An Open Letter from Legal Scholars on Trump Impeachment Inquiry

For only the fourth time in American history, there is a serious inquiry concerning the impeachment of the President of the United States. We write as law professors because impeachment is a legal proceeding provided for by the Constitution of the United States. We write because the core principle of the rule of law is that no one, not even the President, is above the law and impeachment is the ultimate check provided for by the Constitution. We are writing not to express an opinion as to whether President Donald Trump should be impeached or removed, but to clarify the legal standards and procedures that should be followed.

Impeachment by the United States House of Representatives followed by a conviction in the United States Senate is one of only two methods under the Constitution for removing a President. (The 25th Amendment provides for the removal of the president due to incapacity, and while some have called for that as well, this letter does not address it.) Article II, §4, of the Constitution provides for impeachment for “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.” There is no definitive answer to what constitutes a “high crime or misdemeanor.” There is no Supreme Court case addressing it. But the history of the phrase and the experience of prior impeachments make clear that “high crimes and misdemeanors” include a serious abuse of power while in office whether or not a crime has occurred. In other words, a criminal act is often sufficient to be an impeachable offense, but it is not necessary.

We urge that the President and those in the Executive Branch cooperate with an impeachment inquiry. Prior Presidents facing such inquiries – Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton – cooperated with the House of Representatives and its committees. We urge the House to act expeditiously, while providing the President and those in the Executive Branch a full and fair opportunity to be heard. This, however, does not include the right of the President, or the public, to know the identity of the whistleblower. Federal law explicitly provides for secrecy of whistleblowers precisely so they will come forward and report wrong-doing.

We strongly disagree with White House Counsel Pat Cipollone’s statements in an October 8, 2019 letter that the impeachment inquiry is “contrary to the Constitution … and all past bipartisan precedent” and violates “fundamental fairness and constitutionally mandated due process.” Quite the contrary, the Constitution does not mandate the process for impeachment and there is no constitutional requirement that the House of Representatives authorize an impeachment inquiry before one begins. Cipollone wrongly condemns the impeachment inquiry as the House “seeking to overturn the result of the 2016 election.” This fails to recognize the seriousness of the charges against President Trump for abusing executive power for personal political gain and violating federal election law.

If there is an impeachment by the House of Representatives, we believe that the Senate is constitutionally obligated to hold a trial to be presided over by the Chief Justice of the United

States. Unlike past trials following impeachments, we urge that this trial be conducted in public, not behind closed doors.

Signed,1

Erwin Chemerinsky Dean and Jesse H. Choper Distinguished Professor of Law Berkeley Law School

Mark Aaronson Susan Abraham Professor of Law Emeritus Professor of Law UC Hastings College of the Law New York Law School

Miriam Albert Anthony Alfieri Professor of Skills Professor of Law Maurice A. Deane School of Law at University of Miami School of Law Hofstra University

Penelope Andrews Claudia Angelos Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law Clinical Professor of Law New York Law School NYU School of Law

Catherine Archibald Jonathan Askin Associate Professor of Law Professor of Clinical Law University of Detroit Mercy School of Law Brooklyn Law School

Barbara Atwood Beverly Balos Professor of Law Emerita Clinical Professor of Law Emerita University of Arizona James E. Rogers University of Minnesota Law School College of Law

Mark Bartholomew Heather Baxter Professor of Law Professor of Law University at Buffalo School of Law Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad College of Law

Ron Beal Gordon Beggs Professor of Law Clinical Professor Emeritus Baylor Law School Cleveland-Marshall College of Law

1 Affiliations noted for identification purposes only.

Julia Belian Roxana Bell Associate Professor of Law Assistant Professor of Law University of Detroit Mercy School of Law University of Detroit Mercy School of Law

Anya Bernstein Wendi “Warren” H. Binford Professor of Law Professor of Law University at Buffalo School of Law Willamette University College of Law

Susan Bitensky Derek Black Professor of Law Professor of Law Michigan State University School of Law University of South Carolina School of Law

Henry Blair Christopher Blakesley Robins Kaplan Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Law Professor of Law UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law Mitchell Hamline School of Law

Beryl Blaustone Grace Ganz Blumberg Professor of Law Distinguished Professor Emerita CUNY School of Law UCLA School of Law

Elise Boddie Carl T. Bogus Professor of Law and Henry Rutgers Professor Professor of Law Rutgers Law School Roger Williams University School of Law

Vincent Bonventre Michael Boucai Justice Robert H Jackson Distinguished Associate Professor of Law Professor of Law University at Buffalo School of Law Albany Law School

Bruce Boyer Robin Boyle Curt and Linda Rodin Professor of Professor of Legal Writing Law and Social Justice St. John's University School of Law Loyola University Chicago School of Law

James Brook Susan L. Brooks Professor of Law Emeritus Associate Dean and Professor of Law New York Law School Drexel University Kline School of Law

Patricia Broussard Allison Brownell Tirres Professor of Law Associate Professor of Law Florida A&M University College of Law DePaul University College of Law

Mary Burns Mark Cammack Academic Director, On-line Masters in Professor of Law Jurisprudence Degree in Southwestern Law School Children's Law and Policy Loyola University Chicago School of Law

Eduardo Capulong Susan Carle Professor of Law Professor of Law and Vice Dean CUNY School of Law American University Washington College of Law

Catherine Carpenter Gilbert Carrasco Professor of Law Professor of Law Southwestern Law School Willamette University College of Law

David Cassuto Kim D. Chanbonpin Professor of Law Professor of Law Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law UIC John Marshall Law School

Luis Chiesa Gabriel Chin Professor of Law Edward L. Barrett Jr. Chair and University at Buffalo School of Law Martin Luther King Jr. Professor UC Davis School of Law

Carol Chomsky Eric Christiansen Professor of Law Professor of Law and Associate Dean University of Minnesota Law School Golden Gate University School of Law

Morgan Cloud James Coben Charles Howard Candler Professor of Law Professor of Law Emory University School of Law Mitchell Hamline School of Law

David S. Cohen Anna Cominsky Professor of Law Visiting Associate Professor of Law Drexel University Kline School of Law New York Law School

Jenny-Brooke Condon Kim Diana Connolly Professor of Law Professor of Law and Vice Dean for Advocacy Seton Hall Law School and Experiential Learning University at Buffalo School of Law

Terrye Conroy Laura Cooper Research Instructor Professor of Law Emerita University of South Carolina School of Law University of Minnesota Law School

Caroline Mala Corbin Nathan Cortez Professor of Law and Callejo Endowed Professor of Law Dean's Distinguished Scholar SMU Dedman School of Law University of Miami School of Law

Phyllis L Crocker McKay Cunningham Dean and Professor of Law Associate Professor of Law University of Detroit Mercy School of Law Concordia University School of Law

Christopher Czerwonka Lisa Davis Special Professor of Law Associate Professor of Law Maurice A. Deane School of Law at CUNY School of Law Hofstra University

Kate Nace Day Frank Deale Professor of Law Emerita Professor of Law Suffolk University Law School CUNY School of Law

Joy Delman Meera Deo Professor Emerita Professor of Law Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson School of Law

Michael Dorf Joshua Douglas Robert S. Stevens Professor of Law Thomas P. Lewis Professor of Law Cornell Law School University of Kentucky College of Law

Joshua Dressler Olympia Duhart Distinguished University Professor of Professor of Law Law Emeritus Nova Southeastern University The Ohio State University Shepard Broad College of Law Moritz College of Law

Ilene Durst Mira Edmonds Associate Professor of Law Clinical Assistant Professor of Law Thomas Jefferson School of Law University of Michigan Law School

Heather Elliott Atiba Ellis Alumni, Class of '36 Professor of Law Professor of Law University of Alabama School of Law Marquette University Law School

Monica Eppinger Samuel Erman Associate Professor of Law Professor of Law Saint Louis University School of Law USC Gould School of Law

Marc Falkoff Daniel Farber Associate Dean and Professor of Law Sho Sato Professor of Law Northern Illinois University College of Law Berkeley Law School

Stephen Feldman Eric Fink Jerry W. Housel/Carl F. Arnold Distinguished Associate Professor of Law Professor of Law and Adjunct Professor Elon University School of Law of Political Science University of Wyoming College of Law

Pamela Foohey William Forbath Associate Professor of Law Lloyd M. Bentsen Chair in Law Indiana University Maurer School of Law The University of Texas at Austin School of Law

Caroline Forell Eleanor Fox Professor Emerita Walter J. Derenberg Professor of University of Oregon School of Law Trade Regulation NYU School of Law

James Francis Alexandra M. Franco Distinguished Lecturer Visiting Assistant Professor of Law CUNY School of Law IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law

Eric M. Freedman Craig Futterman Siggi B. Wilzig Distinguished Professor Clinical Professor of Law of Constitutional Law University of Chicago Law School Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University

Ruben Garcia James Gardner Professor of Law SUNY Distinguished Professor UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law University at Buffalo School of Law

Frederick Mark Gedicks Bennett Gershman Guy Anderson Chair and Professor of Law Professor of Law Brigham Young University Law School Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law

Nancy Gertner Doni Gewirtzman Retired Federal Judge, Senior Lecturer Professor of Law Harvard Law School New York Law School

A. Thomas Golden Julie Goldscheid Professor of Law Emeritus Professor of Law Thomas Jefferson School of Law CUNY School of Law

Brandt Goldstein Jared Goldstein Visiting Professor of Law Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and New York Law School Professor of Law Roger Williams University School of Law

Natalie Gomez-Velez Anne Gordon Professor of Law Clinical Professor of Law CUNY School of Law Duke Law School

Mitchell Gordon Mark Graber Associate Professor of Law Regents Professor University of St. Thomas School of Law University of Maryland Carey School of Law

John Greabe Steven Green Professor of Law Fred H. Paulus Professor of Law University of New Hampshire Willamette University College of Law Franklin Pierce School of Law

Elayne Greenberg Julie Greenberg Professor of Legal Practice, Assistant Dean of Professor Emeritus Dispute Resolution Programs Thomas Jefferson School of Law St. John's University School of Law

Kent Greenfield Lissa Griffin Professor of Law and Professor of Law Dean’s Distinguished Scholar Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law Boston College Law School

Carolyn Grose Jill Gross Professor of Law Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Mitchell Hamline School of Law Professor of Law Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law

Samuel Gross Catherine Grosso Thomas and Mable Long Professor Professor of Law of Law Emeritus Michigan State University School of Law University of Michigan Law School

Martin Guggenheim Pratheepan Gulasekaram Fiorello LaGuardia Professor of Clinical Law Professor of Law NYU School of Law Santa Clara University School of Law

Jennifer Gundlach Susan Pace Hamill Emily and Stephen Mendel Distinguished Professor of Law and Honors Professor Professor of Law and Clinical Professor of Law University of Alabama School of Law Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University

Vinay Harpalani James Hathaway Associate Professor of Law James E. and Sarah A. Degan Professor of Law University of New Mexico School of Law University of Michigan Law School

Kenney Hegland Lynne Henderson James E Rogers Professor of Law Emerita Professor of Law University of Arizona UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law James E. Rogers College of Law

Laura Hermer Helen Hershkoff Professor of Law Herbert M. and Svetlana Wachtell Professor of Mitchell Hamline School of Law Constitutional Law and Civil Liberties NYU School of Law

Kathy Hessler Steven Heyman Clinical Law Professor Professor of Law Lewis & Clark Law School IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law

Jim Hilbert Martha R. Hochberger Professor of Law Visiting Professor of Law Mitchell Hamline School of Law New York Law School

Michael Hoffheimer K. Babe Howell Professor of Law and Jamie L. Whitten Chair Professor of Law of Law and Government CUNY School of Law University of Mississippi School of Law

Margaret Hu Loren Jacobson Associate Professor of Law Assistant Professor of Law Washington and Lee University School of Law UNT Dallas College of Law

Sandra Janin Eric Janus Professor of Legal Writing Professor of Law New York Law School Mitchell Hamline School of Law

Danielle Jefferis Kari Johnson Clinical Fellow Professor of Research and Writing University of Denver Sturm College of Law IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law

Lawrence Joseph David Kairys Tinnelly Professor of Law James E. Beasley Professor of Law Emeritus St. John's University School of Law Temple University Beasley School of Law

Anil Kalhan Ken Katkin Professor of Law Professor of Law Drexel University Kline School of Law Northern Kentucky University Chase School of Law

Michael Kaufman Eileen Kaufman Dean and Professor of Law Professor of Law Emerita Loyola University Chicago School of Law Touro Law School

Mehmet Konar-Steenberg Gerald Korngold Professor of Law Professor of Law Mitchell Hamline School of Law New York Law School

Minna Kotkin Alex Kreit Professor of Law Professor of Law Brooklyn Law School Thomas Jefferson School of Law

Ellen Kreitzberg Mae Kuykendall Professor of Law Professor of Law Santa Clara University School of Law Michigan State University School of Law

Brian Landsberg Eric Lane Professor of Law Emeritus Eric J. Schmertz Distinguished Professor University of the Pacific of Public Law and Public Service McGeorge School of Law Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University

Kyle Langvardt Michael Lawrence Associate Professor Professor of Law University of Detroit Mercy School of Law Michigan State University College of Law

Anne Lawton Laurie Leader Professor of Law Clinical Professor of Law Michigan State University School of Law IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law

Donna Lee Philip Lee Professor of Law Professor of Law CUNY School of Law UDC David A. Clarke School of Law

Brant Lee Nancy Leong Professor of Law Professor of Law University of Akron School of Law University of Denver Sturm College of Law

Raleigh Hannah Levine Sanford Levinson James E. Kelley Chair in Tort Law W. St. John Garwood and W. St. John Mitchell Hamline School of Law Garwood, Jr. Centennial Chair and Professor of Government The University of Texas at Austin School of Law

Justin Levitt Anne Marie Lofaso Associate Dean for Research and Arthur B. Hodges Professor of Law Professor of Law West Virginia University College of Law Loyola Law School

Stephen Loffredo Gregory Magarian Professor of Law Thomas and Karole Green Professor of Law CUNY School of Law Washington University in St. Louis School of Law

Matthew Main Peter Malaguti Law Instructor Professor of Law CUNY School of Law Massachusetts School of Law

Suzette Malveaux Maya Manian Provost Professor of Civil Rights Law Visiting Professor University of Colorado Law School Howard University School of Law

Francisco Martin Goldburn Maynard Former Ariel F. Sallows Professor Associate Professor of Law of Human Rights University of Louisville Brandeis University of Saskatchewan College of Law School of Law

Thomas McAffee Andrea McArdle Professor of Law Professor of Law UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law CUNY School of Law

Martha McCluskey Karen McDonald Henning Professor Emerita Associate Professor of Law University at Buffalo School of Law University of Detroit Mercy School of Law

Thomas McDonnell M. Isabel Medina Professor of Law Ferris Family Distinguished Professor of Law Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law Loyola University New Orleans College of Law

Vanessa Merton Elizabeth Mertz Professor of Law John and Rylla Bosshard Professor Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law of Law Emerita University of Wisconsin Law School

Carlin Meyer Jon Michaels Professor of Law Emerita Professor of Law New York Law School UCLA School of Law

John Montgomery Margaret Montoya Dean Emeritus Professor Emerita of Law University of South Carolina School of Law University of New Mexico School of Law

Jennifer Moore Robin Morris Collin Professor of Law Professor of Law University of New Mexico School of Law Willamette University College of Law

Alan Morrison Steven Mulroy Associate Dean for Public Interest Bredesen Professor of Law and Public Service Law University of Memphis Cecil C. Humphreys The George Washington University School of Law Law School

Russell Murphy Ann Murphy Research Professor of Law Professor of Law Suffolk University Law School Gonzaga Law School

Justin Murray Sheldon Nahmod Associate Professor of Law University Distinguished Professor New York Law School of Law Emeritus IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law

Burt Neuborne Xuan-Thao Nguyen Norman Dorsen Professor in Civil Liberties Gerald L. Bepko Chair in Law NYU School of Law Indiana University McKinney School of Law

Gene Nichol Anthony Niedwiecki Boyd Tinsley Distinguished Professor of Law Dean and Professor of Law University of North Carolina School of Law Golden Gate University School of Law

Luke Norris Kevin O'Neill Assistant Professor of Law Associate Professor of Law University of Richmond Law School Cleveland-Marshall College of Law

Timothy O'Neill John Orcutt Professor Emeritus Professor of Law UIC John Marshall Law School University of New Hampshire Franklin Pierce School of Law

Brian Owsley Stephen Paskey Assistant Professor of Law Lecturer UNT Dallas College of Law University at Buffalo School of Law

Juan Perea Michael Perino Professor of Law George W. Matheson Professor of Law Loyola University Chicago School of Law St. John's University School of Law

Michael Perry Daniel Pi Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Law Visiting Assistant Professor of Law Emory University School of Law Mitchell Hamline School of Law

Justin Pidot Tamara Piety Professor of Law Professor of Law University of Arizona University of Tulsa College of Law James E. Rogers College of Law

Ascanio Piomelli Stacey Platt Professor of Law Curt and Linda Rodin Clinical Professor of UC Hastings College of the Law Law & Social Justice Loyola University Chicago School of Law

Alicia Plerhoples Leah Plunkett Professor of Law Associate Dean and Associate Professor Georgetown University Law Center University of New Hampshire Pierce School of Law

Samantha Pownall Sharon Press Visiting Associate Professor of Law Professor of Law New York Law School Mitchell Hamline School of Law

Charles Press Edward Purcell, Jr. Clinical Professor of Law Joseph Solomon Distinguished Professor The University of Texas at Austin New York Law School School of Law

Asifa Quraishi-Landes Richard Reuben Professor of Law James Lewis Parks Professor of Law University of Wisconsin Law School and Journalism University of Missouri School of Law

Deborah Rhode Michelle Richards McFarland Professor of Law Assistant Professor of Law Stanford Law School University of Detroit Mercy School of Law

David Ritchie Allie Robbins Professor of Law and Philosophy Associate Professor of Law Mercer University School of Law CUNY School of Law

Anna Roberts Ruthann Robson Professor of Law Professor of Law and St. John's University School of Law University Distinguished Professor CUNY School of Law

Sarah Rogerson Tom Romero, II Professor of Law Associate Professor Albany Law School University of Denver Sturm College of Law

Stephen Rosenbaum Darren Rosenblum Frank C. Newman Lecturer Professor of Law Berkeley Law School Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law

Laura Rovner Judith Royster Professor of Law Professor of Law University of Denver Sturm College of Law University of Tulsa College of Law

Kenneth Rumelt Tifani Sadek Professor of Law Clinical Assistant Professor of Law Vermont Law School University of Michigan Law School

Rosemary Salomone Joyce Saltalamachia Kenneth Wang Professor of Law Professor Emeritus St. John's University School of Law New York Law School

Jack Sammons James Sample Griffin B. Bell Professor of Law Emeritus Professor of Law Mercer University School of Law Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University

Eli Savit Christopher Schmidt Adjunct Professor Professor of Law University of Michigan Law School IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law

Elizabeth Schneider Joshua Schwartz Rose L. Hoffer Professor of Law E.K. Gubin Professor of Law Brooklyn Law School The George Washington University Law School

Herman Schwartz Christopher Seaman Professor of Law Emeritus Associate Professor of Law American University Washington and Lee University School of Law Washington College of Law

Antoinette Sedillo Lopez Robert Sedler Professor Emerita Distinguished Professor of Law University of New Mexico School of Law Wayne State University Law School

Eric Segall Rachel Settlage Professor of Law Associate Professor of Law Georgia State College of Law Wayne State University Law School

Bijal Shah Sarah Shalf Associate Professor of Law Professor of Practice Arizona State University Emory University School of Law Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law

Jeffrey Shaman Peter Shane Vincent de Paul Professor of Law Emeritus Jacob E. Davis and Jacob E. Davis II DePaul University College of Law Chair in Law The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law

Joan Shaughnessy Richard Sherwin Roger D. Groot Professor of Law Wallace Stevens Professor of Law Washington and Lee University School of Law New York Law School

Franklin Siegel Andy Silverman Distinguished Lecturer Joseph Livermore Professor Emeritus of Law CUNY School of Law University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law

Gary Simson Eric Sirota Macon Chair in Law Clinical Teaching Fellow Mercer University School of Law University of Michigan Law School

William Slomanson Charisa Smith Instructor and Professor Emeritus Associate Professor of Law Thomas Jefferson School of Law CUNY School of Law

Nicole Smith Rachel H. Smith Associate Professor of Law Professor of Legal Writing CUNY School of Law St. John's University School of Law

Robert Solomon Sophie Sparrow Clinical Professor of Law Professor of Law and Associate Dean UC Irvine School of Law of Faculty Research and Development University of New Hampshire Franklin Pierce School of Law

SpearIt Mai Linh Spencer Professor of Law Associate Clinical Professor Texas Southern University Thurgood Marshall UC Hastings College of the Law School of Law

Mike Steenson Michael Steinberg Professor of Law Professor from Practice Mitchell Hamline School of Law University of Michigan Law School

Joan Steinman Geoffrey Stone Professor of Law Emerita, University Edward H. Levi Distinguished Service Distinguished Professor Emerita Professor of Law IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law University of Chicago Law School

Seth Stoughton Symeon Symeonides Associate Professor of Law Professor of Law University of South Carolina School of Law Willamette University College of Law

Dan Tarlock Kim Taylor-Thompson University Distinguished Professor Emeritus Professor of Clinical Law IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law NYU School of Law

Benjamin Templin Leslie Tenzer Professor of Law James D. Hopkins Professor of Law Thomas Jefferson School of Law Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law

Claire R. Thomas Dana Thompson Adjunct Professor Clinical Professor of Law New York Law School University of Michigan Law School

Gerald Tschura Jenia Turner Professor of Law Robert G. Storey Distinguished Faculty Western Michigan University Fellow and Amy Abboud Ware Cooley Law School Centennial Professor in Criminal Law SMU Dedman School of Law

David Uhlmann Joseph Vining Jeffrey F. Liss Professor from Practice Hutchins Professor of Law Emeritus University of Michigan Law School University of Michigan Law School

Michael Vitiello Michele Vollmer Distinguished Professor of Law Clinical Professor of Law University of the Pacific Penn State Law McGeorge School of Law

Rachel Vorspan Dov Waisman Professor of Law Vice Dean and Professor of Law Fordham University School of Law Southwestern Law School

Ari Waldman Adrian Walters Professor of Law Ralph L. Brill Professor of Law New York Law School IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law

Lu-in Wang Ettie Ward Professor of Law Professor of Law University of Pittsburgh School of Law St. John’s University School of Law

G. Ray Warner Daniel Warshawsky Professor of Law Professor of Law St. John’s University School of Law New York Law School

Julie Waterstone Anita Weinberg Associate Dean Curt and Linda Rodin Clinical Professor Southwestern Law School of Law and Social Justice Loyola University Chicago School of Law

Brandon Weiss Donal Wells Associate Professor of Law Emeritus Associate Professor of Law University of Missouri-Kansas City Mercer University School of Law School of Law

Keith Werhan Sonja West Ashton Phelps Chair in Constitutional Law Brumby Distinguished Professor of Tulane Law School First Amendment Law University of Georgia School of Law

Meijken Westenskow Verna Williams Professor of Practice Dean and Nippert Professor of Law UNT Dallas College of Law University of Cincinnati College of Law

Anthony Winer Michael Wise Professor of Law Professor Emeritus Mitchell Hamline School of Law Willamette University College of Law

Richard Wright Theresa Wright University Distinguished Professor and Adjunct Professor Professor of Law Willamette University College of Law IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law

Sofia Yakren Anne Yantus Associate Professor of Law Professor of Practice CUNY School of Law University of Detroit Mercy School of Law

Deborah Zalesne Michelle Zierler Professor of Law Professor of Legal Writing CUNY School of Law New York Law School

Paul Zwier Professor of Law Emory University School of Law