Institute of Infrastructure

AIIM Newsletter Vol. 1, Issue 1, March 2021

PERSPECTIVES

Precursor to ICID 2021: Sustainability and Resilience

INFRASTRUCTURE

STRATEGY

THEORY THEORY

RESEARCH

TEACHING TRAINING EVENT

Y ETHICS CONSULTING OG

TECHNOL

THEORY INDEX

Transport and Mobility 1 Preface 11 Systems – Issues of Sustainability

Sustainable Urban 2 True Sustainable Education 14 Development – Challenges and Perspectives

Social Infrastructure 3 Sustainability in HR 16 and Sustainability

Sustainability and Measuring Bottom Lines Sustainable Infrastructure: 5 with Sustainable Returns 18 Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

Financing Sustainable 9 Infrastructure

Prepared by faculty members, students, and other stakeholders of Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management as a precursor to the International Conference on Infrastructure Development: Theory, Practice and Policy focusing on the theme of Sustainability and Resilience. All the given views are authors' personal ones. Any reproduction of materialfrom this compilation requires permission. Please write to Research and Publication Division at [email protected] for comments/suggestions/permissions. PREFACE

consistently innovating to reduce costs and increase market penetration. The notion of resilience is the ability to resist, absorb, and recover quickly after a crisis. In the context of infrastructure, it would mean the ability of an infrastructure system to withstand unpredictable scenarios, minimise disruptions, and have short response times in resuming services. Examples Prof Rachna Gangwar include water, energy, and transport infrastructure Associate Professor (Transport & Public Policy) systems that are resilient in the face of accidents, Convener - ICID 2021 floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, extreme weather conditions, etc. Though unprecedented, the COVID 19 crisis offers unique insights and presents Sustainability is a ubiquitous yet elusive concept. challenges to resilience for the infrastructure sector. Though its genesis can be traced back to the early To make infrastructure systems more resilient, the 2 0 t h c e n t u r y w h e n c o n c e r n s ove r n a t u re project design, integration, sequencing, and conservation and preservation started gaining coordination must ensure that failing of one/part attention, it emerged as an international agenda only structure does not take down the whole system. This after the 1972 United Nations conference. The far- would be possible in practice only when the reaching consequences of the growth model of most infrastructure systems are made up of smaller, self- nations, particularly the developed countries, were sustained, integrated pieces and parts instead of a seen to be unfavorable. Mahatma Gandhi’s often few large projects. This also means that designing quoted response when asked about attaining the infrastructure systems and networks to be the same standard of living as Britain, “It took Britain resilient might need an unconventional approach. half the resources of the planet to achieve this To discuss the nuances and complexities around prosperity. How many planets will a country like India sustainability and resilience in infrastructure require!” truly reflected the unsustainability of the development, the Adani Institute of Infrastructure growth model. Management (AIIM) is organising an international In a united effort to achieve sustainable development conference on Infrastructure Development: Theory, globally, the 193 Member States of the UN adopted 17 Practice and Policy on April 29-30, 2021 on the theme sustainable development goals in 2015. These goals of sustainability and resilience. The conference will call for a development model that must balance the 3 bring researchers, practitioners, policy makers and pillars (social, economic, and environmental) of thinktanks who are engaged in making infrastructure sustainability. Social sustainability refers to impact of development practices sustainable and infrastructure development on people and communities. Economic systems more resilient and robust together. sustainability refers to practices that contribute to the As a precursor to the conference, we present to you, long-term economic growth with the least amount of perspectives on various domains of infrastructure resource use and environmental harm. Environmental sectors as put together by the various Centres of sustainability is about acting in a way that minimises Excellence of AIIM. These are aligned to various tracks negative effects on environment. of the conference. The Centre of Surface and Air In this context, sustainability in various domains of Transport (C-SAT) brings out relevant perspectives on infrastructure will strive to adopt technologies that are sustainability in transport and mobility systems. Issues nature-friendly and less resource intensive (renewable around financing sustainable infrastructure are energy, green buildings, mass rapid transit systems, presented by the Centre of Excellence in Finance and electric vehicles, etc.), business practices that bring the Risk Management (CFRM). Perspectives on the sustainability in forefront of all actions, and government development of energy and green infrastructure are policies that reward sustainable practices. The biggest presented by the Centre of Excellence in Energy (CEE). challenge faced in embracing sustainable practices by The Centre of Excellence in Urban and Real Estate enterprises and individuals is the higher cost of Development (CURED) presents insights on production and financial viability. For example, organic sustainability in urban and real estate infrastructure. (sustainable) products will not become mainstream until Perspectives on issues around making the social their prices are comparable to other products. This is infrastructure sustainable are presented by the Centre possible by research & development, and/or government for Social Infrastructure. support that brings the cost of production down for Sustainability and resilience are no longer an option companies and consumers. Successful examples are but a priority. We look forward to enriching renewable energy and electric vehicles that are discussions at the conference!

1 True Sustainable Education

Prof. Devang Desai Dean, Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management

Educating means first learning and then teaching. imperatives, sense of fairness, ethics and innovative Learning comes from observing how individuals and implementation of complex infrastructure projects. communities care for continuity in a wholesome We combine the rich learnings of infrastructure manner. The best lessons come from those who practitioners, consultants, academicians, and have faced adversity, scarcity and inequality. Their regulators while outlining the concepts and actuated ideas of value, group behaviour and practices. We have established COEs around the key nurturing are admirable goals to be pursued. infrastructure sectors and through its multifold At, Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management activities, the subtle nuances of the policy impacts (AIIM), the emphasis is on building the nation are learned. They address the challenging issues of through sustainable Infrastructure learnings. economic growth with its social cost-benefit Infrastructure and welfare are closely linked, and understandings. The topics of climate change, real prosperity is achieved when people appreciate culture diversity, people-machine roles and the complex process of sustainable infrastructure development world imperatives are debated at building. various forums. Sustainability embedding is very crucial when a Our carefully structured ‘Infrastructure LAB’ nation with a large population needs transfor- initiative provides hands-on learning of the real- mational changes in planning its cities, trans- world and imparts the larger life aspects of health, portation and energy needs. safety, governance, and environmental care while We, at AIIM, have focused on teaching the complex planning Infrastructure developments. issues of Infrastructure Management. Our course Our initiative of ‘Innovation Hub’ provides takes the learners through the multi-disciplinary opportunities to young minds to learn from start- attributes of infrastructure, its many regulatory ups and harness entrepreneurial enthusiasm. dimensions and absorption of the commonalities Ensconced in the green township at ‘Shantigram’, and uniqueness of the Infrastructure sectors. AIIM practices what it teaches in terms of care for Our learners at AIIM are taught the importance of its people, surroundings and nature conservation. long-term vision and framework approach blending ESG, Tripple bottom reportings, people-PRO policies theory, practice and policy. The manager must learn are driven by our deep value systems of courage, the art of balancing the private drive and efficiency trust and commitment. with public good and compassion. At AIIM, we work to live the virtues of a sustainable With its far-reaching impact, interdependencies, existence. diverse stakeholders and public answerability, Infrastructure Management requires differen- tiating managerial competencies. We emphasis the art, science and technology of persuasion, people priority, resource optimisation, partnering

2 Sustainability in HR

Mr. Vikram Tandon Group Chief Human Resources Officer

Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the there has been added emphasis on the organisation present without compromising the ability of future to put ethics and sustainability over profit and work generations to meet their needs. together to create a more just & better world. The World Economic Forum (WEF) has issued a That Value proposition will be emerging as a top publication 'Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism: talent magnet. Best of the talent will always want to Towards Common Metrics and Consistent work for an organisation which resonates with Reporting of Sustainable Value Creation'. The larger betterment of world & society at large. publication discusses the new environmental, social How can HR help in adopting more sustainable and governance (ESG) disclosure framework practices? developed by the Big Four accounting firms. The HR is best positioned to lead the momentum for the framework includes a universal set of metrics and adoption of more sustainable practices. recommended disclosures intended to lead to a more comprehensive global corporate reporting It all begins with setting the right cultural elements system. The framework divides disclosures into four & then integrating it into the everyday processes & pillars — principles of governance, planet, people, interventions. and prosperity — that serve as the foundation for Can we ensure that selection happens on the ESG reporting standards. understanding of the importance of Sustainability The People Pillar here is the center stage for HR. in the world we are in? Asking the right questions to probable employees on why we have such a focus of For human resources - sustainability would mean Sustainability goes a long way in setting the right fostering a conducive working environment that expectations. Similarly, with onboarding, upskilling results in positive human and social outcomes the current manpower & right rewards & recognition without focusing on financial strategies and results. practices we can move positively in the direction of How can an organisation operating sustainably ingraining sustainability as the DNA of the affect the morale of its employees? organisation. It is imperative that Human Resources embrace Paperless processes, forums for innovation & Sustainability. platforms with excellent rewards for ideas & An organisation that focuses on sustainability is suggestions which foster a culture of waste always viewed more favourably by People. By 2025 management, energy saving & sustainable practices majority of the workforce will be Gen Z & Millennials is the way to be & will boost sustainability at the and they have been vocal about their passion and workplace. alignment towards meaningful work . The Lessons from COVID-19 on HR's resilience? organisation's efforts towards Sustainability & COVID-19 has been the biggest black swan event of Climate Change will in turn make customers and our lifetimes. While it has imparted innumerable employees partners in making the difference. wisdom to societies, nations, individuals & COVID-19 has bought the whole world together and organisations – the whole world could showcase

3 resilience. Further, the role of HR has further We have already begun to put in place how the deepened. return to work should look like. We have the data to The biggest lesson learnt is to be proactive in back that the work from home is here to stay for the planning and to become ready for any disruptions foreseeable future. We also need to accept that not that are to be followed. We have to become more all employees are returning in their best shape. agile and adaptable to any change that shall come. My biggest asset – the employees will require to be The world will keep on changing, the technology provided a healthy & effective workplace to ensure developments & changes will accelerate. The they reach their best potential, become resilient & in battles remain to be fought on a personal level, turn provide a strong foundation to the health & hygiene – providing a healthy workplace to organisation. our people shall remain an important topic to be addressed in this reality.

Vikram is a seasoned Human Resources professional with over three decades of experience across a range of diverse businesses, geographies, and cultures. His expertise lies in thoughtful management of the intersection of strategy, talent, and organisation culture, with extensive outcomes in organisational effectiveness, talent management, succession planning and leadership development. Prior to joining the Adani Group, Vikram was the Head of Human Resources at HSBC India, one of the world's largest banking and financial services organisations. Before HSBC, Vikram was at the American International Group as the Regional Human Resources Director for the Mediterranean, Middle East and South Asia region and participated in AIG's rapid growth through several startup joint ventures and acquisitions. His career also included several years at Inchcape Plc, Dubai, the ANZ Grind lays Bank, India, and Indian Hotels Company Ltd., where he has held multiple roles in HR. Vikram holds a master's degree in Human Resources from XLRI Jamshedpur and has certifications in Leading Change, Management & Innovation from the Harvard Business School. Vikram is the President of the National HRD Network, Chapter and has been a recipient of the GNOSIS Excellence award from XLRI.

4 Measuring Bottom Lines with Sustainable Returns

Mr. Pranav Adani Managing Director (Agro, Oil & Gas) and Director of Adani Enterprises

Global debates on the need for businesses to adopt many decisive governments aligned their national sustainable practices go back many decades. The goals with global climate goals. This is particularly movement for environment protection and true for India which outshined its global peers. sustainable development started taking shape in Our nation's intent was validated by a very recent the 1960s when several environmental problems BNEF Climatescope study that ranked it as the top captured the interest of governments around the emerging market for clean energy, well on its way to world and catalysed awareness on the need to act. meet its goal of 450 GW of renewable energy by India was one of the first signatories to the 2030. Today, India is the only G20 nation whose landmark Stockholm Declaration of 1972 which laid actions have showed its dedication to the down the guiding principles of environmental committed rate of decarbonization. protection. After signing the Stockholm Declaration India's COP21 commitments became a guiding light on Human Environment, 1972, India enacted the for the Adani Group, given its alignment with Water Act of 1976, Environment Protection Act of governments' vision and national priorities. It is 1986, Air Act of 1981 and framed many other widely known that since our inception, the Group programmes of nature conservation. These were has created critical infrastructure to mitigate pathbreaking enactments, especially for a country demand gaps in our nation. Even as our group-wide which was still very poor and was grappling with the businesses were already committed towards huge challenge of eradicating poverty. Yet, we were sustainable value creations - as is demonstrated in the first among the leading nations of the world to our vision statement - the momentum garnered put in place such an elaborate and evolved from the COP21 conference charted a focused framework of environment protection. After growth path for our group. signing the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992 and the Johannesburg We know that the Adani Group is the country's Declaration on Sustainable Development in 2002 largest thermal power producer, a fleet that India has been striving hard to build our economy on primarily comprises super & ultra-critical plants. the three interdependent and mutually reinforcing This business was built to serve the needs of our pillars of sustainable development--economic citizens including the 300 million people in our development, social progress and environment country that lack access to electricity. The success protection. We were again among the first few and health of this significant part of our population nations to adopt the 1992 UN Framework that India must uplift are dependent on having Convention on Climate Change which paved the electricity. To make this a responsible transition, way for the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. But a defining and to balance the resulting CO2 emissions, we also momentum in this journey in terms of proactive built the world's largest solar generation business in participation from the private sector, came after the just five years and have a line of sight to become the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in world's largest renewable power business by 2025. Paris, also known as the Paris Agreement or COP21. Given the efforts demonstrated so far, Mercom The push came primarily because for the first time Capital, the US-based think-tank ranked Adani

5 Green Energy Limited (AGEL) as the world's largest Water Conservation. Fortune Brand of AWL is the solar power generation asset owner in 2020. first Edible Oil brand in India to replace its Not only did we channelise our focus into clean packaging with recyclable Material and aims to energy transition by earmarking 70% of our Capital collect 100% of the produced plastic packaging Expenditure in the energy vertical towards the within the next two years. renewables sector but each of our group businesses At this point I must talk about the groupwide efforts have also set in place a measurable ESG put in by the Adani Group's Horticulture Team. The (Environmental, Social and Governance) dashboard combined green zone coverage of the group stands with short-term and long-term targets. at nearly 2,000 Ha. This includes mangroves For instance, the Adani Ports and Special Economic afforestation of 2,889 Ha, mangrove conservation Zones (APSEZ) Ltd. ranked 14th in the Dow Jones of 2,340 Ha and terrestrial afforestation of 1,987 Sustainability Emerging Markets Index in the Ha. Green zones, trees plantations and plantation of transportation and transportation infrastructure shrubs have collectively contributed in offsetting sector and was the only company from India to be 1,52,621 tonnes/year of carbon emissions. featured in the coveted list. In terms of community outreach and contributing We were the 1st Indian port company to sign up for t o w a r d s g l o b a l l y i d e n t i fi e d s u s t a i n a b l e the Business Ambition 1.5 degree Celsius. We have a development goals, the has renewable installation of 19MW contributing to 3% been striving to mitigate urban-rural divides energy share and APSEZ targets to increase this by and empowering the rural populations of India more than five-folds to 100MW by 2025. Moreover, by creating equal opportunities for growth. we have conserved more than 2,800 Ha of So far, the foundation has touched over 3.2 million mangroves and planted over one million trees in and lives across 2,250 villages through its work in around our ports. The business has also created education, community health, rural infrastructure more than 1,90,000 - man days for green activities d e ve l o p m e n t a n d s u s t a i n a b l e l i ve l i h ood and a low carbon investment of more than INR 130 development activities and these numbers are only crore. We have also treated and reused 528 million expected to multiply in the near future. This is litres of wastewater and harvested more than 6 further supported by encouraging our portfolio million litres of rainwater. In terms of preserving companies to develop local vendors, thus helping biodiversity, the area nearby is a create an effective and viable local MSME nesting ground for rare Olive Ridley Turtles, ecosystem. recognised as vulnerable by the IUCN Red list. In From a governance perspective we are fully view of this, we have created a corpus of ₹ 30 crore cognizant that this aspect is critical for our future for conservation and protection of the Olive Ridley success and reputation. We have implemented a Turtles. strict policy for related party transactions and to ensure transparency that all transactions are at Likewise, our city gas distribution business is arms-length, multi-level assessments by internal contributing to India's target of improving its energy business teams, reviews through external agencies, mix. The government's vision is to increase the and due diligence by an Executive Committee share of natural gas from 6% to 15% by 2030. consisting of the Board of Directors. Furthermore, Similarly, our power transmission business aims to we are in the process of implementing formal triple its renewable power procurement share from assurance mechanism for our ESG programmes by 3% to 30% by 2022 and as much as 50% by 2025. formation of a Corporate Responsibility Committee In line with India's vision towards achieving 40% of at each public board no later than 30 September Energy from Renewable Sources by 2030, Adani 2021. We see these activities and the assurance Wilmar has launched projects for installation of mechanism as critical to accelerate our global Solar Generation capacity across its refineries in capital raise programmes. India. AWL has also installed Zero Liquid Discharge These are measurable actions. Organisations are (ZLD) facility at all their plants in an effort towards way past the stage when climate goals were mere

6 c o m m i t m e n t s o n p a pe r. W h a t t h i s s h i f t such as shareholders, governments, employees, demonstrates is a transformation in the way new- investors, and customers in the modern world judge age entrepreneurs are expected to view businesses. an organisation based on its ESG footprints. Even It is imperative for every business to measure from a brand affection perspective, popular bottom lines through long-term sustainable returns sentiments connect with brands that are for the planet and society. environmentally responsible, compassionate Business leaders who fail to adapt are likely to lose towards communities and maintain a transparent relevance because key stakeholders of any business and robust corporate governance framework.

Mr. Pranav Adani is the Managing Director (Agro, Oil & Gas) and Director of Adani Enterprises, the in-house incubator of the Adani Group. Mr. Adani heads a diverse portfolio of businesses such as City Gas Distribution, Agro, Real Estate and Natural Resources. Mr. Adani began his entrepreneurial journey in 1999 with Adani Wilmar Limited, whose flagship food brand Fortune commands over 20% market share in India's edible oil segment. Being a strong advocate of India's food security and farmers' empowerment, his vision enabled the group's foray in the agri sector with Adani Agri Logistics, and Adani Agri Fresh. Mr. Adani nurtured Adani Gas Limited, in becoming India's largest private sector listed City Gas Distribution Company, catering to 38 regions that account for 8% of India's population along with its strategic JV partners Indian Oil Corporation and France Energy Major Total. He also spearheads Adani Realty, the group's realty business with established presence in Gujarat, Maharashtra and NCR. At the group level, he plays a key role as the chief custodian of Brand Adani. Mr. Adani, a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Boston University is also an alumnus of the Owners/President Management Program of the Harvard Business School. In 2009, Mr. Pranav Adani was conferred with the 'Globoil Man of the Year' award.

7 Knowledge Partners Publishing Partner

1st International Conference on Infrastructure Development (ICID): Theory, Practice and Policy Theme: Sustainability and Resilience

April 29-30, 2021 (Virtual Mode)

Distinguished Speakers

Prof. G. Raghuram Prof. Sebastian Morris Prof. Arun Kumar Sharma Mr. Shailesh Pathak Principal Academic Advisor at Former Professor, Former Deputy Vice-Chancellor CEO, L&T Infrastructure National Rail & Transportation IIMA & Distinguished Professor Development Institute (NRTI), Emeritus, Queensland Projects Limited Former Director, IIMB University of Technology, Australia

Dr. Anil K. Gupta Prof. Shailesh Gandhi Prof. Wouter Dewulf Mr. Amar Kumar Former Faculty at IIMA Finance and Accounting, Academic Director, Sundaram Founder of Dean, Programmes, C-MAT – AMS, India Head- Legal, Honeybee Network, IIMA University of Antwerp Corporate Governance NIF, GIAN and Regulatory Affairs, Royal Bank of Scotland

Prof. Richard T. Thakor Christopher Kost Dr. Satyam Shivam Department of Finance, Africa Program Director Sundaram University of Institute for Transportation Partner, Strategy and Minnesota and Development Transactions, Government & Policy (ITDP) Public Sector, Ernst & Young LLP

and many more....

6 best papers to be awarded a cash prize of Rs.25,000 each. For more details, please visit: www.aii.ac.in/aiim/icid-2021/ The conference compendium will be published by Taylor & Francis www.aii.ac.in @AIIAhmedabad

8 Financing Sustainable Infrastructure

Infrastructure Financing in Developing Economies

Prof Amit Srivastava Associate Professor (Finance and Accounting) Head, Centre of Excellence in Finance & Risk Management

To understand sustainability and sustainable Prof Ravindra Kumar Das Professor (Finance) finance we need to first comprehend the financial market. Fundamentally, the financial market is a sort of machine which takes cash from financial Sustainable financing mechanisms require to specialists and disperses it to business visionaries redesign and develop the financial ecosystem to that need cash for their businesses. Those implement sustainable practices. While it is easy businesses promise a return on investment for the developed economies of Europe and the depending on the business and investment comes USA to adopt sustainable financing integrating to with a certain risk. We can say that the risk and ESG, the developing countries in Asia and Africa return arrangement of a business generally are finding the same hard. encourages investors to pick where to invest. Infrastructure financing for developing economies What is the significance of sustainability here? depend on the following sources and its So, there are different sides to sustainability. challenges: The first is business: it covers what we do, how • Commercial Banks and other Financial would we do, how we work, how we go about as a Institutions – Infrastructure projects are capital responsible sustainable business. The most and cost intensive projects with long term cash significant is what impact it has on the community flow generation and payback period. around us. What impact it has on the climate. So, we Commercial Banks and other financial are simply viewing ourselves as a business and institutions have short term liabilities/sources ensure that we do the correct things or more of funds. So they lend to corporates for projects precisely we do climate-friendly things. only for short term requirements of projects. The subsequent thing is as exciting or possibly all • Sustainable financing requires tweaking of the more exciting. It thinks about how we drive more banking regulations by the national extensive sustainable behaviour, how would we governments to empower the commercial move things in the more extensive world without banks for infrastructure with credit competitors, our clients, our partners? So now here enhancement schemes and structures. the part of sustainable finance comes into the • Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) - are picture. special financial institutions created to cater to Sustainable finance comprehensively talks about long term financial requirements of capital the means by which you move subsidising ventures. projects by raising resources from international We consider that it focuses on something beyond development institutions mostly with sovereign financial consideration. It covers things like the guarantees. climate, social perspectives, government, ESG • With the withdrawal of sovereign guarantees, thought, and so on. DFIs find it difficult to raise funds and lend Here the role of data and our expertise becomes long tenor loans for infrastructure. important. We need to take a gander at what

9 expertise we have when it comes to analytics and benchmarks as standards. The data and those • There is a need for more special DFIs to standards allow transparency into this ecosystem. cater to sustainable financing in the They allow us to compare, contrast de-risk projects infrastructure projects. and investments. • Local Bond issuances in debt capital market Sustainable finance takes a look beyond the simple by corporates and institutions - Vast pool of numbers of risk and return. It takes a gander at the resources are available with private investors. effect of the investment. Does the investment These investors participate in Corporate Bond negatively affect environmental, social, or issuances and provide long term funds. In governance aspects? In sustainable finance, these developing economies, corporate bond impact related issues do matter for the investment market is not developed and highly illiquid decision and they might even matter for the risk refraining investors to participate. Sovereign profile. A few investors may lean toward a profile, a governments do adopt policies to develop the few investors may favour a more sustainable bond market to channelize resources to long investment over another project with similar risk term sustainable financing. and return profile. Others may only consider • Green Bond issuances in the international sustainable projects in general. finance market - Green Bonds are debt capital Sustainable finance adds an entirely different market instruments issued to support viewpoint to investments. Now, it is a difficult matter environmentally sustainable infrastructure to decide whether each investment can be called activities/projects in energy, transport, water, sustainable or not. In this specific situation, the topic waste management, etc. currently becomes tremendously important for many • With lower credit rating very limited companies, financial institutions, and researchers. number of Green Bonds are tapped in the Now corporate executives and researchers have international financial market by issuers of begun zeroing in on sustainability. Executives look developing nations. every year at how they can increase their energy, execution of their portfolio and make it more durable. • Proactive policies by the national governments are needed to support and The blend of individuals that have solid abilities in develop the nascent green bond market finance and sustainability is very rare. So, with a substantial number of issuances.” measuring the qualitative aspect is something novel and the blend of finance and sustainability is actually a decent match. “It’s also profitable”. Various research says that the businesses that are more sustainable perform better over the long haul. Experts in the area say that sustainable finance is not a hot topic but an urgency.

10 Transport and Mobility Systems – Issues of Sustainability

Prof Kamal Kishore Prof Rachna Gangwar Prof Mukesh Parikh Professor & Head Associate Professor Adjunct Professor Centre of Surface and Air Transport Centre of Surface and Air Transport Centre of Surface and Air Transport

Transport is inevitable for human civilisation and emissions. The electricity used to drive railways and the nervous system of an economy. It enables ships is also derived majorly from coal-based steam- communication, trade and commerce, the power. While rail transport is more efficient & economic pillars around which humanity survives. sustainable than the road for the same weight- However, transport mediums including air, rail, road distance, road transport is preferred because of its and shipping also account for about a quarter of the last mile reach, flexibility and competitive prices. global CO 2 emissions. Alongside, they also Incidentally, road transport is also a major cause of contribute handsomely to other GHG gas emissions local air dust pollution & smog causing respiratory and dust pollution. The social costs or the negative and carcinogenic diseases. externalities associated with transport systems are Sustainable transport thus has to address a major threat to sustainability and have enormous simultaneous issues of access, convenience, costs on the economy and human health. congestion, costs, time, environmental emissions, Consequently, we have to discover and espouse security and safety. sustainability within all our means. Key Issues Sustainability in transport has to address all the One of the major challenges before the government three impact dimensions viz. economic, social and is to push to a modal mix that is sustainable both on environmental. Different modes of transport the efficiency and environment friendliness front in compete amongst themselves for passenger and the longer run. The current modal share of the road freight share with varying levels of efficiency and at 65% in freight and 85% is not sustainable. The system effectiveness. The social and economic Government of India recognises this and the policy costs of transport include accidents and crashes, push in the recent decades is helping increase the fire, the unproductive excess time spent while on share of rail, pipeline, coastal shipping, and inland the move due to congestion, human physical waterways in freight transport, rail and rail-based inactivity, price impacts, delays in cargo transport & transport modes in passenger transport. The use of delivery, etc. More often the impacts in terms of cleaner fuel, thrust on electric vehicles, and access and costs are disproportionately higher on electrification of railways are other priority areas for poorer sections of the society. government to fight pollution, and the use of On the environmental costs front, more than 95% of technology in managing and integrating the transport related emissions come from the direct transport systems, to reduce congestion. burning of fossil fuels and the sector grows faster Simultaneous development of the road network than any other energy using sector. The fossil fuels access, expressways and highways has not helped driving transport modes include diesel, petrol, ATF, this switch in recent times. natural gas & electricity, each helping achieve Another major negative externality of the transport varying levels of efficiency and the associated system is that it is one of the major causes of

11 deteriorating quality of life in cities. The challenges Another initiative towards a cleaner environment is posed by rapid urbanisation resulted in burgeoning the adoption of electric vehicles. The Electric mobility demands but the investments in public Vehicle Policy 2020 tries to address major transport could not keep pace with the demand. challenges (infrastructure and technological), This resulted in an exponential growth of private provide support to all stakeholders, and create a vehicles and chaotic traffic conditions. Congestion conducive environment to make EVs economically leading to loss of time on the road, poor average viable. speed, accidents and pollution in cities are alarming Technological advancements in the form of and safety is a major concern. Huge investments are electronic toll collection, intelligent transport required in building a good quality public transport systems, and electronic payment of GST have network in all metropolitan cities. First mile and last gained momentum over the years and are crucial to mile connectivity, affordability and accessibility are sustainability. key to the success of public transport systems. Lesson from COVID-19 on Sector’s Resilience Other areas of concern are environmental The strongest lesson we have learned from the degradation caused by unsafe disposal of vehicles Covid-19 pandemic environment is that the current including ships and increasing demand on urban transport models that assume a linear world where land for parking. predictable reactions are caused by actions and Key Policy Interventions i n t e r ve n t i o n s a r e n o t va l i d . T h e g l o b a l The national logistics policy announced by the interconnectedness led a small change (Corona-19 government in 2020 is an important step towards virus in China) to affect the entire world with an integrated approach to transport and will enormous consequences for the economy & society. address many issues faced in the freight segment. Unlike some systems, transportation services The initiatives of multimodal logistics parks, cannot be stored to be used later. Economic entities dedicated freight corridors, hub and feeder model and communities lost out due to their poor for surface transport and a larger share of rail and resilience to cope up with change. coastal shipping will reduce congestion on road and Massive disruptions were witnessed in transport thus reduce pollution and improve safety. systems in both people as well as freight movement. For passenger transport, the Regional Rapid Transit Airlines stopped flying. Assets lay idle. Trucks got System in the National Capital Region, High Speed stuck across the roads of India, Railways stopped Rail project between Mumbai and , passenger moving trains. The inter-relatedness and development of regional airports are important inter-dependence in a multi-modal transport led to projects to shift traffic from the road to other an even larger impact. Containers were stuck modes. everywhere and the freight rates shot up. The high seas shipping sector is bracing itself to Hinterland movement embargoes prevented cargo meet the ambitious IMO targets viz. sulfur cap by to reach ports and ships sailed empty. The focus was 2020, 40% improvement in ship efficiency by 2030, on emergency services and essential services with a and 50% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050. The skeletal set of people. Revenues dropped traditional government owned Indian ports sector is significantly. The sector being investment engaging with private players using public private intensive, players faced great difficulties in meeting partnership model to develop and expand existing the fixed costs and scheduled repayments. ports and set up new private ports. Indian ports are Workmen could not travel to workplaces impacting further focusing on building IT enabled resilient even the essential services. A wide impact was seen infrastructure, improving port efficiency, reducing on employment & salaries especially in the private carbon emissions, engaging in local community sector. Low morale and motivations and heightened outreach, innovation, safety & security. anxiety related to Covid-19 spread took a massive toll on the workforce. The sector could do better The National Urban Transport Policy places a major with a higher dose of resilience. thrust on equitable use of public space. Metro and bus rapid transit systems are given priority in all Resilience helps systems & people deal with major cities. disruptions to minimise impacts. However,

12 transport system designs and plans have failed to them but also resolve to build a larger pool of such integrate resilience with action over time. The resources. Asset maintenance may take a hit for argument of costs of integrating with resilience some time under continuous pressure to meet the needs outweighing benefits and investing in pent-up demand. In the longer run, investments in options that have a more visible cause-effect quality & sufficiency of assets, training of people in relationship does not hold as we have seen during the more stringent safety and health security, this pandemic. building redundancy & better planning for While the resilience and preparedness for disruptions is called for. disruptions would find more attention in due ICID 2021 and Transport Infrastructure course, the current focus is more on post-pandemic The conference track on sustainability in transport recovery. The demand is bound to surge with will have knowledge sharing by experts from the increasing coverage of vaccines and lifting of transport sector. In addition, the best four papers movement restrictions. While vaccine delivery and from the participants will be selected for essential services will be on priority, pressures on presentation in this track and one of them would get the restoration of full regular services have to be the best paper award of INR 25,000. The dealt with. Transport planners need to engage with discussions & papers in the track will focus deeply stakeholders. The pandemic showed numerous on issues of economic contributions and instances of key personnel working as warriors. sustainability in the Indian transport sector. There is a need to not only adequately recognize

13 Sustainable Urban Development – Challenges and Perspectives

Prof. Astha Agarwalla Associate Professor (Economics & Public Policy) Head, Centre of Excellence in Urban and Real Estate Development Co-convener - ICID 2021

Urban areas are cosmos of economic activity, activity in an area is therefore another indicator of aggregating economic agents such as producers, lack of sustainability, resulting in high pollution and workers, consumers, and policy makers. Empirical issues related to congestion. Addressing these is a evidence has suggested the high productivity priority for sustainable planning. and contribution of cities to output and Resource Efficient cities – Planet Perspective employment. However, in the process emerges the Another challenge for Cities is to organise their spectres of concentration of urban poverty, over affairs in a manner that natural resources are and mis-utilisation of natural resources, heavy utilised optimally. Green spaces, rainwater concentration leading to pollution and related harvesting and recycling are some of the low- negative externalities, energy loss due to faulty hanging practices helping cities to achieve the planning and implementation and challenges of objective. Reducing the wasteful usage and waste management. reusing resources are also options that can be Challenges of sustainable urban development are pushed for by relevant policy designs. Tariff the most crucial among the infrastructure sectors principles such as polluters pay can lead to people since it is the spatial allocation of resources in cities making planet-friendly choices. and towns that enables the most efficient and Growing Cities – Profit Perspective productive utilisation of resources and services. City growth also means output growth. Growing Oxford dictionary defines sustainability as ‘the consumerism has caused this growth to be ability to be maintained at a certain role or level’. For haphazard, with every opportunity to earn easy cities, the cosmos of economic activity, this would profits materialised, without paying attention to the mean a multifaceted challenge. We at Centre for negative externalities generated in the process. Urban and Real Estate Development (CURED) Resource augmentation requires a careful perceive the challenge to cities in three main examination into the environmental impact of dimensions, people, profit, and planet. resources used, such as building material and fuel, Equitable cities – People Perspective and looking out for less harmful alternatives. Cities are the centres of growth; the challenges are Policy Space to grow in a balanced manner. This also has multiple Sustainable urban development requires a multi- dimensions. Demographically, all citizens should get stakeholder policy environment. An informed set of equal opportunity to work, earn and grow. citizen stakeholders involved in policy making and Emergence of urban slums therefore is an indicator planning and a healthy balance outlined by policy of lack of sustainability. Addressing the issues of options where growth happens with care and urban poverty and providing liveable spaces to concern for the environment is required for urban poor is therefore one of the leading themes of sustainable urban development. sustainability in cities. Spatially, the city planning should lead to balanced regional and local Government: At the level of city governments, development. High concentration of people and initiatives such as local taxes to incentives

14 sustainable waste disposal, water usage and practices. These organisations can go a long way in cleaner air have been put in place. Regulatory promoting a healthy and balanced lifestyle in cities, instruments such as permits, and quotas are used to leading to greener and cleaner environment. control resource usage. Fines and fees are used to ICID 2021 and CURED. internalise negative externalities. Tariff schemes As a part of ICID 2021, CURED is expected to receive are utilised to control the choices and subsidies are original research contributions from academicians designed for the needy to ensure equity and and practitioners addressing any aspect of balanced growth. sustainable cities. Contributions are likely to Private Sector: Policy induced actions by the address challenges in the areas of resource private sector also account for sustainable efficiency, cleanliness and waste management, development in a big way. For example, carbon policy design and principles, and sustainable accounting in real-estate is one practice that leads infrastructure choices such as transport and to significant impact on the environmental impact mobility planning, affordable housing, land-use and of real estate development. While making innovative spatial planning, social equity, and affordability of choices, and using resources, a little consciousness infrastructure, among others. Smart City mission on private sector’s part to ensure use of more local has been a pioneering effort in India for resources (to reduce transport requirements), to development of sustainable cities and urban develop sustainable backward and forward linkages infrastructure in both greenfield and brownfield etc. would produce significant results. manner. Any research contributions looking at the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and other design, implementation and effectiveness of the civil society groups: NGOs and civil society has a initiative will be welcomed. large rol e to p l ay in po l i c y setti ng and The recent pandemic has caused cities to stall, implementation, as the insurers of last mile reboot and refunction in a manner which was effectiveness. These people centric organisations unprecedented. Lock-down as the policy response are closer to people and can work more effectively presented challenges in logistics, livelihood, in designing choices and affecting mind-sets. migration and need for redesigning the housing and Awareness generation is one such initiative that commercial space keeping in mind the need for can successfully be taken up by these groups. social distancing and lowered down interactions. Willingness to pay assessments for natural These themes are new and developing, any original resources such as water and solid waste can result research ideas addressing these themes will be into design of more efficient and economical welcomed and given priority.

15 Social Infrastructure and Sustainability

Prof Diti Vyas Associate Professor (Communication) Head, Centre for Social Infrastructure

Whichever definition one accepts, the term level identification of problems with the sustainability encapsulates the qualities of lasting engagement of local bodies, therefore, becomes long and being accessible and affordable equitably. vital. Specifically, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals The second challenge is the paucity of scientifically (SDGs) developed by the United Nations revolve derived estimates on certain disadvantaged and around the pillars of ecological protection, social disenfranchised segments of society. For example, development and economic growth. Through its the data sources such as National Family Health core focus on social services comprising ‘education, Survey or the National Sample Surveys, do not sports, art and culture; medical and public health, contain information extent of urban homelessness family welfare; water supply and sanitation; and the conditions of the homeless. Though the housing; urban development; the welfare of SCs, government has taken steps for the welfare of the STs and OBCs, labour and labour welfare; social workers under Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana security and welfare, nutrition, relief on account of (ABRY), there is limited data available on inter-state natural calamities, etc.’, social infrastructure sector migration and employment in informal sectors, the becomes a marker of mapping the SDGs (Economic numbers of migrants who lost jobs and Survey 2020-21). accommodation during the pandemic. Sustainability Issues in Social Infrastructure Yet another pressing issue stems from the Sector challenges of the state-driven delivery mechanism. One of the pressing challenges of implementing The efficacy of social infrastructure hinges upon practices in a way that is accessible and affordable the delivery of its services. And it is a common in the social infrastructure sector is the sheer perception that social services, which are managed expansiveness of India as a nation. The social, and operated by the state, are dominated by political, economic diversity and variations in centralised operations, command and control style physical infrastructural availability ranging from and dependence on government funding. Therefore nonexistent to fail-proof, create challenges which studies, such as Indicus Analytics, show that are unique. For example, while Chandigarh and children even from poorer families prefer studying Kerala show a composite SDG score of 70, Bihar in private schools. Similarly, a study of the Dharavi ranks as low as 50 on the SDG India Index 2019. slums of Mumbai by the Department of Health study According to National Sample Survey (NSS), Punjab reveals that many prefer availing treatment from reports an attendance rate as high as 61.6 percent private sources for minor ailments. Ironically, the in the age group of 3-5 years whereas Karnataka Economic Survey 2020, shows how the private showed the lowest attendance rate of 18.3 percent. sector patients demonstrate high mortality rates, This makes the aggregate numbers misleading. All despite longer and costlier readmissions. In this India literacy rate was 77.7 percent but female context, it is worth noting that around 74% of literacy among social groups of Scheduled Caste, outpatient care and 65% of hospitalisation care in Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Class, including urban India was provided by private sector health some religious groups remained dismally low. Micro- providers in the year 2020.

16 Policy Interventions Lessons from COVID on Sector's Resilience The key interventions in the areas of social The Covid-19 pandemic opened up both the infrastructure are addressed at both national and strengths and vulnerabilities of the social sub-national levels. Over last 5 years the total infrastructure sector within India. It also revealed, expenditure by Centre and States combined as a quite brutally, the correlation between healthcare proportion of GDP on social services has increased and economic outcomes. So much so that some from 6.2 to 8.8% across all social services. To studies have also advocated for a re-definition of address the issues related to quality in the sustainability focusing on the element of public education sector, the Indian government has health as a core pillar of sustainability. With the recently revamped its 36-year-old National disruption in classroom teaching, under Education Policy (NEP) with 2020 version which Atmanirbhar Bharat, PM eVidya was introduced for focuses on transformational reforms through a the unification of digital, online and on-air comprehensive curriculum, teaching training, open education platforms during the COVID-19 schooling, skill-based education, integration of lockdown. Swayam MOOC offered 92 open courses Vocational Education and Training (VET) and digital and the National Repository of Open Educational initiatives. Samagra Shiksha programme covering Resources (NROER) provided e-content for all school education from preschool to Std.12, is in the grades. implementation phase with the aim to improve Amidst the COVID-19 induced lockdown and social effectiveness through equal opportunities and distancing, the use of technology-enabled equitable learning outcomes. To address the platforms grew leaps and bounds. The Ministry of regional differences, this programme directs special Health and Family Welfare issued the Telemedicine attention to Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs), Practice Guidelines during the same time. A number Special Focus Districts (SFDs), border areas and the of e-consultations on tele-consulation platforms 115 aspirational districts identified by NITI Aayog. such as eSanjeevani and Practo have recorded a National Health Mission (NHM) has been active phenomenal increase. since 2013 with the target to provide universal, ICID 2021 and Social Infrastructure equitable, affordable, quality healthcare services India still stands at 145th position out of 180 across rural and urban areas. It also is working on countries on the quality of healthcare as measured revitalising the local health traditions alongside by the Global Burden of Disease Study and 131th in AYUSH. Swachh Bharat Mission advocating the list of 189 count ries on the Human cleanliness launched in 2014 and Har Ghar Jal Development Index as per UNDP Report 2019. A lot Abhiyan for providing tap water launched in 2019 needs to be done and thought through by a lot of us. contribute to the prevention of communicable The social infrastructure track will attract some diseases. Pradhan Mantri Matru, Vandana Yojana passionate researchers, scholars and practitioners Anganwadi Services, and Scheme for Adolescent in public policy, social sciences, health, education Girls under the Umbrella Integrated Child and businesses who will deliberate about the Development Services Scheme (ICDS) and PM existing frameworks and their impacts and would Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition dare to envisage the newer ways of making lives (POSHAN) are working for combatting the problem better. of malnutrition.

17 Sustainability and Sustainable Infrastructure: Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

Dr. Samudra Sen Assistant Professor (Energy & Public Policy) Head, Centre of Excellence in Energy

Co-authors: Rohan Nandi, Student, PGDM (IM), AIIM Anand Kumar, Student, PGDM (IM), AIIM

Economic growth is usually referred to by OECD environments by 2050, creating immense obstacles countries as an indicator of growing human welfare. as well as prospects for sustainable infrastructure Economic growth alone however does not investment in all facets of the economy. Mobility completely describe the needs and wants of the services will need to be smarter, quicker and more public. That is where the concept of sustainable oriented on rapid transit and electric cars. Buildings development fits in. Sustainable development would need to be more energy effective, greener balances between societies' economic, social and more efficient. and environmental goals. Sustainable development Critical issues related to Sustainability is described as satisfying the needs of the The effect of climate change continues to intensify present without undermining future generations' due to the lack of appropriate protections. capacity to fulfill their own needs. Sustainable Therefore, the promotion of sustainable and infrastructure, from their meaning, can refer to integrated management of natural resources must 'green' or 'smart' buildings, smart homes, green be encouraged. In accordance with the principle of energy, and similar concepts and infrastructure in common but differentiated responsibilities, terms of the application of sustainable practices in mitigation and adaptation measures are required to the infrastructure sector. More broadly, a wide be taken. range of initiatives can be included, with a particular focus on energy, water and land management. Hunger and starvation remain constant in other Sustainable infrastructure is generally looked upon countries though declining in many developed as a universal approach to development based on countries, and food security appears to be an global and domestic goals for sustainable elusive target for many. Income disparity has soared development and sustainability. Social, financial and hit an extraordinarily high level within and and political challenges, public health and well- across many nations, invoking increased friction being, as well as economic and environmental and social unrest. Rapid urbanisation calls for problems, are resolved through sustainable substantial changes in the design and management of urban growth, as well as a large increase in public infrastructure. In countries most at risk from the and private spending in urban infrastructure and physical impacts of climate change, there is an services. For hundreds of millions of people, a p p a r e n t e m p h a s i s o n c l i m a t e - r e s i l i e n t electricity needs are expected to remain unmet, infrastructure. To help mitigate the worst possible until substantial progress is made in securing effects of climate change, including floods and access to modern energy resources. It is important rising sea levels, low-lying countries such as the to avoid the recurrence of the financial crisis and to Maldives and Singapore are all focused on steer financial mechanisms towards fostering sustainable growth. More than half of the world's access to long-term funding for the projects needed population is projected to live in urban to achieve sustainable growth.

18 Challenges in the Implementation of Sustainable direction: establishing transparent and Development supportive policy and regulatory mechanisms Huge challenges are encountered while and supporting environments to ensure implementing sustainable development. Some of sustainability and stability are integrated into these hurdles and issues are: planning and investment requirements, both for public procurement and as a signal for private • Sustainable growth is frequently not feasible in investment. In addition, meeting commitments low-income, underdeveloped and war-torn to make pollution savings and monitoring nations, since there are other pressing issues at obligatory by enforcing domestic laws, including hand. environmental requirements in procurement • Natural disasters can pose a danger to procedures and expenditure programmes, sustainability as they can alter water distribution enhancing transparency, anti-corruption, service and damage structures. quality and time and expense measurement and • The governmental disagreement between quick public sector management, will go a long way to benefit and involvement in renewable making infrastructure sustainable. technology. In Poland instead of going full speed • Information Flows ahead towards the introduction of renewable It is important to disseminate accurate energy sources, the government has also raised knowledge to all interested parties at frequent subsidies for the mining industry, with coal intervals in a period where information is of the responsible for 80 percent of overall energy utmost importance. The following actions lead production in Poland. to achieving this objective: releasing long-term • Corruption: Financing is typically given by development proposals to help build a consistent international grants to developed countries. In pool of bankable investor ventures, promoting the case of Nepal, the UK pays for the bulk of the advantages of sustainable infrastructure to international grants. However, due to all, collaborating vertically and across bureaucracy and incompetence in Nepal, a jurisdictions with other regulatory bodies to stipend must be charged to ministers as well as develop criteria and gather output data to service fees to the government of Nepal that enhance project comparability, future proof substantially bog down NGO procedures in order investments and share information about to pass such construction projects successes and failures. • Lack of good governance: Processes for • Mobilising Finance decision-making are framed by the government. Sustainable infrastructure funding will go a long On sustainable development problems, there is a way by diverting fossil fuel subsidies to need for unity among all stakeholders of society sustainable infrastructure growth and placing a to identify and enforce objectives: private and price on carbon. According to the OECD, OECD public sector businesses, organisations, NGOs, countries are investing an estimated US$160 to labour unions and residents. It also takes a lot of 200 billion a year on subsidies for fossil fuels in time to get all interested parties to consensus 2019. In the same year, it was estimated that and to comply with the appropriate protocols carbon prices account for less than 15% of and is a significant challenge to the road to global carbon emissions. sustainable growth. Developing funding and tax benefits and Key policy interventions financial support structures, using public Governing bodies at national, regional and city finance and credit enhancement frameworks to levels will be instrumental to the shaping of draw private investment, raising upfront costs sustainable infrastructure goals and closing the that initially make renewable infrastructure finance gap in three ways: projects more expensive than traditional projects, and improving capital markets and • Policy Measures developing green bond requirements are some of Policies make or break any programme. In this the ways of reinforcing infrastructure. respect, a few steps should be made in the right

19 Lessons learnt from COVID-19 on Sector’s full growth (good health and well-being). Resilience Conclusion To solve the present COVID-19 an important The aim of this conference will be on solving condition should be to spend and improve the green fundamental variables through the SDGs, as the economy. It is a major concern to provide for basic world is seeking to solve this pandemic and aims to commodities to help vulnerable people earn their restore global stability. Sustainable development livelihood. cannot happen without human beings: it exists by Human capital, which has been shaken, is one of the the coexistence of the survival of nature and the critical factors in fostering SDG-8 (decent job and development of human civilization through fulfilling economic growth). Fiscal structures may help fund the diverse demands for equity. SDG-16, which is efforts for recovery and resilience, thus supporting about unity, justice and creating solid institutions, is low-carbon growth. Failure to purchase imported being interrupted today. goods, non-essential products, improved demand While all the governments of various countries are savings, encouragement of consumption reuse, issuing rescue packages to restore their respective recycling and repair models will lead to a circular economies, the rising deaths of their population due economy and minimize the waste produced by to the pandemic and other factors connected with current business models. Supporting work-from- unsustainable growth still pose a major challenge to home policies to be maintained will minimize road them. The different facets of contemporary life and congestion and air pollution. The failure to be how to deal with contingencies such as the existing accommodated in digital environments impedes the COVID-19 scenario need to be extensively debated achievement of SDGs 1, 2, and 10 by contributing to and discussed. One such forum is the International more poverty, malnutrition, and inequality. These Conference on Infrastructure Development, where are the challenges raised by the pandemic, which issues pertaining to sustainable development in the seriously affects SDG3, to the equity component of infrastructure space are debated and deliberated..

20 About Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management (AIIM)

AIIM, established in 2009, has been at the forefront of infrastructure management education in a specialised & scientific manner, with its synthesis of research, education, and consulting. AIIM's success is built on an interdisciplinary approach by bringing a systems perspective to grand challenges in areas such as infrastructure, energy, health care, education, and the allied sectors. It is complemented by eminent faculty and distinguished industry practitioners who ensure experiential learning and holistic development. AIIM campus provides a learning ambience for intellectual excitement, fruitful interaction and professional growth. AIIM is uniquely placed to exploit and leverage synergies with one of the India's fastest growing infrastructure conglomerate – the Adani Group. It is an institution of excellence offering specially designed programmes with an industry-oriented curriculum aligned to the needs and aspirations of the infrastructure sector. AIIM offers AICTE approved 2-year full-time flagship programmes (i) PGDM (Infrastructure Management) (ii) PGDM (Law) (iii) Executive Education Programmes (iv) Management Development Programmes

Institute of Infrastructure

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