Archaeological Desk Based Assessment 528-536 Garratt Lane, Wandsworth

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT

528-536 Garratt Lane Wandsworth London

January 2017 Planning G Heritage Specialist & Independent Advisors to the Property Industry Local Planning Authority: London Borough of Wandsworth

Site centred at: TQ26109 72438

Author: James Archer BA (Hons) PCIfA

Approved by: Simon Blatherwick BA MA MCIfA

Report Status: Final

Issue Date: January 2017

CgMs Ref: JA/DH/23013

No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent.

Every effort is made to provide detailed and accurate information, however, CgMs Limited cannot be held responsible for errors or inaccuracies within this report.

CONTENTS

Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction and Scope of Study 2.0 Development Plan Framework 3.0 Geology and Topography 4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background, with Assessment of Significance (Including map regression exercise) 5.0 Site Conditions and the Proposed Development (Review of Potential Impact on Archaeological Assets) 6.0 Summary and Conclusions Sources Consulted

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site Location Fig. 2 HER Data Plot (data from GLHER) Fig. 3 1768 John Rocque’s Map of Surrey Fig. 4 1793 Joseph Lindley and William Crosley’s Map of Surrey Fig. 5 1804 Ordnance Survey Drawing Fig. 6 1841 All Saints Wandsworth Tithe Map Fig. 7 1868 Ordnance Survey (1:2500) Fig. 8 1894-6 Ordnance Survey(1:1250) Fig. 9 1910 Ordnance Survey (1:1250) Fig. 10 1948 Ordnance Survey (1:1250) Fig. 11 1978-88 Ordnance Survey (1:1250) Fig. 12 2016 Google Earth Image Fig. 13 Site as Existing

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1 View of the site from Waldron Road, facing north along Garratt Lane Plate 2 View of the site facing south along Garratt Lane

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 The site of the 528-536 Garratt Lane has been reviewed for its below ground archaeological potential.

 No designated World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Registered Parks or Gardens, Historic Wreck or Historic Battlefield sites have been identified within the immediate vicinity of the study site. The site lies within the Wandsworth Archaeological Priority Area as defined by the London Borough of Wandsworth.

 A low archaeological potential is identified for all past periods of human activity. Evidence of agricultural activity and modern building foundations may be present. Whilst it is possible that archaeological remains may be present within the site, the balance of probability is that these will be of local significance.

 Modern development of the study site associated with land reclamation from the Wandle floodplain and the residential properties can be considered to have had a cumulative and destructive below-ground impact.

 Despite the fact that the study site is in an LPA designated APA, the low archaeological potential would suggest that this assessment is sufficient to discharge the archaeological interest in line with local and national policy. Should the Local Authority require any further archaeological works, it is suggested that these could be limited to a geo-archaeological borehole which could follow planning consent secured by condition.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

1.1 This archaeological desk-based assessment has been researched and prepared by James Archer and Simon Blatherwick of CgMs Consulting on behalf of Woolbro Homes Ltd.

1.2 The subject of this Assessment comprises the site at 528-536 Garratt Lane, Wandsworth, also referred to as the study site. The site is centred at TQ26109 72438 within the London Borough of Wandsworth (Fig. 1).

1.3 Woolbro Homes Ltd have therefore commissioned CgMs Consulting to establish the archaeological potential of the site, and to provide guidance on ways to accommodate any archaeological constraints identified.

1.4 In accordance with central, and local government policy and guidance on heritage and planning, and in accordance with the ‘Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessments’ (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists August 2014), this assessment draws together the available heritage, topographic and land-use information in order to clarify the archaeological potential of the site.

1.5 This desk-based assessment comprises an examination of evidence on the Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER) and other sources, including Wandsworth Local Studies Library. The report also includes the results of a comprehensive map regression exercise and a walkover site visit undertaken in January 2017.

1.6 The Assessment thus enables relevant parties to assess the archaeological potential of various parts of the site and to consider the need for design, civil engineering, and archaeological solutions to the archaeological potential identified.

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2.0 DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK

2.1 Legislation regarding archaeology, including scheduled ancient monuments, is contained in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, amended by the National Heritage Act 1983 and 2002.

2.2 In March 2012, the government published the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which replaced previous national policy relating to heritage and archaeology (PPS5: Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment). The National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG) was published online 6th March 2014 and updated 10 April 2014 (http://planningguidance.planningportal.gov.uk).

2.3 The Planning Practice Guide previously issued in support of PPS5, together with accompanying English Heritage documentation, was cancelled 25 March 2015, to be replaced by three Good Practice Advice (GPA) documents published by Historic England: GPA 1: The Historic Environment in Local Plans; GPA 2: Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment, and GPA 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets.

2.4 Section 12 of the NPPF, entitled Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment provides guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the conservation and investigation of heritage assets. Overall, the objectives of Section 12 of the NPPF can be summarised as seeking the:  Delivery of sustainable development  Understanding the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits brought by the conservation of the historic environment  Conservation of England's heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, and  Recognition of the contribution that heritage assets make to our understanding of the past.

2.5 Section 12 of the NPPF recognises that intelligently managed change may sometimes be necessary if heritage assets are to be maintained for the long term. Paragraph 128 states that planning decisions should be based on the significance of the heritage asset and that the level of detail supplied by an applicant should be proportionate to the importance of the asset and should be no more than sufficient to review the potential impact of the proposal upon the significance of that asset.

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2.6 Heritage Assets are defined in Annex 2 of the NPPF as: a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. They include designated heritage assets (as defined in the NPPF) and assets identified by the local planning authority during the process of decision-making or through the plan-making process.

2.7 Annex 2 also defines Archaeological Interest as a heritage asset which holds or potentially could hold, evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.

2.8 A Designated Heritage Asset comprises a: World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area.

2.9 Significance is defined as: The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.

2.10 Setting is defined as: The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.

2.11 In short, government policy provides a framework which:  Protects nationally important designated Heritage Assets (which include World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields or Conservation Areas)  Protects the settings of such designations  In appropriate circumstances seeks adequate information (from desk based assessment and field evaluation where necessary) to enable informed decisions  Provides for the excavation and investigation of sites not significant enough to merit in-situ preservation.

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2.12 The NPPG reiterates that the conservation of heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance is a core planning principle, requiring a flexible and thoughtful approach. Furthermore, it highlights that neglect and decay of heritage assets is best addressed through ensuring they remain in active use that is consistent with their conservation. Importantly, the guidance states that if complete, or partial loss of a heritage asset is justified, the aim should then be to capture and record the evidence of the asset’s significance, and make the interpretation publically available. Key elements of the guidance relate to assessing harm. An important consideration should be whether the proposed works adversely affect a key element of the heritage asset’s special architectural or historic interest. Additionally, it is the degree of harm, rather than the scale of development, that is to be assessed. The level of ‘substantial harm’ is considered to be a high bar that may not arise in many cases. Essentially, whether a proposal causes substantial harm will be a judgment for the decision taker, having regard to the circumstances of the case and the NPPF. Importantly, harm may arise from works to the asset or from development within its setting. Setting is defined as the surroundings in which an asset is experienced, and may be more extensive than the curtilage. A thorough assessment of the impact of proposals upon setting needs to take into account, and be proportionate to, the significance of the heritage asset and the degree to which proposed changes enhance or detract from that significance and the ability to appreciate it.

2.13 In considering any planning application for development, the planning authority will be mindful of the framework set by government policy, in this instance the NPPF, by current Development Plan Policy and by other material considerations.

2.14 The relevant Strategic Development Plan framework is provided by the London Plan Consolidated with Alterations Since 2011. The Further Alterations to the London Plan (FALP) were adopted 10 March 2015. This document includes the revised early minor alterations to the London Plan which were published in October 2013. There are no changes to Policy 7.8; slight amendments have been made to the wording of Policy 7.10 World Heritage Sites, cross referencing this policy with the Supplementary Planning Guidance document for the setting of World Heritage Sites prepared in 2012. Recent Minor Alterations to the London Plan (MALP) published 14 March 2016, concern housing standards and parking, with no alteration to heritage policies.

2.15 Policy in the Consolidated London Plan relevant to archaeology at the study site includes the following:

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POLICY 7.8 HERITAGE ASSETS AND ARCHAEOLOGY

STRATEGIC

A. LONDON’S HERITAGE ASSETS AND HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING LISTED BUILDINGS, REGISTERED HISTORIC PARKS AND GARDENS AND OTHER NATURAL AND HISTORIC LANDSCAPES, CONSERVATION AREAS, WORLD HERITAGE SITES, REGISTERED BATTLEFIELDS, SCHEDULED MONUMENTS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AND MEMORIALS SHOULD BE IDENTIFIED, SO THAT THE DESIRABILITY OF SUSTAINING AND ENHANCING THEIR SIGNIFICANCE AND OF UTILISING THEIR POSITIVE ROLE IN PLACE SHAPING CAN BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.

B. DEVELOPMENT SHOULD INCORPORATE MEASURES THAT IDENTIFY, RECORD, INTERPRET, PROTECT AND, WHERE APPROPRIATE, PRESENT THE SITE’S ARCHAEOLOGY.

PLANNING DECISIONS

C. DEVELOPMENT SHOULD IDENTIFY, VALUE, CONSERVE, RESTORE, RE-USE AND INCORPORATE HERITAGE ASSETS, WHERE APPROPRIATE.

D. DEVELOPMENT AFFECTING HERITAGE ASSETS AND THEIR SETTINGS SHOULD CONSERVE THEIR SIGNIFICANCE, BY BEING SYMPATHETIC TO THEIR FORM, SCALE, MATERIALS AND ARCHITECTURAL DETAIL.

E. NEW DEVELOPMENT SHOULD MAKE PROVISION FOR THE PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES, LANDSCAPES AND SIGNIFICANT MEMORIALS. THE PHYSICAL ASSETS SHOULD, WHERE POSSIBLE, BE MADE AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC ON-SITE. WHERE THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSET OR MEMORIAL CANNOT BE PRESERVED OR MANAGED ON-SITE, PROVISION MUST BE MADE FOR THE INVESTIGATION, UNDERSTANDING, RECORDING, DISSEMINATION AND ARCHIVING OF THAT ASSET.

LDF PREPARATION

F. BOROUGHS SHOULD, IN LDF POLICIES, SEEK TO MAINTAIN AND ENHANCE THE CONTRIBUTION OF BUILT, LANDSCAPED AND BURIED HERITAGE TO LONDON’S ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, CULTURAL IDENTITY AND ECONOMY AS PART OF MANAGING LONDON’S ABILITY TO ACCOMMODATE CHANGE AND REGENERATION.

G. BOROUGHS, IN CONSULTATION WITH ENGLISH HERITAGE, NATURAL ENGLAND AND OTHER RELEVANT STATUTORY ORGANISATIONS, SHOULD INCLUDE APPROPRIATE POLICIES IN THEIR LDFS FOR IDENTIFYING, PROTECTING, ENHANCING AND IMPROVING ACCESS TO THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE ASSETS AND THEIR SETTINGS WHERE APPROPRIATE, AND TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSETS, MEMORIALS AND HISTORIC AND NATURAL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER WITHIN THEIR AREA.

POLICY 7.9 HERITAGE-LED REGENERATION

STRATEGIC

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A. REGENERATION SCHEMES SHOULD IDENTIFY AND MAKE USE OF HERITAGE ASSETS AND REINFORCE THE QUALITIES THAT MAKE THEM SIGNIFICANT SO THEY CAN HELP STIMULATE ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY REGENERATION. THIS INCLUDES BUILDINGS, LANDSCAPE FEATURES, VIEWS, BLUE RIBBON NETWORK AND PUBLIC REALM.

PLANNING DECISIONS

B. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HERITAGE ASSETS SHOULD BE ASSESSED WHEN DEVELOPMENT IS PROPOSED AND SCHEMES DESIGNED SO THAT THE HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE IS RECOGNISED BOTH IN THEIR OWN RIGHT AND AS CATALYSTS FOR REGENERATION. WHEREVER POSSIBLE HERITAGE ASSETS (INCLUDING BUILDINGS AT RISK) SHOULD BE REPAIRED, RESTORED AND PUT TO A SUITABLE AND VIABLE USE THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH THEIR CONSERVATION AND THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES AND ECONOMIC VITALITY.

LDF PREPARATION

C. BOROUGHS SHOULD SUPPORT THE PRINCIPLES OF HERITAGE-LED REGENERATION IN LDF POLICIES.

2.16 The relevant Development Plan framework is provided by the Wandsworth Local Plan which consists of a series of documents which sets out the spatial vision for Wandsworth and a strategy for how this vision will be achieved. The Development Management Policies Document (DMPD) and Site Specific Allocations Document (SSAD) support the strategic objectives set out in the Core Strategy (all adopted March 2016).

2.17 Within the Core Strategy, Policy IS3 (Good Quality Design and Townscape) states that:

a. The Council will protect and reinforce the existing varied character and heritage of the Borough.

2.18 The adopted DMPD contains the following policy relating to Archaeology and Heritage:

Managing the historic environment a. In addition to satisfying the relevant parts of Policy DMS1, applications affecting a heritage asset or its setting will be granted where it:

i. is in accordance with the NPPF, the London Plan and relevant Historic England guidance; ii. takes full account of the Council’s Conservation Area Appraisals and Management Strategies; iii. is accompanied by a satisfactory Statement of Heritage Significance and Impact (Heritage Statement) produced by a heritage specialist where appropriate.

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b. Applications will be granted where they sustain, conserve and, where appropriate, enhance the significance, appearance, character and setting of the heritage asset itself, and the surrounding historic environment, and where they have consideration for the following:

i. the conservation of features and elements that contribute to the heritage asset's significance and character. This may include: chimneys, windows and doors, boundary treatments, original roof coverings, shopfronts or elements of shopfronts in conservation areas, as well as internal features such as fireplaces, plaster cornices, doors, architraves, panelling, walls and historic planform in listed buildings; ii. the reinstatement of features and elements that contribute to the heritage asset's significance which have been lost which may include any of the above items or others; iii. the conservation and, where appropriate, the enhancement of the space in between and around buildings as well as front, side and rear gardens; iv. the removal of additions or modifications that are considered harmful to the significance of any heritage asset. This may include the removal of pebbledash, paint from brickwork, non-original style windows, doors, satellite dishes or other equipment; v. the use of the heritage asset should be compatible with the conservation of its significance; vi. historical information discovered during the application process shall be submitted to the Greater London Historic Environment Record by the applicant.

c. Development involving substantial harm to heritage assets will only be granted in exceptional circumstances, where the great weight given to conservation has been fully taken into account; and the substantial public benefit derived has been clearly and convincingly demonstrated in accordance with the requirements of the NPPF. d. Proposals for development involving ground disturbance in Archaeological Priority Areas (as identified on the Policies Map), will need a desk based archaeological assessment and may also require field evaluation. The recording and publication of results will be required and in appropriate cases, the Council may also require preservation in situ, or excavation. e. Further detail will be set out in a forthcoming Historic Environment Supplementary Planning Document (SPD). f. Applications affecting non-designated heritage assets (such as locally listed buildings) will be dealt with in accordance with the NPPF. g. Where there is evidence of deliberate neglect of or damage to a heritage asset the deteriorated state of the heritage asset will not be taken into account in any decision.

2.19 In terms of relevant designated heritage assets, as defined above and as shown on Figure 2, no designated World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Historic Battlefield sites or Historic Wreck sites lie on or within the vicinity of the site. There are two Registered Parks or Gardens within the study area; ‘Springfield Hospital’ lies c.600m to the east of the study site whilst ‘Wimbledon Park’ lies c.1km to the west. The site lies within the Wandsworth Archaeological Priority Area (HER Ref: DLO35838), as defined in the London Borough of Wandsworth’s DPMD (see above).

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2.20 In line with existing national, strategic and local planning policy and guidance, this desk based assessment seeks to clarify the site’s archaeological potential and the need or otherwise for additional mitigation measures.

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3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

3.1 Geology

3.1.1 The solid geology of the study site is shown by British Geological Survey (BGS Website 2017) as London Clay (Clay & Silt) deposits forming the London Basin. Superficial deposits within the study site are recorded as Alluvium (Clay, Silt, Sand & Gravel), whilst Kempton Park Gravel Formation (Sand & Gravel) is recorded east of Garratt Lane.

3.1.2 This is confirmed by an archaeological evaluation immediately to the south of the study site at the One O’Clock Centre in Siward Road, which recorded the natural geology as London Blue Clay, overlain by alluvial deposits.

3.1.3 No site-specific geotechnical data is currently available.

3.2 Topography

3.2.1 The study site is generally level and slopes down gently from north to south, from c.12-11m AOD.

3.2.2 The course of the River Wandle flows from south to north c.150m to the west of the site.

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, WITH ASSESSEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Including Historic Map Regression exercise)

4.1 Timescales used in this report:

Prehistoric Palaeolithic 450,000 - 12,000 BC Mesolithic 12,000 - 4,000 BC Neolithic 4,000 - 1,800 BC Bronze Age 1,800 - 600 BC Iron Age 600 - AD 43

Historic Roman AD 43 - 410 Anglo Saxon/Early Medieval AD 410 - 1066 Medieval AD 1066 - 1485 Post Medieval AD 1486 - 1799 Modern AD 1800 - Present

4.2 Introduction

4.2.1 What follows comprises a review of archaeological findspots within a 1km radius of the study site, also referred to as the study area, held on the Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER), together with an historic map regression exercise charting the development of the study area from the eighteenth century onwards until the present day.

4.2.2 In terms of designated heritage assets, as defined above and as shown on Figure 2, no World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Historic Wreck or Historic Battlefield designations lie within the study area radius. There are two Registered Parks or Gardens within the study area; ‘Springfield Hospital’ lies c.600m to the east of the study site whilst ‘Wimbledon Park’ lies c.1km to the west. The site lies within the Wandsworth Archaeological Priority Area (HER Ref: DLO35838), as defined by the London Borough of Wandsworth. The GLHER provides no specific details on the nature of the APA.

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4.2.3 Archaeological evaluation immediately south of the study site revealed a late Anglo- Saxon alluvial sequence of gravel and clays related to the River Wandle floodplain, underlying Post Medieval former topsoils and dump deposits (see section 4.6.3 below).

4.2.4 The map regression together with a review of appropriate documentary sources indicates that the study site most likely remained within the Wandle floodplain until the Post Medieval period, when a cluster of residential properties fronting Garratt Lane were constructed along with related market gardens. Further development in the surrounding area followed in the 19th and 20th centuries. A furniture salesroom now occupies the study site.

4.3 Early Prehistoric - Palaeolithic, Mesolithic & Neolithic

4.3.1 Prehistoric natural water channels representing drainage onto or within the Wandle floodplain were recorded during a watching brief at 553 Garratt Lane, c.380m north of the study site (HER Ref: MLO59175, TQ2613 7293).

4.3.2 Palaeolithic implements were found by an antiquarian named Lawrence at Earlsfield, c.440m north of the study site (HER Ref: MLO23168, TQ2600 7300) whilst two handaxes were also found by Lawrence in the same area (HER Ref: MLO12266, TQ2600 7300). Further flint artefacts were found in the vicinity, including axes and flakes (HER Ref: MLO10990, TQ2600 7300) and further axes (HER Ref: MLO12261, TQ2600 7300).

4.3.3 A much rolled, retouched Palaeolithic flake was found c.600m east of the study site in Burntwood Lane (HER Ref: MLO10406, TQ2670 7270) in the same area as a further Palaeolithic flake (HER Ref: MLO10407, TQ2670 7270). A further prehistoric flint flake was recovered from the golf course on Burntwood Lane (HER Ref: MLO14493, TQ2700 7280).

4.3.4 An end scraper dated to the Mesolithic or Neolithic period is recorded from c.550m north of the study site (HER Ref: MLO10449, TQ2600 7300). A small opposed platform flint core dating to the Mesolithic or Neolithic period was recovered during evaluation work at the Openview Sports Ground c.840m north east of the study site (HER Ref: MLO98411, TQ26579 73152).

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4.3.5 A Neolithic axe is recorded c.920m north east of the study site (HER Ref: MLO13082, TQ2650 7330) whilst a further axe is recorded c.560m north of the study site (HER Ref: MLO13076, TQ2600 7300).

4.3.6 All of the HER monuments dating to the Early Prehistoric periods are isolated finds, and many of them are antiquarian finds which have now been lost. The archaeological potential of the site for these periods can therefore reasonably be identified as low, although residual finds may be present.

4.4 Late Prehistoric - Bronze Age and Iron Age

4.4.1 A leaf shaped spearhead dating to the Bronze Age has been identified c.300m north east of the study site (HER Ref: MLO7456, TQ259 726).

4.4.2 An early Iron Age urn was found near the Copper Mills c.850m south of the study site (HER Ref: MLO25143, TQ2600 7160).

4.4.3 Given the paucity of finds within the study area, a low archaeological potential is reasonably identified for the study site for the Late Prehistoric periods.

4.5 Roman

4.5.1 Archaeological trenching at 80 Plough Lane c.890m south of the study site recorded Roman building material and pottery sherds (HER Ref: MLO76134, TQ26200 71540).

4.5.2 The site lies away from known Roman settlement and activity, together with known road alignments, and consequently a generally low archaeological potential is reasonably identified for this period within the study site.

4.6 Anglo Saxon/Early Medieval & Medieval

4.6.1 The manor of Dunsford was one of four manors which the area around Wandsworth was divided into at the time of the Domesday Survey of 1086 (HER Ref: MLO72180, TQ2580 7320) and is recorded c.860m north of the study site. It had fallen into ruin by 1576 and by 1633 a farm occupied the site.

4.6.2 ‘Sumerton’ is mentioned in the Domesday Survey and was probably then a mill on the River Wandle (HER Ref: MLO72163, TQ2600 7200) c.430m south of the study site.

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4.6.3 An archaeological evaluation at the One O’Clock Centre in Siward Road, c.50m south of the study site in 2001 recorded a late Anglo-Saxon alluvial sequence of gravel and clays underlying Post Medieval former topsoils and dump deposits (HER Ref: ELO1092, TQ2573 7317).

4.6.4 One Medieval sherd was found in the upper levels of the subsoil during a watching brief at 533 Garratt Lane c.380m north of the study site (HER Ref: MLO59176, TQ2613 7293).

4.6.5 By the end of the Medieval period, the hamlet of ‘Garratt’, c.430m south of the study site, comprised a single house (HER Ref: MLO72164, TQ2600 7200).

4.6.6 Given the Post Medieval topsoils recorded over late Ango-Saxon alluvial deposits immediately to the south of the study site, it seems that the study site was only utilised for agricultural purposes by the Post Medieval period. As such, a low archaeological potential is identified for the Anglo-Saxon/Early Medieval and Medieval periods.

4.7 Post Medieval and Modern (including map regression exercise)

4.7.1 By 1768 (Fig. 3) the study site appears to be shown within an area of residential properties fronting onto ‘Garratt Lane’ with possible market gardens to the rear and Strong Mill to the north. The River Wandle is shown to the west of the study site and the hamlet of ‘Garret Green’ is shown to the south along with the Copper Mill. Dunsford House is marked to the north, presumably on the site of the former manor of Dunsford which had become a farm by this point. No change is shown by 1793 (Fig. 4).

4.7.2 Little change is shown by 1804 (Fig. 5) although an Iron Railway is now marked running adjacent to Garratt Lane. Strong Mill is now labelled ‘Garret Mill’.

4.7.3 The 1841 All Saints Wandsworth tithe map (Fig. 6) shows the study site in more detail than previous mapping. The site is adjacent to ‘Garret Lane’, although not quite fronting onto the road. Various properties front onto the Lane with gardens to the rear. The building immediately to the south west of the study site is most likely a public house, as this would later become the Leather Bottle Pub.

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4.7.4 The 1868 Ordnance Survey First Edition (Fig. 7) shows little change to the study site, with only slight expansions to the southern building within the study site and minor boundary changes within the rear gardens. The Leather Bottle is now labelled as such and a smithy is marked to the south of the pub.

4.7.5 No change is shown to the study site by 1894-6 (Fig. 8), although there has been development immediately to the north and a new school across Garratt Lane.

4.7.6 By 1910 (Fig. 9), the study site has been cleared and Garratt Lane widened so that it now marks the eastern edge of the study site. The building immediately to the north is now labelled as Waldron Hall and there has been further development on the east side of Garratt Lane.

4.7.7 The 1948 Ordnance Survey Map (Fig. 10) shows the construction of 528-536 Garratt Lane and further development in the surrounding area, including a police station to the north of Weybourne Street. No changes are shown to the study site by 1978-88 (Fig. 11) although there has been further expansion to the schools across Garratt Lane.

4.7.8 The 2016 Google Earth Image (Fig. 12) shows no apparent changes to the study site. The site visit confirms that the properties have been combined to create a single property (Plates 1-2).

4.7.9 The archaeological potential of the study site for the Post Medieval and Modern periods is most likely to relate to the market gardens and properties which fronted onto Garratt Lane. As such, a low archaeological potential is identified for these periods.

4.8 Negative/Neutral Evidence

4.8.1 A watching brief at the site of Wimbledon Football Club, c.750m south of the study site, revealed no archaeological finds or features (HER Ref: ELO4871, TQ2598 7159).

4.8.2 No significant archaeological activity was recorded during archaeological trial trenching at Waynflete Street, c.360m north of the study site (HER Ref: ELO1432, TQ262 728).

4.8.3 An archaeological evaluation at 330 Garratt Lane c.700m north of the study site recorded no archaeological finds or features and suggested that the site remained largely undeveloped prior to the 19th century (HER Ref: ELO6645, TQ25889 73122).

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Further archaeological evaluation in the same area adjacent to Earlsfield Station (HER Ref: ELO7639, TQ26085 73028) and at 312-320 Earlsfield Road (HER Ref: ELO13250, TQ2605 7320) recorded no archaeological finds or features.

4.9 Assessment of Significance

4.9.1 Existing national policy guidance for archaeology (the NPPF as referenced in section 2) enshrines the concept of the ‘significance’ of heritage assets. Significance as defined in the NPPF centres on the value of an archaeological or historic asset for its ‘heritage interest’ to this or future generations.

4.9.2 No archaeological designated heritage assets as defined in the NPPF are recorded on or in close proximity to the study site. The site lies within the Wandsworth Archaeological Priority Area as defined by the London Borough of Wandsworth.

4.9.3 Based on current evidence the site is considered to have a low archaeological potential for all past periods of human activity. Evidence of agricultural activity and modern building foundations may be present.

4.9.4 Whilst it is possible that archaeological remains may be present within the site, the balance of probability is that these will be of local significance.

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5.0 SITE CONDITIONS AND THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT (Review of potential impact upon Archaeological Assets)

5.1 Site Conditions

5.1.1 The study site is used as a furniture salesroom. A site visit was conducted in January 2017 (Plates 1-2).

5.1.2 Modern development of the study site associated with land reclamation from the Wandle floodplain and the residential properties can be considered to have had a cumulative and destructive below-ground impact.

5.1.3 Agricultural and/or horticultural use of the study site can be considered to have had a moderate, widespread archaeological impact.

5.2 The Proposed Development

5.2.1 No proposed development design is available at this time, but is assumed to be of a residential nature.

5.3 Review of potential development impacts upon Archaeological Assets

5.3.1 As identified above, there are no designated heritage assets, as defined in the NPPF, recorded on the study site. Therefore, development will not directly impact on any designated assets.

5.3.2 This assessment considers that there is a low potential for as yet to be discovered archaeological assets of a local significance to be present within the study site.

5.3.3 Therefore a proposed development is unlikely to have a significant archaeological impact.

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6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 The site at 528-536 Garratt Lane, Wandsworth is under consideration for development.

6.2 No designated heritage assets as defined in the NPPF are recorded on or in close proximity to the study. The site lies within the Wandsworth Archaeological Priority Area, as defined for the London Borough of Wandsworth.

6.3 A low archaeological potential is identified for all past periods of human activity. Evidence of agricultural activity and modern building foundations may be present. Whilst it is possible that archaeological remains may be present within the site, the balance of probability is that these will be of local significance.

6.4 Modern development of the study site associated with land reclamation from the Wandle floodplain and the residential properties can be considered to have had a cumulative and destructive below-ground impact.

6.5 Despite the fact that the study site is in an LPA designated APA, the low archaeological potential would suggest that this assessment is sufficient to discharge the archaeological interest in line with local and national policy. Should the Local Authority require any further archaeological works, it is suggested that these could be limited to a geo-archaeological borehole which could follow planning consent secured by condition.

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SOURCES CONSULTED

1. General British Library Greater London Historic Environment Record London and Metropolitan Archives (LMA) The National Archives Wandsworth Local Studies Library

2. Internet Bombsight- http://bombsight.org/#17/51.49200/-0.03924 British Geological Survey - http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html British History Online – http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ Domesday Online - http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/ Historic England: The National Heritage List for England – http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ Portable Antiquities Scheme – www.finds.org.uk

3. Bibliographic Bridgland Quaternary River terrace deposits as a framework for the Lower Palaeolithic record in Gamble & Lawson (eds.) The English Palaeolithic Reviewed 1996

British Geological Survey British Regional Geology London and the Thames Valley Fourth Edition 1996

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standard & Guidance for historic environment desk based assessment August 2014 unpublished document

Department of Communities and Local Government National Planning Policy Framework 2012

Gibbard The Pleistocene History of the Lower Thames Valley 1994

Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service Guidelines for Archaeological Projects in Greater London April 2015 unpublished document

Historic England (formerly English Heritage) Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment 2008

Historic England Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 1 The Historic Environment in Local Plans July 2015 unpublished document

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Historic England Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 2 Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment July 2015 unpublished document

Historic England Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 3 The Setting of Heritage Assets July 2015 unpublished document

Historic England Understanding Historic Buildings. A Guide to Good Recording Practice. 2016

Juby London before London: Reconstructing a Palaeolithic Landscape September 2011 unpublished PhD thesis (source: GLHER).

London County Council Names and Streets and Places in the Administrative County of London 1955

London Topographical Society/London & Metropolitan Archives The London County Council Bomb Damage Maps 1939-1945, 2005

Mills, A.D. A Dictionary of London Place Names 2001

MoLAS/English Heritage The Archaeology of Greater London: An Assessment of archaeological evidence for human presence in the area now covered by Greater London 2000

Victoria County History Surrey Volume 4 1912

Weinreb, Hibbert & Keay (eds.) The London Encyclopaedia 2008

Wymer The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain 2 volumes 1999

4. Cartographic 1729 Senex Map of Surrey 1768 John Rocque Map of Surrey 1793 Lindley & Crossley Map of Surrey 1804 Ordnance Survey Drawing 1823 Charles & John Greenwood’s Map of Surrey 1841 All Saints Wandsworth Tithe Map 1868 Ordnance Survey (1:2500) 1894-6 Ordnance Survey (1:2500) 1910 Ordnance Survey (1:1250) 1945 Google Earth Image 1948 Ordnance Survey (1:1250) 1978-88 Ordnance Survey (1:1250) 2003 Google Earth Image 2016 Google Earth Image

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N:\23000-23999\23013 - 528-536 Garrat Lane, Wandsworth\Figures\Mapping\GIS\Projects\A4 Figure 1 Portrait.mxd KP / 20.01.17

A3205 BATTERSEA HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM LONDON BORO

A217 CLAPHAM

Enfield Mortlake A3209 A2217

A3036 A205 LAMBETH LONDON BORO Barnet PUTNEY Harrow Waltham A205 Haringey Forest Redbridge

Havering WANDSWORTH WANDSWORTH LONDON BORO A23 Brent Hackney Islington Camden Barking and A214 Hillingdon Dagenham A3 Tower Newham Hamlets Ealing 4 Roehampton 3 2 1 Southwark Greenwich Upper Tooting Hounslow Lambeth Bexley A219 A218 Wandsworth Lewisham Richmond Upon Thames

Merton Kingston WIMBLEDON Upon A214 Thames Bromley Sutton MERTON LONDON BORO Croydon

1 Hammersmith & Fulham A3

2 Kensington & Chelsea

3 City of Westminster A238 MERTON

4 City of London A298 MITCHAM 172500

526000 Scale at A4: 1:4,000 0 100m

Site Boundary ± Figure 1: Site Location

PlanningHeritage● www.cgms.co.uk

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2017] N:\23000-23999\23013 - 528-536 Garrat Lane, Wandsworth\Figures\Mapping\GIS\Projects\Figure 2.mxd KP / 20.01.17 173500

MLO104836 MLO69075 FG MLO104419 ELO13441 DLO36024 $+ MLO72180 MLO13082 PlanningHeritage● ELO11895 www.cgms.co.uk ELO10953 ELO6112 ELO13250 !( !( MLO72181 ELO7171 ELO6645 ELO6646 ELO8027 ") Site Boundary MLO72182 MLO66037 !( MLO98451 ELO11922 FG MLO98411 ELO6646 ") ") ELO6419 ")") ELO7613 Search Radius 1km ELO4657 ")!( ELO6645 ELO7639 ELO7166 MLO104714 ELO6645 ELO14308 MLO104837 ELO6397 ELO8479 MLO12261 Wandsworth Designated ELO14279 DLO36025 $+ Heritage Assets: ELO8480 Common, CA ") MLO10990 MLO10449 MLO104873 FG DLO35998 Conservation Area 173000 MLO12266 $+ DLO36083 ELO1115 ELO7009 $+ Historic Park and MLO13076 $+ DLO36082 Garden MLO23168 ELO3379 ")FG")!( $+ Listed Building ELO16248 MLO59179 ELO10858 MLO104872 MLO59177 Archaeological Priority Area MLO59175 DLO35838 - MLO59176 $+ Wandsworth MLO14493 FG ELO1432 DLO37763 - Merton 19th Century Cemeteries DLO36578 Magdalen Park, CA FG MLO10407 $+ MLO7456 MLO105233 $+ DLO37961 - Wimbledon MLO10406 Park House FG MLO105233 DLO36578 DLO37964 - Wandle MLO107352 Valley/Earlsfield ELO11967

MLO104557 Non-Designated Heritage Assets: 1001601 HER Record (Point) 172500 MLO59302 DLO37964 - Wandle Valley/ $+ FG Find Spot Earlsfield, APA $+ !( Monument ") ELO15810 $+ Locally Listed Building

ELO1092 MLO101335 HER Record (Linear) $+ DLO35838 - Wandsworth ,APA Locally Listed Building HER Record (Polygon) ELO10852 ")!( MLO63709 Building Locally Listed Building $+ ELO14381 ELO10850 1000852 Monument Park DLO37961 - Wimbledon Park MLO69056 House, APA DLO35999 MLO102837 Previous Archaeological MLO72164 $+ Work: MLO72163 ELO7094 MLO102838 ") Event Record (Point) MLO10724 !( !(

172000 ") $+ Event Record (Polygon) ELO11927 MLO102840 $+ $+

DLO37763 - Merton 19th Century Cemeteries, APA MLO98408 $+ ± MLO69083 ELO1489 MLO69027 ELO4871 ELO13884 Scale at A3: 1:8,000 MLO25143 MLO101328 ELO3387 0 250m ELO10005 FG !( MLO499 MLO66662 ")!( ")FG ELO11178 ELO631 Figure 2: HER Data Plot (data

171500 MLO76134 from GLHER)

525000 525500 526000 526500 527000 527500 © Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 © English Heritage 2017. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017 The Dataset contained in this material was obtained on 20.01.17 N:\23000-23999\23013 - 528-536 Garrat Lane, Wandsworth\Figures\Mapping\CAD\Figures 3-13.dwg KP / 20.01.17

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

Site Location Figure 3: 1768 John Rocque's Map of Surrey

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL 100014723 N:\23000-23999\23013 - 528-536 Garrat Lane, Wandsworth\Figures\Mapping\CAD\Figures 3-13.dwg KP / 20.01.17

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Site Location Figure 4: 1793 Joseph Lindley and William Crosley's Map of Surrey Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

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Site Location Figure 5: 1804 Ordnance Survey Drawing

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

Site Boundary Figure 6: 1841 All Saints Wandsworth Tithe Map

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 7: 1868 Ordnance Survey (1:2500)

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

Site Boundary Figure 8: 1894-6 Ordnance Survey (1:1250)

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

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Site Boundary Figure 9: 1910 Ordnance Survey (1:1250)

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

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Site Boundary Figure 10: 1948 Ordnance Survey (1:1250)

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

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Site Boundary Figure 11: 1978-88 Ordnance Survey (1:1250)

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

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Site Boundary Figure 12: 2016 Google Earth Image

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 13: Site as Existing

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL 100014723 © CgMs N:\23000-23999\23013 - 528-536 Garrat Lane, Wandsworth\Figures\Mapping\Corel

Plate 1 View of the site from Waldron Road, facing north along Garratt Lane

Plate 2 View of the site facing south along Garratt Lane