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Reine Des Coupeurs De Tête P Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 1 REINE DES COUPEURS DE TÊTES Ma vie à Bornéo Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 2 Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 3 MARGARET BROOKE REINE DES COUPEURS DE TÊTES Ma vie à Bornéo Traduit de l’anglais par FRANCOISE MOMAL GENÈVE 2000 ÉDITIONS OLIZANE Collection OBJECTIF TERRE Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 4 Editions OLIZANE 11, rue des Vieux-Grenadiers 1205 Genève - Suisse [email protected] catalogue: www.olizane.ch ISBN 2-88086-254-X © Copyright 2000 Editions Olizane SA Genève L’édition originale de ce récit a été publiée par Methuen & Co. Ltd., Londres en 1913, sous le titre My Life in Sarawak. Margaret Brooke, the Ranee of Sarawak Couverture: D.R. Composition: Editions Olizane, Genève Impression et brochage: Imprimerie LegoPrint, Lavis, Italie Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 5 PRÉFACE Ayant vécu trois ans au Brunei, je me suis initiée à l’histoire du Nord de Bornéo et particulièrement à celle de l’Etat du Sarawak, devenu depuis 1963 l’une des provinces de la Fédération de Malaysie. Curieusement, régna sur ce Sarawak, de 1840 jusqu’à la dernière Guerre Mondiale, une dynastie de Rajahs blancs, d’origine anglaise, les Brook. De nombreux ouvrages ont été écrits sur cette famille mais, à ma connaissance, aucun n’a fait l’objet d’une traduction en français. Avant l’arrivée, en 1840, de James Brook, le fondateur de la dynastie, le Sarawak était peuplé de Malais islamisés, de com- merçants de la diaspora chinoise, et de tribus de coupeurs de têtes, les Dayak, Kayan, etc. Si les côtes étaient familières aux navigateurs étrangers, l’intérieur du pays restait en grande partie une terra incognita, de par sa végétation impénétrable et de par ses habitants aux mœurs féroces. Ce pays était assez mal gouverné par un vieux rajah malais, vassal du Sultan de Brunei. A la faveur d’une rébellion locale, James Brook en prit posses- sion avec la seule aide d’un navire frété par ce rajah et de son équipage. A sa mort, en 1868, son neveu Charles lui succéda. A l’instar de son oncle, Charles gouverna avec l’appui d’une poignée d’Anglais et le soutien de l’aristocratie malaise. Il fut un excellent administrateur qui, loin de s’enrichir, contribua au développement du pays. Il peut seulement lui être reproché, lorsqu’il devait sévir contre quelque turbulente tribu de cou- peurs de têtes, d’avoir enrôlé, pour ces expéditions punitives, 5 Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 6 REINE DES COUPEURS DE TÊTES des Dayak de la mer aux mœurs peu recommandables, faute d’argent pour entretenir une armée régulière. Dès que Charles devint rajah, son premier soin fut d’aller chercher une épouse en Angleterre. Il y trouva Margaret de Windt, fille d’une cousine, pour laquelle il aurait nourri de tendres sentiments. Margaret était une grande fille à la beauté majestueuse et aux manières un peu hommasses qui, comme elle nous le dit elle-même, «avait reçu l’éducation limitée dis- pensée aux filles en ce milieu de l’ère victorienne». Cette éduca- tion «limitée» ne l’empêchait pas de jouer fort bien du piano et de parler plusieurs langues, dont le français. Imaginez cette jeune personne débarquant en 1868, en bot- tines et robe à crinoline, dans le sombre continent de Lord Jim, au terme d’une longue et pénible traversée! Heureusement, elle avait un caractère, tolérant, curieux, plein d’humour. Elle aima immédiatement son pays d’adoption, ses larges fleuves bordés de mangroves, ses longues plages de sable blanc, ses montagnes lointaines se découpant sur les ciels tourmentés des tropiques, ses effluves indéfinissables et ses arbres fleuris. Elle considéra avec bienveillance aussi bien les mignons chik-chak, lézards familiers des maisons, les merveilleux papillons chers à son époux, les colibris, les calaos, étranges oiseaux surmontés d’un casque, les gibbons et macaques effrontés qui pillent les vergers, les londs, buffles gris des rizières, que d’autres animaux nette- ment moins sympathiques, tels les crocodiles qui infestaient les rivières, les varans, pythons, cobras, vipères, habitués des jar- dins, les moustiques, vecteurs de paludisme, les scorpions noirs, les mygales velues, qu’elle trouvait parfois dans son lit, et les rats qui, à l’occasion, migraient à travers sa chambre. Abandonnée quelques jours seulement après son arrivée par son Rajah, parti par nécessité mais aussi par goût pour une expédition lointaine, au lieu de gémir sur sa solitude et de s’accrocher aux jupes de ses deux ou trois compatriotes, elle invita à un thé toutes les dames malaises, s’en fit des amies et s’initia à leurs us et coutumes. Lorsque Charles revint, quelques 6 Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 7 PREFACE semaines plus tard, elle se débrouillait en malais et s’habillait à la mode locale. Elle se plaint à peine de la mort de ses trois premiers enfants emportés par le choléra sur le bateau qui ramenait la famille en Grande-Bretagne pour des vacances. Elle n’évoque guère, par pudeur, ses relations avec un mari dur, austère, taciturne, épousé sans amour, dont elle ne parle, d’ailleurs, que comme «le Rajah». Et pourtant ces deux fortes personnalités s’affrontèrent orageusement! Il ne pouvait guère en être autrement, mais nous en avons confirmation par les mémoires de leur belle-fille, Sylvia, la femme de Vyner, le der- nier Rajah Brook. Celle-ci raconte que Charles alla jusqu’à faire servir à Margaret ses tourterelles préférées en pâté! Aussi, lorsque ses trois fils grandirent, elle abandonna à Kuching son Rajah et s’installa en Angleterre, à Ascot, d’où elle ne revint qu’occasionnellement à Bornéo. C’est à cette époque qu’elle rédigea ce livre pour faire connaître et apprécier le Sarawak en Angleterre, dans l’espoir de le protéger contre les affairistes, en particulier contre le Vicomte Esher, père de sa belle-fille. Paul Morand, qui rencontra souvent Margaret, parle d’elle dans son journal comme d’une femme cultivée, ayant vécu à Paris dans sa jeunesse, connaissant Bourget, Maupassant, Wilde, Burnes Jones (qui avait fait d’elle un beau dessin). Il ajoute que «elle avait le culte des Anglais pour les bêtes et pour les indi- gènes, ce qui est moins anglais.» Mais le protocole exige que je cède maintenant la place à la Rani du Sarawak. Françoise Momal Mars 2000 7 Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 8 Dédié à la mémoire de Datu Isa, ma grande amie Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 9 INTRODUCTION Qui n’a pas entendu parler du Rajah Brooke, l’oncle de mon mari? Voici comment il devint le souverain du Sarawak. Bornéo est l’une des plus grandes îles du monde. Les Hol- landais occupent les trois quarts de sa surface. La Compagnie Britannique du Nord de Bornéo, une société anglaise, s’est éta- blie dans le nord. Quant au Sarawak, avec ses huit cents kilo- mètres de côtes et ses cent vingt-neuf mille cinq cents kilomètres carrés de superficie, il est situé au nord-ouest. Jusqu’au début du XVIe siècle, époque du séjour de Pigafetta au Brunei, Bornéo était presque inconnue en Europe mais, depuis lors, les Hollan- dais, les Portugais et les Anglais essayèrent à plusieurs reprises de prendre pied sur l’île. Ce sont les Hollandais qui y réussirent le mieux. Ce n’est qu’en 1839 que les Anglais s’implantèrent solidement sur une partie de cette terre si convoitée. Il faut en effet se rappeler qu’en 1788, 1803, puis 1806, des Anglais ayant tenté de commercer avec le Brunei avaient été assassinés. L’Amirauté avait donc mis en garde les négociants britan- niques contre les dangers que faisait courir toute relation com- merciale avec le Sultan de Brunei ou son peuple. Quarante ans s’écoulèrent sans nouvelle tentative anglaise jusqu’à ce jour de 1839 où James Brooke, le futur Rajah du Sarawak, fit son appari- tion sur cette scène et où ses desseins audacieux, quoique vagues, apportèrent la paix, la prospérité, et un gouvernement équitable à un pays jusqu’alors déchiré par les dissensions et les luttes. James Brooke s’était toujours senti fort attiré par ces 9 Reine des coupeurs de tête p. 001-128 9.0_RAJAH BLANC 1 20.09.17 09:08 Page 10 REINE DES COUPEURS DE TÊTES terres de l’archipel malais. Très jeune il avait servi en tant qu’of - ficier dans l’armée de la Compagnie Anglaise des Indes Orien- tales et fait campagne en Birmanie. Sérieusement blessé lors de cette guerre, rapatrié, il avait finalement démissionné, puis effectué deux voyages vers les Etablissements des Détroits et vers la Chine. Son intérêt pour cette partie du monde datait, semble-t-il, de cette période de sa vie. A la mort de son père, il avait hérité d’une petite fortune qu’il avait investie dans l’achat d’un yacht de cent quarante tonnes avec lequel il avait, en 1818, fait voile vers l’Archipel oriental.
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