Representations of Aging Women in Three American Musicals
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A DIFFERENT KIND OF DIVA: REPRESENTATIONS OF AGING WOMEN IN THREE AMERICAN MUSICALS Michael Evans Kinney Department of Music Research Schulich School of Music McGill University, Montréal December, 2016 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Musicology. © Michael Evans Kinney 2016 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................ii RÉSUMÉ.............................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 SYNOPSES .......................................................................................................................12 Gypsy ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Follies ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Grey Gardens ............................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 1: Centrality and the Aging Woman in Musical Theatre ..........................28 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 28 Representation of Aging Women in the Golden Age Musical (1930-1966).................................. 29 Gypsy and Rose as a Leading Lady ............................................................................................ 39 Follies and the Chorus ............................................................................................................... 44 Grey Gardens and Continued Complexity .................................................................................. 53 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER 2: “Because I was born too soon and started too late”: Complexity of Aging in Gypsy ................................................................................................................60 Introduction: ............................................................................................................................. 60 Ambition: Desire and “I am/I want” songs ................................................................................ 61 Relationships: Desire and the Love Duet ................................................................................... 68 Ambivalence: Desire and Endings ............................................................................................. 72 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 77 CHAPTER 3: “Who’s That Woman?”: Difference, Age, and Temporal Complexity in Follies ...........................................................................................................................79 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 79 New Desires: Love and the Aging Woman ................................................................................. 80 Difference and Experiences of Aging ......................................................................................... 87 Ambiguity of Time: Temporality and Age in Loveland .............................................................. 93 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 99 CHAPTER 4: “It’s very difficult to keep the line between the past and the present”: The Mother-Daughter Relationship Over Time in Grey Gardens ........................... 101 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 101 Thematization of Time and Fears of Aging .............................................................................. 103 Temporal Ambiguities and Aging-Associated Ambivalences in Act II ..................................... 112 Edith and Reconciliation with the Past .................................................................................... 112 Edie’s Ambivalent Time in Late-Middle Life .......................................................................... 117 Duets and the complexity of the mother-daughter relationship in Grey Gardens ...................... 122 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 132 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 137 ii ABSTRACT A Different Kind of Diva: Representations of Aging Women in Three American Musicals Despite increased interest in aspects of identity within musical theatre scholarship, few have turned a critical eye toward issues of aging. This thesis furnishes a new perspective in both musical theatre studies and musicology by engaging in an analysis of aging, gender, identity, and representation in the American musical. By providing close readings of both score and book of three canonic musicals – Jule Styne and Stephen Sondheim’s Gypsy (1959), Sondheim and James Goldman’s Follies (1971), and Scott Frankel, Michael Korie, and Doug Wright’s Grey Gardens (2006) – this project outlines the emergence of a complex set of women in narratives that confront the aging process, both directly and indirectly. Furthermore, these shows act as cross sections of the past 60 years of musical theatre, and therefore exemplify a development of the representation of aging women within the genre. In the first chapter, the thesis considers the representations of aging women in the Golden Age of musical theatre (1930-1966). This was a time when aging women were typically portrayed as one-dimensional characters, found at the margins of these narratives, and stereotypically characterized as sexless, passive, and merely supportive to the youth-oriented plots. However, the musicals Gypsy, Follies, and Grey Gardens boldly place aging women as the focal point of their respective narratives and bring attention to the perspective of aging women, addressing issues of visibility and agency in the aging process. The following three chapters explore the complex protagonists of these musicals. I examine the function of certain songs in the narratives, such as the “I want/I am song” and duets, that reveal age-based complexities of these newer leading ladies. Their motivations, ambitions, relationships, and ambivalences are considered in conjunction with themes outlined in age studies, such as decline, life course, and generational conflict. iii RÉSUMÉ Une diva différent: Représentations du vieillissement des femmes dans trois musicaux américains Malgré un intérêt grandissant de certains aspects de l’identité à l’intérieur de l’étude du théâtre musical, peu ont jeté un regard critique ou ont posé des questions sur le vieillissement. Cette thèse fournit une nouvelle perspective dans deux cadres d’études, celle du théâtre musical et celle de la musicologie, en entreprenant une analyse du vieillissement, genre, identité, et de représentation dans le musical américain. En fournissant des lectures attentives des partitions et du livre de trois oeuvres canoniques musicales – Gypsy (1959) de Jule Styne et Stephen Sondheim, Follies (1971) de Sondheim et James Goldman, et Grey Gardens (2006) par Scott Frankle, Michael Korie, et Doug Wright – ce projet donne un aperçu de l’émergence d’un complexe ensemble de femmes dans des narrations qui font face aux processus direct et indirect du vieillissement. De plus, ces spectacles agissent comme une section transversale des soixante dernières années du théâtre musical, et pour ces raisons, ils illustrent le développement de la représentation des femmes vieillissantes dans ce domaine. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse considère la représentation des femmes vieillissantes dans la belle époque du théâtre musical (1930-1966). Ce fut un temps où les femmes matures étaient décrites comme des personnages unidimensionnels, reléguées aux périphéries du récit, dépeintes comme asexuées, passives, et soutenant presqu’uniquement les scénarios mettant en scène les jeunes. Par contre, les musicaux Gypsy, Follies et Grey Gardens placent audacieusement les femmes vieillissantes au centre de leurs récits respectifs et portent une attention particulière aux femmes vieillissantes en leur donnant plus de visibilité et d'accès aux agences dans une perspective d'un vieillissement actif. Les trois chapitres qui suivent analysent les protagonistes complexes de ces musicaux. J’analyse la fonction de certaines chansons dans ces récits, tels que la “I want/I am song” et les duos, qui dévoilent les complexités fondées sur l’âge de ces grandes dames. Leurs motivations, ambitions, liens, et ambivalences