land use. When indigenous Workers: A Summary of Preliminary prepara on of the Gender Technical women also mobilize to defend their Results,” by Rohini Shani and V. Kalyan Guide, tenta vely tled, “Governing rights, then the collec ve force of the Shankar, 2011, 14 pp. This pan-India Land for Women and Men,” which society is strengthened, not divided. This survey found that while poverty and will focus on gender-equitable land newsle er highlights discussions among limited educa on are condi ons that governance and what this means in indigenous women themselves, on push women into sex work, poverty prac ce for all the na onal and local how best to approach issues of gender pushes women into other labor government offi cials, civil society discrimina on in their own countries markets at earlier ages than in sex groups, and land administrators, and communi es. work. Therefore, sex work cannot be technicians and professionals working considered as singular or isolated in its in the land sector worldwide. The Gender Action links with poverty, as other occupa ons paper is based both on the outcomes nyurl.com/3on4ovh are pursued before sex work emerges or of the consulta on process to date and “Gender, IFIs, And Food Insecurity,” is considered as an op on. Sex work may on suppor ng research, consulta on 2011, 4 pp. Gender Ac on’s primer also be regarded as off ering a signifi cant and literature review on gender and explores IFI-related causes and gender- supplementary income to other forms governance of tenure. It contextualizes specifi c impacts of recent soaring food of labor. Many of those surveyed also and defi nes gender, discusses what prices. Demonstra ng that IFI-led worked in diverse occupa ons in the governance of tenure means from a agriculture, macroeconomic, fi nancial unskilled manufacturing or services gender perspec ve, and iden fi es and and trade policies in developing sector for extremely poor wages. analyzes key issues and themes. It then countries intensify gender inequali es summarizes the recommenda ons and dispropor onately impoverish Federal Ministry of Health of relevant to gender that emerged during women and girls, this primer Nigeria consulta ons in diff erent regions of the recommends targeted ac ons IFIs must nyurl.com/3p6d3dc world. take to address the dispropor onately “Saving Newborn Lives in Nigeria: nega ve impact of food insecurity on Newborn Health in the Context of the nyurl.com/3lbg42z women and girls. Integrated Maternal, Newborn and “The Vital Role of Women In Agriculture Child Health Strategy,” 2011, 120 pp. And Rural Development,” 2011, 11 pp. Gender at Work This report contains new data that This document provides evidence on nyurl.com/43puehy shows that as the death toll in Nigeria the vital role of women in agriculture “A Holis c Approach to Gender is falling, the percentage of deaths and rural development. It demonstrates Equality and Social Jus ce,” by Michel that happen in the fi rst month of life is that elimina ng the gap between men Friedman and Ray Gordezky, 2011, 18 increasing. The authors argue that, since and women in access to agricultural pp. The authors of this paper describe 241,000 babies die in the fi rst month resources and inputs would raise yields the key elements of Gender at Work’s of life in Nigeria every year, Nigeria is on women’s farms by 20-30 percent Organisa on Strengthening Program: the African country with the highest and increase agricultural produc on in the Integral Framework, Ac on Learning newborn death toll. The authors report developing countries by 2.5-4 percent, and Capacity prac ces. These represent that newborn deaths now make up 28 which could in turn reduce the number ideas woven together from a variety of percent of all deaths under fi ve years of undernourished people in the world fi elds (concerned with the individuals’ compared to 24 percent two years ago. by 12-17 percent or 100-150 million psychology and consciousness, access to Also, six out of 10 mothers give birth people. The document also reviews resources, and the social structures in at home without access to skilled care policy recommenda ons and proven which they live and work) to address the during childbirth and it is in the fi rst strategies for closing the gender gap in lack of progress toward gender equality. few days of life when both women and agriculture and rural development. This paper builds on over 15 years of newborns are most at risk. Gender at Work’s engagement with Forest Peoples Programme civil society organiza ons on women’s Food and Agricultural Association nyurl.com/3tc4ax4 rights, gender equality and social jus ce (FAO) “E-Newsle er: Special Edi on on issues in Bangladesh, South Africa, nyurl.com/3lvuhtr Gender,” 2011, 14 pp. The ar cles India, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, “Governing Land for Women and Men: assembled in this special edi on of the Uganda and Zanzibar, as well as previous Gender and Voluntary Guidelines FPP newsle er highlight the gendered papers wri en for the organiza on. It MMONOGRAPHSONOGRAPHS ANDAND TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTSREPORTS 7 concludes with a case study of work KwaZulu-Natal, is a survey methodology how well they have worked. ICRW in Ethiopia, and poses ques ons for for collec ng and analyzing individual- summarizes a systema c review of child those undertaking social innova on and household-level quan ta ve data marriage preven on programs that have and societal change ini a ves regarding on women’s rights over assets with the documented evalua ons. Based on this scaling up impact. goal of providing more in-depth detail synthesis of evaluated programs, the on determinants of women’s asset authors off er an analysis of the broader International Centre for Integrated rights. This study points to signifi cant implica ons for viable solu ons to child Mountain Development gender gaps with respect to women’s marriage. nyurl.com/3guzvc8 asset ownership in Uganda. Further, it “Pro-Poor Value Chain Development sheds light on more detailed aspects of International Food Policy Research for High Value Products in Mountain asset ownership, looking beyond land Institute (IFPRI) Regions: Indian Bay Leaf,” by to a wider array of assets, and not just nyurl.com/3vzseck Dyu man Choudhary et al., 2011, 24 asset ownership but also control and “Gender: A Key Dimension Linking pp. Interven ons with the mountain decision-making authority over assets. Agricultural Programs to Improved stakeholders led to immediate benefi ts The results also point to signifi cant Nutri on and Health,” by Ruth Meinzen- in terms of increased income, enhanced nuances in the nature of the gender Dick, Julia Behrman, Purnima Menon, understanding of environmental values, asset gap and its drivers. and Agnes Quisumbing, 2011, 4 pp. This and increased gender equality. Results four-page brief highlights the need for a show that fair and equitable integra on of producers/ collectors in value chains can enhance food security, promote resilient livelihoods, and reduce the poverty of mountain people. Produc on of high value products and services can help reduce poverty in mountain regions. Value chains can be used to describe the ac vi es and benefi ts involved in bringing such a product from the producer to the market, and analyzed to iden fy improvements along the chain which, if addressed, yield the highest posi ve outcome for small producers, traders, and processors.

International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) nyurl.com/3ooe8to “Gender, Land and Asset Survey Uganda,” by Aslihan Kes, Krista Jacobs, and Sophie Namy, 27 pp. The Survey (GLAS) is one of the fi rst nyurl.com/3fxrk88 gender equitable approach to standard studies to undertake a quan ta ve and “Solu ons to End Child Marriage: What agricultural development strategies gendered assessment of men’s and the Evidence Shows,” by Anju Malhotra in order to improve the livelihoods women’s rights over assets—including et al., 2011, 38 pp. Child marriage is and wellbeing of rural poor. Evidence ownership, documenta on and degree increasingly recognized as a serious shows that increasing women’s access of control over use, transfer and problem, both as a viola on of girls’ to capital and resources, such as land, transac ons—and the implica ons human rights and as a hindrance to raises produc vity, improves children’s thereof. GLAS, developed and piloted by key development outcomes. As more nutri on and educa on and contributes the Interna onal Center for Research on resources and ac on are commi ed to to overall poverty reduc on. Three Women (ICRW) and Associates Research addressing this problem, it becomes agricultural development strategies Uganda Limited and University of important to examine past eff orts and are discussed within this brief, which 8 MMONOGRAPHSONOGRAPHS ANDAND TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTSREPORTS highlight the signifi cance of gender roles dynamic asset fron er, the number and equality in improving nutri on and of equilibria, and whether land and Norwegian Agency for Development health: homestead food produc on; non-land asset stocks converge to such Cooperation linking small holders; and producer equilibria. The paper also inves gates nyurl.com/5vn em marke ng groups. the diff eren al impact of nega ve “Gender Review: Royal Norwegian shocks and posi ve events on husbands’, Embassy Islamabad, Pakistan,” nyurl.com/6j7m865 wives’, and jointly owned assets. Pe er Bauck, Janne Lexow, and Janne “Agricultural Extension Services and Husbands’ and wives’ asset stocks Andresen, 2011, 52 pp. In 2007 Gender Equality: An Ins tu onal are drawn down for diff erent kinds of Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Aff airs Analysis of Four Districts in Ethiopia,” shocks, with husbands’ assets being (MFA) adopted an ac on plan for by Marc Cohen and Mamusha Lemma, liquidated in response to death of a Women’s Rights and Gender Equality 2011, 44 pp. This paper explores household member and dowry and in Development Coopera on (GEAP). whether decentraliza on has improved wedding expenses, and both husbands’ The purpose of this gender review is to the quality of service delivery and and wives’ assets being nega vely strengthen the eff orts of the Norwegian ci zen sa sfac on with the services aff ected by illness shocks. The paper embassy in Pakistan in par cular to plan, provided, focusing on agricultural concludes by drawing out implica ons implement, monitor, and report on how extension. Specifi cally, authors examine for the design of gender-sensi ve social issues are promoted in programs and whether services are responsive to the protec on mechanisms. in the policy dialogue with partners. needs and expressed demands of poor The paper demonstrates these two farmers, including women farmers. International Gender and Trade fi ndings: fi rst, that Pakistan’s gender This ar cle focuses on the ins tu onal Network indicators are discouraging since it arrangements through which agricultural nyurl.com/3d7sqb6 ranks as one of the worst countries extension services are provided and “A Gender Primer of Trade and in the world in terms of gender gap; how these contribute to effi ciency, Investment Policies,” by Pamela and second, that women’s hard-won eff ec veness, and equity in service Sparr, 2002, 11 pp. This paper looks legal rights are under pressure as the delivery. Authors carried out qualita ve at the policy measures put in place by Federal Shariat Court (FSC) of Pakistan research on these ques ons in four governments to regulate interna onal has declared several cri cal clauses of districts in four diff erent regional states. trade, and considers how these the Protec on of Women Act of 2006 Findings include: (1) deployment of measures relate to gender roles and uncons tu onal. The report concludes extension agents to rural communi es rela onships. It discusses the reasons with recommenda ons regarding (kebeles) has increased the agents’ for addressing gender in the context of opportuni es for the embassy to knowledge of local problems as well as trade, arguing that trade has diff erent improve gender mainstreaming in the access to extension services for both impacts on men and women, and that program follow up, and to strengthen female and male farmers; (2) rapid men and women respond diff erently to the ins tu onaliza on of cross-cu ng expansion of the service has created trade policies. It then analyzes several concerns at the embassy. opportuni es for women to become key policy measures including: tariff s, agents; and (3) both male and female quotas, subsidies, exchange rates, Plan International agents off er services to women farmers. capital controls/investment limita ons, nyurl.com/3tc7f9w The authors conclude that greater investment incen ves, intellectual “Weathering the Storm: Adolescent emphasis on downward accountability in property and non-tariff barriers. For Girls and Climate Change” by A. Swarup, service provision would allow extension each of these measures a defi ni on 2011, 44 pp. Analyzing how and why agents to adapt their services to the is provided, as well as an outline of climate change dispropor onately needs and knowledge of the farmers. purpose and a gendered example. In the aff ects adolescent girls, this report case of tariff s, for example, the paper seeks to inform decision-makers and nyurl.com/62au9ks describes how in Senegal the lowering of policy analysts in countries facing the “Do Men and Women Accumulate tariff s on foodstuff s has had an adverse pressures of climate change about ways Assets in Diff erent Ways?: Evidence eff ect on a women’s tomato paste forward. Using evidence collected from from Rural Bangladesh,” by Agnes R. microenterprise which collapsed when Ethiopia and Bangladesh, the report Quisumbing, 2011, 43 pp. This paper cheap imports of tomatoes fl ooded demonstrates that climate change is examines asset dynamics for husband- the market. The paper concludes by exposing a growing number of girls owned, wife-owned, and jointly owned highligh ng the need to undertake and young women to very specifi c assets, using unique longitudinal social impact assessments with a strong risks. These risks include dying during survey data from rural Bangladesh. gender component, which should be disasters, enduring early and forced Nonparametric and parametric methods carried out before trade and investment marriages, being exposed to sexual are used to examine the shape of the agreements are fi nalized. violence, and dropping out of school. MMONOGRAPHSONOGRAPHS ANDAND TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTSREPORTS 9 Rwanda Men Engage Network contend that Norway is the world’s best argue that eff ec ve solu ons to this nyurl.com/3fcysap place to be a mother. Also, eight of the challenge are aff ordable—even in the “Masculinity and Gender-Based 10 top-ranked countries are in Western world’s poorest countries. Violence in Rwanda: Experiences and Europe, and the remaining two are in Percep ons of Men and Women,” the southern hemisphere, with Australia United Nations 2010, 58 pp. This report examines the ranking second and New Zealand eighth. nyurl.com/6k7wncd results of the fi rst na onal household On the other hand, eight of the world’s “State of the World’s Minori es and survey conducted in Rwanda (from 10 worst countries to be a mother are in Indigenous Peoples 2011,” 2011, 262 January 2010 to June 2010) regarding Sub-Saharan Africa. The worst place in pp. This year’s edi on presents an men and women’s percep ons the world to be a mother, according to overview of the situa on of minority and of masculinity and gender-based the authors, is Afghanistan. The authors indigenous women today, and includes violence (GBV). The experiences and argue that despite ongoing confl ict discussions of gender-based violence opinions of those surveyed were and rising civilian casual es, expec ng and armed confl ict, including the quan ta vely and qualita vely studied mothers in Afghanistan are at least 200 violence that indigenous and minority in rela on to the ways in which men mes more likely to die during childbirth women experience within their own are supposed to behave according to than from bombs or bullets. In light of communi es, and the diffi cul es that Rwandan sociocultural norms. The fi nal this, the authors conclude that while they face in accessing jus ce and support sec on contains recommenda ons many countries are making progress, from outside; considera on of the lack for developing programs, including many are s ll lagging behind and thus of progress made towards achieving awareness trainings, psychosocial in need of support. Finally, the authors the Millennium Development Goals for support and campaigns minority and indigenous with a special focus women, with special on male environments focus on reproduc ve such as the police and rights and maternal army. This offi cial report mortality; interviews was commissioned and special reports on by the Rwanda Men traffi cking, intersec onal Engage Network and discrimina on, land coordinated by the seizures and women’s Rwanda Men’s Resource poli cal representa on; Centre. overviews of the human rights situa on of minori es Save the Children and indigenous peoples in Fund every major world region. nyurl.com/3dwd22p “Champions for the UN Women Children: State of the progress.unwomen.org World’s Mothers,” 2011, “Progress Of The World’s 42 pp. This State of the Women: In Pursuit Of World’s Mothers report Jus ce,” 2011, 167 pp. This ranks 164 countries report is UN Women’s fi rst on women’s access to major report, following health care, educa on the organiza on’s launch and opportuni es. in early 2011. It recognizes Whereas millions the posi ve progress of children are alive made—139 countries today because of past and territories now investments in lifesaving guarantee gender equality programs, the authors in their cons tu ons, for note that 22,000 example—but also shows children s ll perish that too o en, women per day, mostly from con nue to experience preventable or treatable injus ce, violence and causes. The authors inequality in their home

1100 MMONOGRAPHSONOGRAPHS ANDAND TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTSREPORTS and working lives. To ensure jus ce This case study seeks to quan fy the agriculture and manufacturing. These becomes a reality for all women, UN diff eren al impact of trade agreements dynamic indicators provide insights into Women calls on governments to repeal on Mexican women and men so that the links between gender and trade laws that discriminate against women, the lessons learned can inform new over the period that a trade agreement and ensure that legisla on protects trade agreements. It uses the Trade is opera ng, where, for instance, the women from violence and inequality in Impact Review (TIR) developed by the situa on before an agreement could be the home and the workplace; support Women’s Edge Coali on for their Look compared with the situa on fi ve years innova ve jus ce services, including FIRST (Full Impact Review and Screening a er the start of a trade agreement. one-stop shops, legal aid and specialized of Trade) campaign. This framework They therefore show to what extent courts, to ensure women can access the enables trade nego ators, governments women gain or lose from increased jus ce to which they are en tled; and and others to forecast the poten al trade. The informa on sheet concludes put women on the frontline of jus ce benefi ts and drawbacks of a trade with a number of prac cal uses for these delivery as police, judges, legislators and agreement before it is ra fi ed. Since the indicators, including: to assess how well ac vists; and invest in jus ce systems North American Free Trade Agreement gender policy coincides or overlaps with that can respond to women’s needs. (NAFTA) was introduced, the number trade policy; to assess the gendered of female-headed households living eff ects of trade and the eff ect that Women and Children First in poverty in Mexico has increased by trade has on gender rela ons; to assess nyurl.com/3g8h2pn 50 percent. While the jobs created by the need for gender-sensi ve policy “Good Prac ce Guide: Community NAFTA primarily went to women, they measures in trade agreements; to assess Mobiliza on through Women’s Groups are low-waged and insecure jobs, for the need for gender-sensi ve policy to Improve the Health of Mothers and example in the border export factories measures to be included in trade policy. Babies,” 2011. The aim of the guide is (maquiladoras). While off ering women to provide a case study of good prac ce some autonomy, they do not alleviate The World Bank South Asia Region in working with women’s groups to poverty. Human Development Unit address maternal and newborn health nyurl.com/3ha6sp5 and to share lessons learned from this Women in Development Europe “Empowering Women: The Eff ect of experience. While the guide describes (WIDE) Women’s Decision-Making Power an approach used in rural communi es nyurl.com/3h3jeqc on Reproduc ve Health Services in India and Bangladesh, this can “Informa on Sheet: Gender and Uptake Evidence from Pakistan,” by be successfully adapted to diff erent Trade Indicators,” 2002, 4 pp. Xiaohui Hou and Ning Ma, 2011, 20 pp. contexts. The project worked through WIDE’s informa on sheet—aimed at What correla ons are there between women’s groups, using a par cipatory governments, trade policy makers, the women’s autonomy and their uptake learning and ac on cycle, to mobilize World Trade Organiza on and academic of reproduc ve health services in community ac on to improve the researchers—is designed to assist eff orts Pakistan? This policy research working health of mothers and babies. In India, to measure and monitor the rela onship paper suggests that women’s decision the project resulted in a 45 percent between trade and gender. It outlines making power has a signifi cant posi ve reduc on in newborn deaths and a three sets of indicators which can be impact on services uptake, while reduc on in maternal deaths, as well applied to an analysis of any trading infl uen al males’ decision making as a 57 percent reduc on in moderate rela onship between countries or power has the opposite eff ect. This maternal depression. In Bangladesh, trade blocks. The fi rst are situa onal study fi nds that empowering women the project resulted in an increase in indicators, which describe the social and (for example, improving their educa on uptake of health services. In both India economic posi on of women. These and economic status) improves their and Bangladesh, the project resulted in should be u lized as a star ng point u liza on of maternity services. It a signifi cant improvement in hygienic for any gender analysis of trade. The also fi nds that reproduc ve health delivery prac ces, including use of second indicator is of poli cal will, which policy should target Pakistani male delivery kits, and an increase in exclusive measures the extent to which trade household members involved in breas eeding. policy makers take gender concerns into making such decisions so that they may account, and to what extent they actually gain a greater understanding of the Women’s Edge Coalition include gender equality measures in importance of maternity services. Data nyurl.com/3z4q96s the trade agreements they nego ate for this research was drawn from the “NAFTA and the FTAA: a Gender Analysis with a trading partner. Finally, there are Pakistan Social and Living Standards of Employment and Poverty Impacts in dynamic indicators including measures Measurement Survey. Agriculture,” by Marceline White, Carlos such as trading volumes as well as a Salas and Sarah Gammage, 2003, 48 pp. breakdown of trade by sector, including

MMONOGRAPHSONOGRAPHS ANDAND TECHNICALTECHNICAL REPORTSREPORTS 1111 PPeriodicalseriodicals

Gender and Development Aghazarm et al. • Introduc on: Gender, Rights and Volume 19, Number 1, 2011 • Construc ng “Modern Gendered Religion at the Crossroads, by Mariz The special issue on migra on includes Civilised” Women and Men: Gender- Tadros the following ar cles: Mainstreaming in Refugee Camps, by • Disentangling Religion and Poli cs: • Remi ances and Transna onal Katarzyna Grabska Whither Gender Equality?, by Deniz Families in Italy and the Philippines: • Protec ng Migrant Domes c Workers Kandiyo Breaking the Global Care Chain, by in the UK, by Krisnah Poinasamy • Religion and Development: Charito Basa, Wendy Harcourt, and • Who Cares? HIV Related Sickness, A Prac oner’s Perspec ve on Angela Zarro Urban-Rural Linkages, and the Gendered Instrumentalisa on, by Cassandra • Climate Change and Migra on: a Case Role of Care in Return Migra on in Balchin Study from Rural Bangladesh, by Katha South Africa, by Lorena Nunez, Jo • The Islamisa on of Human Rights: Kar ki Vearey, and Sco Drimie Implica ons for Gender and Poli cs in • Gendering Remi ances in Albania: • The Infl uence of Male Migra on on the Middle East, by Yousry Moustafa a Human and Social Development Female Resources, Independence, and • Cohesion, Mul -Faithism and the Perspec ve, by Julie Vullnetari and Development in Gambian Villages, by Erosion of Secular Spaces in the UK: Russell King Björn Gunnarsson Implica ons for the Human Rights of • Feminised Financial Flows in Minority Women, by Pragna Patel Honduran-US Transna onal Families, by Institute of Development Studies • Islamism and Secularism: Between Allison J. Petrozziello Bulletin State Instrumentalisa on and • The Impact of Remi ances on Gender Volume 42, Issue 1, 2011 Opposi on Islamic Movements, by Islah Roles and Opportuni es for Children: The special issue on Gender, Rights and Jad Research from the Interna onal Religion at the Crossroads includes the • Re-thinking the Promo on of Women’s Organiza on for Migra on, by Chris ne following ar cles: Rights through Islam in India, by Nida Kirmani • Beyond “Islam” vs “Feminism,” by Ziba Mir-Hosseini • From Islamic Feminism to a Muslim Holis c Feminism, by Margot Badran • The Muslim Brotherhood’s Gender Agenda: Reformed or Reframed?, by Mariz Tadros

Journal of International Women’s Studies Volume 12, Number 3, 2011 The special issue on Arab Women and Their Struggles for Socio- Economic and Poli cal Rights includes the following ar cles: • The Fourth Wave: Revolu on and 1122 Democra za on in the Arab Middle East, Use among Jordanian Muslim Women: Labor Regula ons, by Jinky Leilanie Lu by Muhamad Olimat Implica ons for Health and Social Policy, • Antecedent and Sequalae Issues • Arab Women and Poli cal by Muntaha K. Gharaibeh et al. of Nepalese Women Traffi cked into Development, by Rowaida Al Maaitah et • Women’s rights: Tunisian Women in Pros tu on, by Chandra Kant Jha and al. the Workplace, by Sangeeta Sinha Jeanne Madison • The Millennium Development Goals: • Algerian Women between French • When the Sex Market Rejects, by Prospects for Gender Equality in the Emancipa on and Religious Domina on Harsankar Adhikari Arab World, by Nadine Sika on Marriage and Divorce from 1959 • Gender and Increased Access to • Gulf Coopera on Council (GCC) Ordonnance no. 59-274 to the 1984 Schooling in Cameroon: A Marginal Women and Misyar Marriage: Evolu on Code de la Famille, by Teresa Camacho Benefi t Incidence Analysis, by Tabi and Progress in the Arabian Gulf, by de Abes Atemnkeng Johannes and Armand Tofol Jassim Al-Nasr Gilbert Noula • Woman Entrepreneurship in the Journal of International Women’s • Sexual-Poli cal Colonialism and Failure Al-Ba nah Region of Oman: An Studies of Individua on in Doris Lessing’s The Iden fi ca on of the Barriers, by Ruqaya Volume 12, Number 1, 2011 Grass is Singing, by Sima Aghazadeh Al-Sadi, Rakesh Belwal, and Raya Al-Badi This issue includes the following ar cles: • Creeping Online: Canadian Feminist • Women and the Kuwai Na onal • Women War Survivors of the 1989- Scholarly Journals, by Katherine Side Assembly, by Muhamad S. Olimat 2003 Confl ict in Liberia: The Impact of • Risk Factors for Homelessness and Sex • Women’s Empowerment in Bahrain, by Sexual and Gender-Based Violence, by Trade Among Incarcerated Women: A Fakir Al Gharaibeh Helen Liebling-Kalifani et al. Structural Equa on Model, by Seijeoung • Job Sa sfac on among Women in the • Women and Peace Talks in Africa, by Kim, Timothy P. Johnson, Samir United Arab Emirates, by Musa Shallal Akin Iwilade Goswami, and Michael Puisis • Engaging Ancient Islamic Tradi ons in • The Golden Cage: Western Women in • Women in Administra on in India, by the Poetry of Saleha Ghabesh, by Saddik the Compound in a Muslim Country, by Jayasheela George M. Gohar Roni Berger • Gender Empowerment and Equality in • Promo ng Gender-Sensi ve Jus ce • Women under A ack: Violence and Rural India: Are Women’s Community- and Legal Reform in the Pales nian Poverty in Guatemala, by Corinne Based Enterprises the Way Forward?, Territories: Perspec ves of Pales nian Ogrodnik and Silvia Borzutzky by Maria-Costanza Torri and Andrea Service Providers, by Stephanie Chaban • Occupa onal Health and Safety of Mar nez • Factors Associated with Contracep ve Women Workers: Viewed in the Light of BBooksooks

Duke University Press presents a series of case studies ul mately, to govern human rights www.dukepress.edu cri quing the visual representa ons subjects. Spectacular Rhetorics: Human Rights of human suff ering in documentary Visions, Recogni ons, Feminisms, fi lms, photography, and theater. In each The War Machines: Young Men and by Wendy Hesford, 2011, 296 pp. study, she analyzes works addressing a Violence in Sierra Leone and Liberia, This book is a rigorous analysis prominent contemporary human rights by Danny Hoff man, 2011, 328 pp. of the rhetorical frameworks and cause, such as torture and unlawful Hoff man considers how young men are narra ves that underlie human rights deten on, ethnic genocide and rape made available for violent labor both law, shape the process of cultural as a means of warfare, migra on on the ba lefi elds and in the diamond and legal recogni on, and delimit and the traffi cking of women and mines, rubber planta ons, and other public responses to violence and children, the global sex trade, and unregulated industries of West Africa. injus ce. Integra ng visual and textual child labor. Through these studies, she Based on his ethnographic research cri cism, Wendy S. Hesford scru nizes demonstrates how spectacular rhetoric with mili a groups in Sierra Leone “spectacular rhetoric,” the use of visual ac vates certain cultural and na onal and Liberia during those countries’ images and rhetoric to construct certain narra ves and social and poli cal recent civil wars, Hoff man traces the bodies, popula ons, and na ons as rela ons, consolidates iden es path of young fi ghters who moved vic ms and incorporate them into through the poli cs of recogni on, from grassroots community-defense human rights discourses geared toward and confi gures material rela ons of organiza ons in Sierra Leone during Westerners, chiefl y Americans. Hesford power and diff erence to produce and, the mid-1990s into a large pool of

1133 mercenary labor. Hoff man argues that revealing the power of speaking that novelists, explaining why male writers in contemporary West Africa, space, deemed unspeakable. They talk of came to be seen as the voice of Africa’s sociality, and life itself are organized vic miza on—of rape, loss of status new na on-states, and why African around making young men available for and ci zenship, and the “war babies” women writers’ commentary on na onal all manner of dangerous work. Drawing born a er 1971. The women also speak poli cs was overlooked. Since Africa’s on his ethnographic early female novelists research over the tended to write about the past nine years, family, while male authors as well as the o en explicitly addressed anthropology na onal poli cs, it was of violence, assumed that the women interdisciplinary writers were uninterested security studies, in the na on and the public and contemporary sphere. Challenging that cri cal theory, he no on, Andrade argues maintains that the that the female authors mobiliza on of engaged na onal poli cs young West African through allegory. In their men exemplifi es work, the family stands for a global trend in the na on; it is the na on the outsourcing writ small. Interpre ng of warfare and fi c on by women, as well security opera ons. as several feminist male A similar dynamic authors, she analyzes underlies the novels by Flora Nwapa and poli cal economy Buchi Emecheta (Nigeria); of violence in Iraq, novellas by Ousmane Afghanistan, and a Sembene, Mariama Bâ, and growing number of Aminata Sow Fall (Senegal); postcolonial spaces. and Bildungsromans by Tsitsi Dangarembga Women, War, (Zimbabwe), Nuruddin and the Making Farah (Somalia), and Assia of Bangladesh: Djebar (Algeria). Andrade Remembering reveals Africa’s early 1971, by Yasmin women novelists’ infl uence Saikia, 2011, 336 on later genera ons of pp. Fought between female authors, and she India and what highlights the moment was then East and when African women West Pakistan, began to write about the war of 1971 macropoli cs explicitly led to the crea on of Bangladesh, as agents of change, as social workers, rather than allegorically. where it is remembered as the War of caregivers, and war me fi ghters. In the Libera on. For India, the war represents conclusion, men who terrorized women Earthscan a triumphant se ling of scores with during the war recollect their war me www.earthscan.co.uk Pakistan. If the war is acknowledged brutality and their postwar eff orts to Gender and Climate Change: in Pakistan, it is cast as an act of achieve a sense of humanity. An Introduc on, edited by Irene betrayal by the Bengalis. None of these Dankelman, 2010, 312 pp. This na onalist histories convey the human The Na on Writ Small: African Fic ons textbook, now in paperback, provides a cost of the war. Pakistani and Indian and Feminisms, 1958–1988, by Susan comprehensive introduc on to gender soldiers and Bengali mili amen raped Z. Andrade, 2011, 280 pp. Andrade aspects of climate change. Although and tortured women on a mass scale. focuses on the work of Africa’s fi rst climate change aff ects everybody it is In this book, survivors tell their stories, post-independence genera on of not gender neutral. It has signifi cant

1144 BOOKSBOOKS social impacts and magnifi es exis ng amount of available literature on gender This book employs a gender-sensi ve inequali es such as the disparity and globaliza on, the author analyzes governmentality analysis to trace the between women and men in their the struggles that women workers emergence of the GRT, to map its vulnerability and ability to cope with have been engaged in over their work, conceptual and ins tu onal elements, this global phenomenon. Over 35 wages and service condi ons and in and to examine its broader implica ons. authors have contributed to the book. their personal lives. These asser ons Through an analysis of the GRT at the It starts with a short history of the of ci zenship in prac ce highlight the interna onal level, combined with thinking and prac ce around gender signifi cance of agency and public ac on an in-depth case study on Mexico, and sustainable development over in ensuring legal en tlements as well as this book demonstrates that the the past decades. Next it provides a a consciousness of rights among workers GRT is instrumental in spreading and theore cal framework for analyzing and provide a new perspec ve on the deepening specifi c forms of gendered climate change manifesta ons and broader theme of women’s employment neoliberal governmentality. policies from the perspec ve of gender and globaliza on. and human security. Drawing on new Vulnerable Daughters in India: Culture, research, the actual and poten al Changing Marriage Pa erns in Development and Changing Contexts, eff ects of climate change on gender Southeast Asia: Economic and Socio- by Ma as Larsen, 2011, 228 pp. In equality and women’s vulnerabili es Cultural Dimensions, edited by Gavin India, girls are aborted on a massive are examined, both in rural and urban W. Jones, Terence H. Hull, and Maznah scale merely because they are girls. contexts. This is illustrated with a rich Mohamad, 2011, 240 pp. This book Underlying this widespread problem is range of case studies from all over the provides a comprehensive and up-to- the puzzling fact that daughters have world and valuable lessons are drawn date picture of partnerships and become vulnerable in a me of general from these real experiences. Too o en marriage in the Southeast Asian region improvement of welfare, female status women are primarily seen as vic ms of using quan ta ve data alongside and deep economic and social changes. climate change, and their posi ve roles qualita ve approaches. Through the The fi ndings center on a contradic on as agents of change and contributors to research of demographers, sociologists between the con nued importance of livelihood strategies are neglected. The and anthropologists, it examines the cultural factors which for so long book disputes this characteriza on and the way trends in the forma on and have established that a son is necessary, provides many examples of how women dissolu on of marriages are related to and socioeconomic changes that are around the world organize and build changes in the region’s economy and challenging the importance of these resilience and adapt to climate change society; illumina ng both the broad very same factors. This contradic on and the role they are playing in climate forces aff ec ng marriage pa erns and entails an uncertainty over sons change mi ga on. The fi nal sec on the way these forces work out at the fulfi lling expecta ons which has, looks at how far gender mainstreaming individual and family level. This book rather than lt the balance in favor of in climate mi ga on and adapta on presents the variety of contemporary daughters, instead increased the rela ve has advanced, the policy frameworks in marriage pa erns in the region with an importance of sons and intensifi ed place and how we can move from policy emphasis on the ways in which marriage nega ve consequences for daughters. to eff ec ve ac on. issues impinge on the welfare of those The original fi ndings are based on set concerned. theore c systema c comparisons of Routledge eight villages in Himachal Pradesh that www.routledge.com The Poli cal Economy of Global facilitate a reconceptualiza on and an Gender and Labour in Contemporary Remi ances: Gender, Governmentality alterna ve analysis that takes contextual India: Eroding Ci zenship, by Amrita and Neoliberalism, by Rahel Kunz, diff erences into account. It builds on Chhachhi, 2011, 256 pp. Providing 2011, 226 pp. Over the last decade, extensive fi eldwork and collec on of a comprehensive analysis of the a new phenomenon has emerged both qualita ve and quan ta ve data. electronics industry in India, this book within the interna onal community: highlights the gendered nature of labor the Global Remi ances Trend (GRT). Microcredit and Women’s regimes and domes c regimes and Thereby, government ins tu ons, Empowerment: A Case Study of also the linkages between households, interna onal (fi nancial) organiza ons, Bangladesh, by Aminul Faraizi, labor markets, factories and the state, NGOs and private sector actors have Taskinur Rahman, and Jim McAllister, to provide a more comprehensive become interested in migra on and 2010, 160 pp. Using a case study of understanding of the rela onship remi ances and their poten al for Bangladesh, and based on a long term between gender and economic/ poverty reduc on and development, par cipatory observa on method, industrial restructuring. Making an and have started to devise ins tu ons this book inves gates claims of the important contribu on to the growing and policies to harness this poten al. success of microcredit, as well as BBOOKSOOKS 1155 the cri ques of it, in the context of The Gender Impera ve: Human ways in which to refute the dominant women’s empowerment. It confronts Security vs State Security, edited by paradigm, indicate a clear gender the dis nc on between women’s Asha Hans and Be y A. Reardon, 2010, analysis that challenges the current increasing wealth as a consequence of 472 pp. The book asserts that human system, and suggests alterna ves to the success of microcredit programs security derives from the experience and militarized security. and their apparent non-commensurate expecta on of human wellbeing which empowerment, looking at two depends on four essen al condi ons: a Practical Action organiza ons (the Grameen Bank and life sustaining environment, the mee ng www.prac calac on.org the Bangladesh Rural Advancement of essen al physical needs, respect Gender and the Economic Crisis, Commi ee) as they operate in two for the iden ty and dignity of persons edited by Ruth Pearson and Caroline locali es in rural Bangladesh, in order and groups, protec on from avoidable Sweetman, 2011, 170 pp. Contributors to discover how enrichment and harm and expecta ons of remedy to this book map the emerging impact empowerment are o en confused. from them. The book demonstrates of the economic crisis on women, men The book goes on to establish that the their integral rela onship to human and their families in diff erent contexts, well-publicized success stories of the security. Patriarchy being the germinal and suggest policy and prac ce changes. microcredit program are blown out of paradigm from which most major Authors include key fi gures in the propor on, and that the dynamics of human ins tu ons such as the state, the research fi eld as well as policymakers and development prac oners, who analyze, with fi rst-hand experience, the ini al impacts of the economic crisis in South and East Asia, Africa, La n America, and the Middle East. The current global economic crisis is expected to lead to millions more people being pushed into extreme poverty. The eff ects are profoundly diff erent for women and men, and the exis ng gender inequali es and power imbalances mean that addi onal problems are falling dispropor onately on those who are already structurally disempowered and marginalized. The economic crisis is the latest element in a complex web of shocks and longer-term traumas aff ec ng women, men and collec ve responsibility for repayment economy, organized religions and social their families in developing countries. of loans by a group of women rela ons have evolved, the book argues These include food and fuel shocks, borrowers—usually seen to be a tool that fundamental inequali es must be changing clima c condi ons, and the for the success of microcredit—is in challenged for the sake of equality and HIV pandemic. For many people living fact no less repressive than tradi onal security. The fundamental point raised in poverty, these crises are experienced debt collectors. This book makes a is that expecta on of human wellbeing as one mul faceted crisis, which has contribu on to development debates, is a con nuing cause of armed confl ict accentuated already exis ng underlying challenging adherents to more closely which cons tutes a threat to peace chronic concerns in both the produc ve specify those condi ons under which and survival of all humanity and human and the reproduc ve (care) economies microcredit does indeed have validity, security cannot exist within a militarized of the world. While these issues as well as providing insights relevant to security system. The editors of the book remain largely invisible to mainstream South Asian Studies and Development bring together 14 essays which cri cally economists and policymakers, they are Studies. examine militarized security in order to cri cal to the development of eff ec ve fi nd human security pathways, show and sustainable responses to the crisis.

1166 BBOOKSOOKS SStudytudy OOpportunitiespportunities

Michigan State University challenged by the increasing diversity of share their experiences and insights Graduate Specializa on in Women’s Dutch society in terms of race, religion, with one another. HRAP also facilitates and Gender Studies and na onality. Thus, unlike the US, rela onship-building among alumni of Deadline: Rolling Applica ons the right wing supports gay rights, the program. nyurl.com/4f56x6c while denigra ng Muslim immigrants. The graduate specializa on in Women’s At the same me, Amsterdam has a Yale University and Gender Studies is an elec ve signifi cant Muslim gay movement, giving Yale World Fellows Program addi on to master’s and doctoral students an opportunity to explore Deadline: December 9, 2011 degree programs at Michigan State the diff ering poli cal alignments and nyurl.com/3ufupqq University. Once admi ed to their intersec ons between culture and Crea ng a global network of emerging chosen department, students may poli cs in Dutch society. Students will be leaders and to broaden interna onal enroll in this program. Jointly sponsored housed in dormitories at the University understanding at Yale, the World by the College of Arts and Le ers of Amsterdam. Excursions will include Fellows Program each year brings to and the College of Social Science, the visits to major ac vist organiza ons, a Yale 14-18 highly accomplished men and specializa on is designed to provide tour of the red light district, the Anne women from a diverse set of countries opportuni es for graduate students Frank House, and The Hague. For more around the world. The Fellows spend to obtain a comprehensive, cross/ informa on or to apply for the program, an intensive semester exploring cri cal interdisciplinary academic experience email [email protected]. issues and undergoing leadership in women and gender and to foster the training, with the full resources of growth of interdisciplinary research Columbia University Yale University at their disposal. There and teaching on women and gender. Human Rights Advocates Program are two primary aspects to the World Emphasis is given to understanding the (HRAP) Fellows’ experience on campus. First, diversity of women’s lives na onally and Deadline: November 8, 2011 the Fellows par cipate fully in a specially globally. The graduate specializa on nyurl.com/3qgqw9b designed academic curriculum that is open to graduate students with HRAP’s comprehensive program of advances their cri cal-thinking and adequate undergraduate prepara on advocacy, networking, skills-building, leadership skills. Second, the Fellows in women and gender. MSU Graduate and academic coursework provides become teachers and mentors by students interested in enrolling in the advocates the opportunity to hone deepening the understanding of the specializa on should contact gencen@ prac cal skills, develop a deeper en re Yale community about the msu.edu. understanding of human rights, and complexity and diversity of the world. foster mutually benefi cial rela onships They guest lecture in classes, meet with Study Abroad: Sexual Orienta on, with organiza ons and individuals in student groups, deliver campus-wide Gender Iden ty, and Sexual Poli cs in their respec ve fi elds. Throughout lectures, and contribute to informal the Netherlands the four-month program, program dialogue and learning across the Summer 2012 par cipants are able to meet with a campus. Deadline: TBA range of human rights organiza ons, gencen.isp.msu.edu/academics/studyabroad.htm interna onal ins tu ons, founda ons, Indira Gandhi National Open The Netherlands has a history of donors, and policymakers that are University (IGNOU) LGBTQ tolerance that is unparalleled. based in New York City and par cipate School of Gender and Development Homosexual sex was decriminalized in a networking and advocacy trip to Studies (SOGDS) in 1811, and the country was the fi rst Washington DC. During group and nyurl.com/3tla2es in the world to legislate same-sex individual mee ngs, advocates share SOGDS aims at achieving gender jus ce marriage. The city prominently features their unique grassroots knowledge and equity through developing and a HomoMonument memorial to LGBTQ and learn more about the strategies launching programs in the area of persons who have been persecuted and best prac ces of other human women’s and development studies. because of their sexuality, erected in rights organiza ons. These mee ngs The School examines the exis ng 1987. The Netherlands is not only a also o en lead to joint projects and gender gap and addresses the issue of country with one of the longest histories funding opportuni es. The four-month gender disparity, with the objec ves of gran ng LGBTQ rights, but it is also program gives Advocates me and of strengthening individual and a place where “social tolerance” is space to refl ect on their work and ins tu onal eff orts that enable women’s

1177 empowerment. The SIT Graduate Institute School of Gender Master of Arts and Development in Sustainable Studies analyzes and Development supports human, Deadline: Rolling social, cultural nyurl.com/3kot8ad and economic SIT’s one-year MA development to for development bring about gender professionals uniquely equity and social integrates theory jus ce. In addi on to and prac ce with an numerous tradi onal emphasis on local cer fi ca ons, the leadership, community school has recently ownership, and global announced distance collabora on. Graduates mode cer fi ca ons will be prepared for for: MA in Gender posi ons such as and Development program director; Studies, PG Diploma program manager; in Gender and capacity building Development specialist; monitoring Studies, PG and evalua on offi cer; Cer fi cate in Gender policy analyst; advocate, and Development outreach, and educa on Studies, and a offi cer; and coordinator Diploma in Women’s of partnerships, Empowerment and networks, and alliances. Development. GGrantsrants aandnd FFellowshipsellowships

School for Advanced Research as it relates to contemporary issues and Campbell Fellowship for Women Social Science Research Center debates. Seventy-fi ve fellowships are Scholar-Prac oners from Developing Interna onal Disserta on Research awarded annually. Na ons Fellowship (IDRF) Deadline: November 1, 2011 Deadline: November 3, 2011 University of Pennsylvania nyurl.com/ybxxpnk nyurl.com/luzc9t Melon Post-Doctoral Teaching One six-month fellowship is available The Interna onal Disserta on Research Fellowship 2012-14 for a female postdoctoral social scien st Fellowship (IDRF) off ers nine to twelve Deadline: November 30, 2011 from a developing na on whose work months of support to graduate students nyurl.com/244so3w addresses women’s economic and in the humani es and social sciences The School of Arts and Sciences invites social empowerment in that na on. who are enrolled in doctoral programs applicants for four two-year postdoctoral The goal of the program is twofold: in the United States and conduc ng teaching fellowships in the humani es to advance the scholarly careers of disserta on research outside of the and humanis c social sciences. Fellows women social scien sts from the United States. IDRF promotes research will teach one course per term. developing world, and to support that is situated in a specifi c discipline Eligibility is limited to applicants who research that iden fi es causes of gender and geographical region but is also will have received their Ph.D. within inequity in the developing world and informed by interdisciplinary and two years prior to the me they begin that proposes prac cal solu ons for cross-regional perspec ves. Research their fellowship at Penn (August, 2010 promo ng women’s economic and social topics may address all periods in history, or later). The university is especially empowerment. but applicants should be alert to the seeking fellows in Anthropology broader implica ons of their research specializing in Medical Anthropology 1188 and Africa or specializing in Sexuality organiza on or governmental agency Research Fellowships are off ered for Studies and Queer Theory with some and by par cipa ng in educa onal and a variety of issues, including projects knowledge of Trans Studies. Fellows in professional development opportuni es on Gender, Technology, and the English, French and Music History are organized by WLPPFP. Possible Environment. also wanted. Posi ons include a $49,440 placements for 2012-2013 include s pend. Teaching Fellows at Georgetown Law, The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowships at the Na onal Partnership Fellowship Foundation American Association of University for Women and Families, Fellowships at Doctoral Disserta on Fellowship in Women (AAUW) the Na onal Women’s Law Center, and Women’s Studies AAUW Interna onal Fellowship Fellowships at organiza ons working on Deadline: TBA Deadline: December 1, 2011 Gender Rights and HIV/AIDS. nyurl.com/3d6v85h nyurl.com/3kvsgls The Women’s Studies Fellowships Interna onal Fellowships are are provided to Ph.D. awarded for full- me study candidates at ins tu ons or research in the United in the United States States to women who are who will complete their not United States ci zens or disserta ons during permanent residents. Both the fellowship year. graduate and postgraduate The most compe ve studies at accredited applica ons include not ins tu ons are supported. only a clear, thorough, and Recipients are selected for compelling descrip on academic achievement and of the candidate’s work, demonstrated commitment but also evidence of an to women and girls. The enduring interest in and overwhelming majority commitment to women’s return to their home issues and scholarship on countries to become leaders women. The Women’s in government, academia, Studies compe on is for community ac vism, the projects in the humani es arts, and science. Several and social sciences. fellowships are available for study outside of the Gays and Lesbians U.S. Funding is available in Foreign Affairs for Master’s/Professional Agencies (GILFAA) Fellowships, Doctoral LGBT Foreign Aff airs Fellowships, and Postdoctoral Scholarship Fellowships. Deadline: Unspecifi ed www.glifaa.org/home Georgetown Law GLIFAA is sponsoring a Women’s Law and Public scholarship for students of Policy Fellowship Program Institute for Advanced Studies on foreign aff airs interested (WLPPFP) Science, Technology and Society in LGBT advocacy and working in a Deadline: December 1, 2011 (IAS-STS) foreign aff airs-related internship. The nyurl.com/3pz5keu IAS-STS Fellowship Program LGBT Foreign Aff airs Scholarship Board The Women’s Law and Public Policy Deadline: December 31, 2011 will award one $2,500 scholarship to Fellowship Program (WLPPFP) off ers nyurl.com/3off z62 a disadvantaged student who plans to Fellowships for public interest lawyers The IAS-STS in Graz, Austria, promotes intern in a foreign aff airs-related fi eld. from the United States who are the interdisciplinary inves ga on of The LGBT Foreign Aff airs Scholarship commi ed to advancing women’s the links and interac ons between serves as need and merit-based fi nancial rights throughout their careers. science, technology and society aid for students pursuing degrees and/ Throughout the Fellowship year, as well as technology assessment or careers in foreign aff airs. For more par cipants gain invaluable experience and research into the development informa on, email lgbtscholarship@ by working on women’s issues in and implementa on of socially and glifaa.org. Washington, D.C. with a public interest environmentally sound technologies.

GGRANTSRANTS & FFELLOWSHIPSELLOWSHIPS 1199 CConferencesonferences

Department of Sociology at Jamia Sexual and Reproduc ve Rights in Asian nyurl.com/4x22n8n Millia Islamia and Pacifi c Socie es.” The current The theme of the second annual Women Interna onal Seminar on Gender, challenges in Asia Pacifi c region— and Jus ce Conference is “Gender- Violence, and Development: The South such as the sensi ve issues of sexual Based Violence and Jus ce in South Asian Experiences and reproduc ve health—need to Asia.” This two-day event will comprise October 12-13, 2011 be resolved. It is therefore cri cal to plenary sessions and working group nyurl.com/433g8fd claim sexual and reproduc ve rights sessions. The program aims to facilitate The seminar is an a empt to look within Asian and Pacifi c socie es. a substan ve dialogue across sectors into the various forms, contexts, and The conference will include several and jurisdic ons on the topic of gender- nature of violence against women formats, namely: plenary session; based violence and jus ce, convening in the light of the challenges to parallel session; satellite session; poster; dis nguished judges, scholars, legal development that it poses. While global and youth forum. The youth forum prac oners and other advocates economic integra on has provided new will be conducted one day before the from South Asia and around the world. opportuni es for some poor women, conference, which is designed to give The conference organizers hope this overall it is further impoverishing par cipants opportunity to discuss mee ng will provide a forum for: millions of already poor people, and youth-related global issues, and to discussion and collabora on between is crea ng new pockets of poverty. build their capacity on networking and and among jus ce system actors, civil The South Asian region shares a rich advocacy skills. This conference will take society advocates, health professionals, culture and refl ects mul culturalism, place in Yogyakarta, Daerah Is mewa and academics from South Asia and intermingling of various religions and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. other regions to develop solu ons for ethnici es. Most of the countries in eradica ng gender-based violence; South Asia suff er from widespread Motherhood Initiative for Research sharing best prac ces emerging from gender inequali es and violence against and Community Involvement (MIRCI) within South Asia to address violence women. This violence is mul causal. Motherhood Studies: Developing against women and girls; examining The social structures and ins tu ons and Dissemina ng a New Academic opportuni es for using interna onal of society, widespread militariza on Discipline for a New Century human rights frameworks and of the region and armed confl icts, October 20-22, 2011 mechanisms to analyze gender-based neoliberal economic reforms are some nyurl.com/3breyw6 violence and design solu ons to it; of the major players in the violence The Interna onal Conference on engaging academia and scholarly works against women. Papers based on Mothering, Educa on and Maternal to inform the development of advocacy empirical research fi t into the following Pedagogies will explore the rela onship tools and strategies to combat gender- sub-themes: Gender, Violence, and between mothering, motherhood, and based violence, including designing laws Development; Cultural Violence; Armed educa on, examining the countless ways and monitoring their eff ec veness; and Confl ict and Militariza on; Social in which women have been aff ected enhance interna onal collabora on and Responses to Violence Against Women. by, view, and/or challenge exis ng networks of stakeholders addressing This conference will be held in New educa onal ideologies and policies and/ gender-based violence. The conference Delhi, India. or develop new theories, prac ces, will take place in New Delhi, India. iden es, and meanings from the Center for Population and Policy mul ple loca ons of teacher, learner, WIDE Studies at Gadjah Mada University and mother/other mother/surrogate Women’s Rights and Gender Equality The 6th Asia Pacifi c Conference on mother. This conference will take place Amidst The “Arab Springs”—Challenges Reproduc ve and Sexual Health and in Toronto, ON, Canada. and Lessons Learnt Across Regions Rights (APCRSHR) October 27-28, 2011 October 19-22, 2011 Avon Global Center 2011 Women nyurl.com/3fuhmjy www.apcrshr6.org and Justice and Jinal Global Law What is now known as the “Arab spring” This conference aims to foster cri cal School has had a drama c ripple eff ect all engagement and discussion regarding Second Annual Women and Jus ce over the region, s ll in upheaval to reproduc ve and sexual health in the Conference: Gender-Based Violence diff erent extents. Although women were Asia Pacifi c region. To meet this goal, and Jus ce in South Asia prominent actors of those upheavals, the conference theme is “Claiming October 22-23, 2011 issues of non-discrimina on, equality 2200 and women’s rights face diffi cul es violence commi ed in the oppression nyurl.com/4drdz4d to be included in the frameworks of of any gendered iden ty that This conference aims to provide ongoing and/or upcoming cons tu onal challenges dominant heteronorma ve an interdisciplinary forum on reform processes. Moreover, in many representa ons. This conference will global sustainable development for countries retalia on against women take place in Bristol, United Kingdom. prac oners and academics. The has been brutal, ranging from rapes conference will serve as a forum to virginity tests to imprisonment and International Centre for to foster dialogue among various torture. The interna onal community is Interdisciplinary Research in Law stakeholders, including senior level playing a signifi cant role both in terms (ICIRL) and the Centre for Research policy makers, academics, and of diplomacy as well as direct support in Social Justice and Policy (CRSJP) prac oners. The conference aims and selec ve media coverage. “The Arab Interna onal Conference on Sustainable to promote mutual exchange of spring” has created new interna onal Development stakeholders’ experiences and research interests as well as new funding pots. December 5-7, 2011 results about all aspects of sustainable What are the implica ons for the peoples of these countries and for women’s rights in par cular? This conference has been organized to address these ques ons.

University of the West of England Gendered Violence Conference November 23-25, 2011 www.genderedviolence.com Timed to coincide with the Interna onal Day for the Elimina on of Violence against Women on November 25, 2011, this conference is concerned with promo ng cross-disciplinary and cross-sector debate about the causes and preven on of gendered violence and aims to provide a forum in which a dialogue between academics, prac oners, policy makers and grass roots organiza ons can develop. Violence commi ed to establish or maintain power rela ons between genders con nues to be a major global public health problem. The personal, social and economic costs of gendered violence are recognized by the UN, WHO and individual governments as untenable and the need for developing and dissemina ng preventa ve and cura ve ac ons remains pressing. This conference will also include sessions regarding the ongoing symbolic and representa onal

CCONFERENCESONFERENCES 2211 human and social development, and March 7-9, 2012 world at the Halic Congress Center in foster discussions about the prac cal www.aus.edu/conferences/cfp Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul was selected solu ons to various challenges. This The UAE Gender and Women’s Studies as the site for the next AWID Forum congress also provides opportuni es for Consor um is commi ed to suppor ng for many reasons. AWID wanted to the delegates to exchange new ideas UAE and Arab Region faculty interested bring the event to a region that had and apply experiences face to face, to in developing Gender and Women’s not already hosted a Forum. Istanbul establish business or research rela ons, Studies courses. Scholars, prac oners is a very accessible loca on for and to fi nd global partners for future and students interested in gender Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth collabora on. This conference will take and women’s studies in the UAE and of Independent States and the Middle place in Putrajaya, Malaysia. the Arab region are encouraged to East and North Africa—all regions that a end. This conference will address have been underrepresented in past Association of Sexuality Educators, the following three issues and topics: AWID Forums. Through the 2012 AWID Counsellors and Therapists (ASECT) curriculum ma ers in gender and Interna onal Forum, organizers aim First Na onal Conference on Sexual women’s studies in/on the Arab region to explore how economic power is Medicine: Mind to Molecule classrooms; research issues in gender impac ng on women and the planet, December 16-18, 2011 and women’s studies perspec ves in/ and to facilitate connec ons among the www.sexconf.com on the Arab region; and Arab feminisms. very diverse groups working on these The main focus of this conference is This conference is co-sponsored by the issues from both human rights and to embrace the areas of sensuality, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, jus ce approaches so that together we sexuality, sexual psychology and sexual UAE and the University of Southern contribute to stronger, more eff ec ve medicine. It is an a empt to bridge the Maine, Portland, USA. strategies to advance women’s rights and gap from all streams of medicine and jus ce. Ques ons should be addressed strengthen es. The offi cial language at The 2nd Biannual Irish Sexuality to conference organizers at forum12@ the conference is English. All abstracts Studies Conference awid.org. and presenta ons must be made in Self, Selves and Sexuali es English only. This conference will take March 9-10, 2012 The XIX International AIDS place in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. nyurl.com/4xwhxgp Conference This cross-, inter-, and mul -disciplinary July 22-27, 2012 Association for Gender Research, conference is aimed at enhancing www.aids2012.org Education, Academia and Action sexual literacy, genera ng well being The Interna onal AIDS Conference (AGREAA) and advoca ng social jus ce. The many is the premier gathering for those Trans Studies Conference discourses of Sexuality Studies permeate working in the fi eld of HIV, as well as March 2-4, 2012 and inform the diff erent narra ves of policy makers, persons living with HIV agreaa.wordpress.com/conference life, be it at private or public levels. and other individuals commi ed to This interdisciplinary and This conference aims to provide a ending the pandemic. It is a chance to mul disciplinary conference seeks global pla orm on which to discuss in assess where we are, evaluate recent to examine and explore issues which an open fashion the varied processes scien fi c developments and lessons are current in transgender studies of and varia ons in sexual cultures, sexual learned, and collec vely chart a course all kinds. In par cular the project is iden es, and gender role forma on. In forward. The AIDS 2012 program will interested in inves ga ng the various this way, par cipants will elaborate on present new scien fi c knowledge and contexts in which trans iden ty, prac ce the many debates informing the cultural, off er many opportuni es for structured and embodiment ma ers, including economical, ethical, historical, and social dialogue on the major issues facing legal, ac vist, medical, anthropological, founda ons of sexuality, at personal and the global response to HIV. A variety sociological, psychological, ar s c, societal levels. This conference will take of session types—from abstract-driven cinema c, literary, linguis c, moral, place at Dublin City University (DCU). presenta ons to symposia, bridging and social, (geo) poli cal, philosophical, and plenary sessions—will meet the needs religious dimensions. This conference The Association for Women’s Rights of various par cipants. Other related will take place in Ontario, California at in Development (AWID) ac vi es, including the Global Village, the University of La Verne College of Transforming Economic Power to satellite mee ngs, exhibi ons and Law. Advance Women’s Rights and Jus ce affi liated events, will contribute to an April 19-22, 2012 excep onal opportunity for professional United Arab Emirates Gender and www.forum.awid.org/forum12 development and networking. Women’s Studies Consortium The 12th AWID Interna onal Forum The conference will take place in Gender and Women’s Studies in the will gather up to 2000 women’s rights Washington, DC. Arab Region leaders and ac vists from around the 2222 CCONFERENCESONFERENCES CCallsalls forfor PapersPapers

Izmir University of Economics to global health inequity. Abstracts International Centre for Gender/Violence Interna onal should also showcase innova ons, Interdisciplinary Research in Law Conference tools, transferrable knowledge, and (ICIRL) Deadline: October 15, 2011 technology. Highligh ng these lessons The Interna onal Conference on ekokam.ieu.edu.tr/gv2012 learned from across the globe, will Sustainable Development The aim of this interdisciplinary help us make collec ve decisions and Deadline: October 30, 2011 conference is to understand nyurl.com/65yr22m and expose the violence This conference consists involved in the produc on of four main sessions: of bodies, spaces and Sustainable Social and poli cs. It will open up the Human Development; ques on of violence to Social Sciences inspire diff erent trajectories and Humani es; of thinking and ac on Human Rights and towards the produc on of Good Governance; diff erent bodies, diff erent and Sustainable spaces and diff erent poli cs. Development. In the fi nal analysis this is an This conference ethical project inquiring into aims to provide an the possibility of theorizing interdisciplinary forum and ac ng from a place of on global sustainable openness to hearing the development for voice of the other. Abstracts prac oners and should be single-spaced academics; foster 350 words or less. The tle dialogue among various and applicant’s name and stakeholders, including affi lia on should be printed senior level policy on a separate page. This makers, academics, conference will take place and prac oners; and April 4-6, 2012 at the Izmir fi nd global partners University of Economics. for future business or research collabora ons. 13th World Congress on All full paper Public Health submissions will be peer Deadline: October 21, 2011 reviewed and evaluated nyurl.com/3aqrofa based on originality, The World Federa on of technical and/or Public Health Associa ons research content/depth, and the Ethiopian Public correctness, relevance Health Associa on invite to the conference, local, na onal and interna onal public recommenda ons to the global health contribu ons, and readability. The health leaders, service providers, community, thereby, moving us forward accepted full papers will be published advocates, trainers and students to towards sustainable global health equity. in the refereed conference proceedings. submit abstracts dealing with major Accepted abstracts will be presented All accepted full papers will also be issues related to opportuni es and at the 2012 world congress on public published on the OIDA Interna onal threats in realizing global health equity. health tled Towards Global Health Journal of Sustainable Development These abstracts should demonstrate Equity: Opportuni es and Threats to and will be indexed in SSRN, EBSCO and the role that public health could play be held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April AMICUS, Library and Archives Canada’s in addressing emerging issues and 23-27, 2012. database to ensure their permanent current problems that contribute 2233 preserva on for present and future “fundamentalisms,” from Buddhist of work around ac vist struggles and genera ons.This conference will take saints and African healers to nineteenth- academic accountability to the trans place December 5-7, 2012 at the Palm century muscular Chris anity, histories community, crea ve works, and other Garden Hotel, Putrajaya, Malaysia. of gender and religion have a racted approaches from community members increasing a en on from scholars over and ac vists and others for whom trans The XIX International AIDS the last two decades. This special issue existence and experience is salient. Conference of Gender and History will highlight the Papers, reports, works-in-progress and Deadline: October 30, 2011 rich diversity of ongoing historical work workshops are invited on issues related www.aids2012.org in this fi eld and provide an opportunity to any of the following themes: trans Organizers of the XIX Interna onal AIDS to cri cally refl ect upon contemporary law; trans ac vism and the academy; Conference welcome the submission theore cal, methodological and race and trans issues; trans youth; trans of abstracts for original contribu on historiographical debates and issues persons and the medical establishment; to the fi eld in the following program within this burgeoning area of gender trans spirituality; and representa ons tracks: Basic Science; Clinical Science; history. Editors plan to approach the of trans prac ce and trans persons. Epidemiology and Preven on Science; crea on of this volume via a colloquium Abstracts of 300 words should be Social Science, Human Rights and to be held September 17-18, 2012 at the submi ed to the organizers. Poli cal Science; and Implementa on University of York (UK). Paper proposals Science, Health Systems and Economics. (500-750 words maximum) are to be UN Women’s Housing, Land & Submissions should include a cover submi ed by October 31, 2011 and Property Rights page, a 300-word abstract, and indicate invita ons to present at the colloquium Call for Contribu ons: Virtual Pla orm which of the tracks listed would be will be issued by January 2012. Of The UN SR On The Right To Housing most appropriate for the submission. nyurl.com/6edlsda For more informa on, please see the Association for Gender Research, The virtual pla orm of the UN Special organiza on’s website. The conference Education, Academia and Action Rapporteur on the Right to Adequate will take place in Washington, DC on July (AGREAA) Housing is now up and running. This new 22-27, 2012. Trans Studies Conference tool will be used ini ally for developing Deadline: December 2, 2011 the project “Women and the Right to Gender and History agreaa.wordpress.com/conference Land and Housing.” People worldwide Special Issue: Gender and Religion Organizers invite proposals which can now register and contribute to Deadline: October 31, 2011 examine and explore issues which are the thema c report and the guide and nyurl.com/3mwcf5z current in transgender studies of all leafl et which will be produced on the From medieval female spirituality kinds. In addi on to academic analysis, subject. to modern Hindu or Muslim organizers welcome the submission OOnlinenline RResourcesesources

Association for Women’s Rights in world share their stories of frustra on Documenta on Project was recently Development (AWID) as well as inspira on, and tell of the launched at a public event at May 24 Pack on Faith-Based need to be crea ve and pa ent in terms NYU School of Law. B-HRD is an Peacebuilding: The Need For A Gender of changing the patriarchal features interac ve, mul lingual informa on Perspec ve of religions. Several of the women portal that connects and informs nyurl.com/3nqwnlu featured in this May 24 Pack share how advocates by providing an online This May 24 Pack looks at the point progressive male allies have been crucial forum to share informa on about where religion, women’s rights and in terms of suppor ng and sustaining corporate accountability campaigns peacebuilding intersect. Here, the them in their work for peace and jus ce and advocacy strategies. Available Associa on for Women’s Rights in in faith-based se ngs. in English, French, and Spanish, the Development (AWID) shares the site features content contributed by outcomes of its research on religious NYU School of Law advocates and organiza ons around fundamentalism and how that impacts Business and Human Rights the globe including: an extensive, women’s rights worldwide. Women Documenta on Project (B-HRD) searchable database of human rights peace ac vists and women religious www.B-HRD.org documenta on; an “In Focus” sec on leaders from diff erent corners of the The Business and Human Rights that highlights recent developments in 2244 key campaigns against business-related from sexism to gender equality, and a developing countries, and 65 percent of abuse; and a “Tools & Strategy Forum” leap from fossil fuels to clean energy. them were available for free to any user. with resources and advocacy strategies This issue addresses the gendered to help advocates prevent and seek implica ons of the transi on from fossil Violence is Not our Culture (VNC) jus ce for business-related abuses. fuels to clean energy. It is argued that Strategising Online Ac vism: A Toolkit B-HRD’s In Focus sec on highlights both issues are ghtly coupled, and that nyurl.com/3bdygpy several campaigns against business- jointly pushing for both gender equality A new resource from Violence is Not related abuse from around the world. and clean energy is the best global our Culture (VNC), this toolkit was B-HRD was designed to complement strategy at this point in human history. inspired by the workshops held in Asia exis ng online resources, such as the This issue also includes two addi onal and Africa. While this toolkit has been Business and Human Rights Resource supplements: designed primarily for the local partners Centre, and was jointly developed by *Status of Gender Equality in Society and ac vists of the VNC campaign, Interna onal Network for Economic, (Supplement) this can be a resource, too, for human Social and Cultural Rights (ESCR-Net; nyurl.com/3jhn2de rights ac vists who are keen to develop www.escr-net.org) and the Center This online supplement is a digest their online ac vism and want to know for Human Rights and Global Jus ce of recent events and signifi cant where and how to start. The toolkit (CHRGJ; www.chrgj.org) as well as the contribu ons to fostering gender included informa on on why and Interna onal Human Rights Clinic at NYU equality—and human development—in how informa on and communica on School of Law. various secular cultures and ins tu ons. technologies (ICTs) can be used by Editors have compiled informa on on women’s rights and human rights groups Gender Action the following topics: Current Status in their advocacy skills; maximizing Factsheet on Interna onal Financial of the World’s Women and Girls; A the effi ciency of online tools, including Ins tu ons and Sexual and Centenary of Celebra ons?; Egypt’s networking and mobile tools for Reproduc ve Rights Revolu on Through the Eyes of Five advocacy and campaigning; developing nyurl.com/3zqwyrj Women; Women as Key Players in an advocacy and/or communica on Gender Ac on research shows that Climate Adapta on; UN Women and strategy; using social networking; although sexual and reproduc ve the WomenWatch Web Site; Gender, and understanding online privacy and health (SRH) rights are promoted by Humilia on, and Global Security; security issues relevant to building interna onal fi nancial ins tu ons’ Plight of Japanese Astronaut and her online ac vism. The toolkit is available policies, they are rarely acknowledged Family; Rising Tide: Gender Equality and for free download and distribu on. or fulfi lled through investments. This Cultural Change around the World; and document explores how ideological Gender Equality Video by the European UNIFEM assaults on SRH investments undermine Commission. Inves ng In Gender Equality: Ending the World Bank’s SRH and gender *Status of Gender Equality in Religion Violence Against Women And Girls policies. Examples of the African (Supplement) www.endvawnow.org Development Bank and the Inter- www.pelicanweb.org/ This publica on presents important American Development Bank project solisustv07n05supp5.html data analysis and graphs from various funding shor alls are also provided. This supplement is a digest of recent countries of the world showing how 2011 United Na ons data on women and events and signifi cant contribu ons to gender equality and violence against reproduc ve rights around the world are fostering gender equality—and human women are correlated. Countries with briefl y outlined. Recommended ac ons development—in various religious greater progress on gender equality, are given in the “What Can Civil Society tradi ons and ins tu ons. With so much girls’ secondary educa on, and women’s Do?” sec on. At the end, there are going on, the selected items are the reproduc ve health and rights (including addi onal SRH resources sugges ons. editor’s choice. maternal mortality) have lower levels of violence against women. The tool Mother Pelican: Journal of The National Academies highlights how advancements in Sustainable Human Development www.nap.edu gender equality and reducing violence www.pelicanweb.org/#infoarchive Star ng on June 2, 2011, all PDF versions against women and girls is a “smart” The April 2011 issue of this online of books published by the Na onal investment which is central to women’s journal focused on gender equality and Academies Press will be downloadable empowerment with high pay-off s for human development. The May 2011 to anyone free of charge. This includes poverty reduc on and development issue focused on gender equity and a current catalog of more than 4,000 overall. The rigorous sta s cal energy policy. Two leaps forward are books plus future reports produced by analysis is based on the leading global needed to a ain the transi on from the Press. Before today’s announcement, gender equality indices and violence consumerism to sustainability: a leap all PDFs were free to download in against women prevalence surveys, OONLINENLINE RRESOURCESESOURCES 2255 for countries for which such data was excerpts from the Beijing Pla orm for from vic ms’ par cipa on before available through 2009. The resource Ac on, the World Programme of Ac on the Court, par cularly as these issues is currently available at the Virtual concerning Disabled Persons and other relate to the prosecu on of gender- Knowledge Centre and is available in documents. It encompasses informa on based crimes in each of the situa ons Arabic, English, French, and Spanish. such as s gmas associated with disability under inves ga on by the ICC. The and gender inequality as well as a Court currently has six situa ons under United Nations Women’s Watch call for ac on to ensure that women inves ga on: Uganda, the Democra c and the Inter-Agency Network on with disabili es enjoy all human rights Republic of the Congo, Darfur, Sudan, Women and Gender Equality and inclusion in development. Links the Central African Republic, Kenya and Fact Sheet: Women with Disabili es to a selec on of UN publica ons and Libya. Available in French and English. www.un.org/womenwatch/enable documents and resources on other UN This WomenWatch special feature is websites are provided. WomenWatch Women’s Voices on women with disabili es. It serves as is the United Na ons system’s central www.iccwomen.org a portal to resources and the work of gateway to gender equality and women’s Women’s Voices is a regular e-le er the UN in this area. Informa on on the empowerment informa on and which provides updates and analysis Conven on on the Rights of Persons with resources. on poli cal developments, the pursuit Disabili es (2006) is presented, including of jus ce and accountability, the a sec on with links to informa on Women’s Initiatives for Gender par cipa on of women in peace talks related to the Conven on’s ar cle on Justice and reconcilia on eff orts from the women with disabili es. The factsheet Legal Eye On The ICC perspec ve of women’s rights ac vists provides informa on about girls and nyurl.com/3pr45yt within armed confl ict situa ons, women with disabili es in the following The Legal Eye on the ICC is an online specifi cally those countries under areas: educa on, employment and newsle er which contains summaries inves ga on by the Interna onal paid work, health and housing. The and gender analysis of judicial decisions Criminal Court (ICC) including Uganda, sources for this factsheet are various and other legal developments at the the Democra c Republic of Congo, UN divisions and the World Bank. Interna onal Criminal Court (ICC), Darfur, the Central African Republic, There is also a “Cita ons” sec on with and discussion of legal issues arising Kenya and Libya. In English/French. BBookook RRevieweview

Contes ng Archives: Finding Women in the Sources, edited by Nupur Chaudhuri, Sherry J. Katz, and Mary Elizabeth Perry. 2010, 223 pages. University of Illinois Press, IL. Reviewed by Jason Black, Doctoral Student, History, Michigan State University.

Contes ng Archives: Finding Women in the Sources contains a wealth of informa on and covers a wide range of specifi c subjects while maintaining the goal outlined in the tle of fi nding women in historical sources. The principle argument of the book holds that archives are not neutral sources, but are collected with specifi c goals in mind, by specifi c people, and tend to be created by men collec ng sources that primarily deal with men. This does not mean that fi nding women in the archives is impossible, only that it requires a fair amount of work. The twelve essays within are split up into three sec ons. The fi rst, “Loca ng Women in Offi cial Documents,” contains four essays which focus their a en on on offi cial archival sources and how to read them in such a way as to fi nd women and female agency in collec ons that were not collected with these goals in mind. Mary Elizabeth Perry explores the life of Fa ma, a slave in early modern Spain. Fa ma appears in a single Inquisitorial record, a er she challenged a local priest’s claim that she had converted from Islam to Chris anity while being treated for the plague. Daniel S. Haworth introduces us to María Petra Fernández, a nineteen-year-old orphan living in nineteenth-century Mexico. Fernández appears in an 1854 case fi le, a emp ng to have herself declared an adult so that she could be free to marry the man of her choice, and not one chosen by her foster father. Julia Clancy-Smith explores the lives of migrant women in nineteenth-century Tunis through the tes monies of Giovanna Tellini, who was prosecuted for grand larceny and contraband. Finally, Kali Nicole Gross inves gates intersec on of race, crime and gender in an early twen eth century racially integrated neighborhood in Philadelphia, through the trial of Henrie a Cooper, charged with killing her newborn child. Each of these essays centers around legal documenta on of some kind. In three of the four essays the women in ques on were the subject of criminal proceedings; only Fernández ini ated legal proceedings of her own voli on. Legality aside, what these essays also have in common is that they locate evidence of female agency within the archives, illustra ng some of the 2266 ways in which women navigated the socie es in which they lived. The necessary reliance on legal documents leaves a number of ques ons unanswered, namely what happened to each of these women a er their respec ve cases were resolved, but there is only so much that offi cial archives can provide in these cases. The second sec on, “Integra ng Varied Sources Found Inside and Outside Offi cial Archives,” a empts to address that problem. Lisa Sousa u lizes criminal and civil records, as well as formal texts and a variety of images, to explore women’s lives in colonial Mexico. In order to reconstruct the lives of progressive era radical women in California, Sherry J. Katz began with the limited archival and interview materials available and then expanded her focus to materials from feminist, social reform and labor campaigns. Malgorzata Fidelis focuses on le ers to the editor of the communist era magazine Girlfriend, supplemented by interviews, to explore the experiences of Polish working women under communism. By working with the collected papers of two of Marcus Garvey’s wives, Amy Ashwood Garvey and Amy Jacques Garvey, Ula Taylor is able to reconstruct the Harlem cultural tradi on of “street-strolling.” This ac vity allowed these women to maneuver around Harlem, interac ng with their neighbors and compiling knowledge relevant to their community. Nupur Chaudhuri uses the 1825 travel narra ve of a Bengali woman, Krishnobhabini Das, to explore gender, racial and colonial rela ons in Bengal, India. Finally, Mansoureh E ehadieh (Nezam Mafi ), Elham Malekzadeh, Maryam Ameli-Rezaei, and Janet Afary u lize court registers, personal le ers and the memoirs of a European doctor to reconstruct women’s lives in turn of the century Iran. The essays in this second sec on explore a variety of source material in order to accomplish their goals. They illustrate the ways in which historians, when faced with minimal obvious resources, must be fl exible enough to approach other, perhaps seemingly tangen al sources, to expand their understanding of their subjects. Even these essays leave much to be explored in their respec ve areas of research, but not for lack of eff ort. Even with addi onal sources at their disposal, these historians are s ll working with a small pool of resources. The third sec on, “Crea ng Women’s History Archives,” is the shortest, containing only two essays, but serves as a call to arms for historians. Joanne L. Goodwin traces the crea on of two collec ons of women’s history documents in Nevada, at the University of Nevada in Reno, and in Las Vegas. The collec ons were created with the express purpose of recording the history of women in Las Vegas, Nevada, and their contribu ons to the city and the state at large. Kathleen Sheldon, upon arriving in Beira, Mozambique in 1982, discovered that, although the new socialist state was endeavoring to empower its female ci zens, there were almost no archival records dealing with women. Sheldon set about crea ng a collec on of interviews to serve as a founda on for studying the history of working women in the recently independent Mozambique. Both of these essays provide examples of how archives can be constructed in such a way as to focus on women’s history, which is so o en obscured in other archival projects. The book overall provides excellent models for historians, whether they’re researching women’s history or not, of how to perform archival research on historical subjects who did not create archives, or did not have archives created specifi cally to preserve their works. It also exposes the dangers of trea ng archives as neutral sources. Although the crea on of women’s history archives in Nevada or Mozambique is certainly a good thing, it also helps to illustrate the fact that archives are created with a specifi c goal in mind, and pursuing that goal can obscure some aspects of the historical record. The book doesn’t provide a model for archives that do not do this, and it seems impossible to do so. Knowledge is subjec ve, as is the way in which it is organized, and this will likely always be the case. Where Contes ng Archives shines is in providing posi ve examples of how to do research despite this, of ways in which historians can make use of archives that do not, on the surface, deal directly with their research, or that obscure it through sheer volume or organiza on. For historians of women’s history, this book is of immense value, as it provides specifi c models that can certainly be applied or modifi ed to fi t their own research interests and the archives in which they fi nd themselves, or when there are no archives to u lize. The same can be said for other historians of the so-called “subaltern” who wish to study historical actors who are not well represented within archival materials. Finally, the book is useful for anyone embarking on research or fi rst tackling the methodologies of historical research, as it provides detailed models used by fi een historians of almost as many regions and cultures, and does so in a book that is compact and readable.

BBOOKOOK RREVIEWEVIEW 2277 Beyond Women’s Empowerment in Africa: Exploring Disloca on and Agency, by Elinami Veraeli Swai. 2010, 220 pages. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY. Reviewed by Erin Moore, Doctoral student, Compara ve Human Development, University of Chicago.

In the summer of 2009, the New York Times Magazine proclaimed: “the oppression of women worldwide is the human rights cause of our me.” Indeed, since the ra fi ca on of the United Na ons’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, “women’s empowerment,” in the eyes of the western public, has assumed the posi on of panacea to global poverty. In Africa in par cular, “empowerment” comes in various forms from na onal governments and interna onal NGOs (nongovernmental organiza ons): small loans, public health campaigns, educa on ini a ves, and leadership training. Swai’s Beyond Women’s Empowerment in Africa: Exploring Disloca on and Agency is a mely interven on into what might be considered the “women’s empowerment industry” in Africa. As Swai notes, the contemporary women’s empowerment industry follows in a long line of nearly two hundred years of missionary and colonial domes c training ini a ves that fundamentally refi gured—and con nue to infl uence—no ons of gender and power in African colonies (see Allman et. al. 2002, Comaroff and Comaroff 1991, Hodgson 2005, Hunt 1990, Thomas 2003). Swai argues that while we imagine the women’s empowerment industry to personally, poli cally, economically, and socially advance the rights and abili es of women and girls, it was actually through par cipa on in colonial and missionary women’s educa on groups that women came to understand themselves as disempowered. Mission educa on, according to Swai, taught women to devalue the knowledge of everyday life they had learned in their homes and communi es in favor of modern educa on. She writes: “I believe that educa on shapes women’s predisposi on toward certain predetermined goals without considering their reali es, and I see this as problema c because it is inherently norma ve, o en unknowingly so; it is a way of avoiding or hiding a founda onal element of the hegemony of patriarchy and capitalism” (8). Drawing on Catherine Odora-Hoppers’ (2002) no on of “Indigenous Knowledge Systems,” Swai’s goal is to bring African “women’s knowledge systems” to the center of “any discourse on development in Africa” (2). She explains how the disloca on of African women is part and parcel to the eviscera on of these knowledge systems by both colonial archives and modern empowerment projects. For Swai, African women’s knowledge systems are inter-psychological, process-based, and marked by agen ve iden ty construc on: “…knowing is a process of construc ng iden ty” (47-8). Given their fl uid and ever-changing nature, according to Swai, these knowledge systems are not easily discernible by standardized quan ta ve studies nor have they been paid adequate a en on in colonial histories and ethnographies of Tanzania, where she bases her ethnographic work. Swai uses ethnography, discourse analysis, and archival research to illustrate African women’s knowledge systems at work among rural women in Tanzania, as well as to demonstrate how, under the name of “women’s empowerment,” these knowledge systems have been devalued and dismissed. In her interes ng and thorough rendering of the earliest colonial ethnographies of the Tanganyika Territory in Chapter 1, Swai demonstrates how colonial offi cials blamed what they perceived as a lack of “development” on women, which drove the matricula on of these women to mission schools. Mission educa on was nearly always domes c and was designed to prepare African women to keep a clean and Chris an home (Hunt 1990). While contemporary women’s educa on in Africa covers topics beyond home economics, according to Swai: “the types of educa on that are considered to empower women are o en used as a sieve, as a gate keeping device to control and manipulate women’s social and economic mobility” (7). In Chapter 2, Swai unfolds her theore cal approach to “Women’s Knowledge Systems.” Drawing from Carol Gilligan’s (1982) line of developmental psychology, the idea that women are rela onal—as opposed to men who are goal-oriented—is the linchpin to her formula on of “women’s knowledge systems.” However, Swai does not argue for simply iden fying and revaluing these knowledge systems as important and as fi lling gaps in the literature on African women. Rather, she goes to great length to show the bidirec onal and ambivalent processes through which, for example, discourses on marriage disenfranchise women while simultaneously engendering a source of women’s knowledge. Chapter 3 builds on historical and anthropological interest in African women’s fashion by examining the khanga, print-cloth made and worn by Tanzanian women, as a mediator of women’s knowledge systems. Swai argues that women use the khanga to represent and teach cultural meaning through the use of images and slogans. Chapter 4 gives examples of other uses of women’s knowledge systems, including women’s natural healing techniques and agricultural prac ces. Chapter 5 details the “Genesis of Women’s Disempowerment” by describing a empts by interna onal NGOs to incorporate tradi onal and indigenous knowledges in community development ini a ves. These a empts emphasized local par cipa on in NGO programs in such a way as to further disenfranchise women from their land and to make domes c and care-giving tasks more me consuming. Chapter 6 traces the evolu on of the concept of “women’s empowerment” interna onally and in Tanzania specifi cally, highligh ng its correla on with educa on. “The classic oxymoron ‘women(’s) empowerment,’” Swai writes, “has come to mean women conforming to social and cultural expecta ons, a prac ce that ‘…is likely to be an the cal to empowerment’” (160, quo ng Kabeer 1999: 457). In her conclusion, Swai reiterates the ambivalent and bidirec onal nature of women’s knowledge systems. 2288 BOOKBOOK RREVIEWEVIEW According to Swai, these knowledges make themselves available for both transcending and reproducing women’s current social posi on. Beyond Women’s Empowerment in Africa is a richly detailed argument for reconsidering what we, as scholars and as ac vists, mean by “women’s empowerment.” Rather than taking economic, social, and educa onal interven on ini a ves at face value, Swai interrogates these programs for their complexi es to underscore how outside interven ons are never just imposed; they always meet local prac ces to produce unintended consequences. By combining archival and ethnographic material, Swai shows what “women’s empowerment” means to various actors in variegated sites and queries its puta ve benefi ts. Swai combines the insights of western social theorists (e.g. Foucault, Bourdieu, and Vygotsky) with those of African and Africanist feminists (e.g. Hunt, Kanogo, Oyewumi) to produce an argument equally infl uenced by feminist and sociological theory. As such, this text will be of interest to those in many fi elds including development studies, gender studies, and African studies. Throughout the text, Swai is also refreshingly self-refl exive, which is especially important given her own subject-posi on as an educated Tanzanian woman gives her paradoxically both great closeness to and an impassable distance from her informants. In this way, she pays homage to the feminist insistence that one must situate herself in order to tell the most authen c story. In Swai’s own words: “The strength of this endeavor is to help us understand that ‘African woman’ is a cultural-historical construc on, which scholars have taken as truthful and real” (11).

References Allman, Jean, Susan Geiger, and Nakanyike Musisi, Eds. (2002). Women in African Colonial Histories. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Comaroff , Jean and John Comaroff (1991). Of Revolu on and Revela on. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gilligan, Carol (1982). In a Diff erent Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hodgson, Dorothy (2005). The Church of Women: Gendered Encounters between Maasai and Missionaries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Hunt, Nancy Rose (1990). “Domes city and Colonialism in Belgian Africa: Usumbura’s Foyer Social, 1946-1960.” Signs 15(3): 447-74. Spring.

Kanogo, Tabitha (2005). African Womanhood in Colonial Kenya 1900-1950. Athens: Ohio University Press.

Odora-Hoppers, Catherine, Ed. (2002). Indigenous Knowledge and the Integra on of Knowledge Systems: Towards a Philosophy of Ar cula on. Claremonth, South Africa: New Africa Educa on.

Oyewumi, Oyeronke (2003). “Abiyamo: Theorizing African Motherhood.” Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women’s Studies (4).

Thomas, Lynn (2003). Poli cs of the Womb: Women, Reproduc on, and the State in Kenya. Berkeley: University of California Press.

BBOOKOOK RREVIEWEVIEW 2299 If there are any changes to your address, please provide our offi ce with a correc on: Email: bulle [email protected] • Telephone: 517-353-5040 • Fax: 517-432-4845

For informa on on the Center for Gender in Global Context, visit www.gencen.msu.edu or email [email protected]. For informa on on GenCen’s Gender, Development, and Globaliza on (formerly Women and Interna onal Development) Program, visit gencen.msu.edu/gdg.

Thank You.

**Note: all photos courtesy of Global Focus, Interna onal Studies and Programs, Michigan State University**

East Lansing, MI 48824-1035 USA 48824-1035 MI Lansing, East

206 Interna 206 onal Center onal

Michigan State University State Michigan

a program of program a Gender, Development, and Globalization and Development, Gender,