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Dual Citizenship: Examining Belonging, Identity and Racialization in the Lives of Transmigrants

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Dual Citizenship: Examining Belonging, Identity and Racialization in the Lives of Transmigrants Dual Citizenship: examining belonging, identity and racialization in the lives of transmigrants Jenn Scribner © 2 0 0 7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from Jenn Scribner. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-33768-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-33768-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce,Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve,sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet,distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform,et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Dual citizenship is on the rise as a result of not only growing advances in technologies which allow people to move around the globe, but also as a result of changing state policies to accept the practice. Old conceptions of citizenship that suggest ties to the nation state expire upon emigration and transfer to the new state of residence are no longer applicable in an era of globalization. As a result, increased acceptance of dual citizenship is an important change that recognizes the transnational lives of immigrants. Using qualitative data collected from 19 participants the research presented here explores the transnational experiences of dual Canadian -UK and Canadian-Bangladeshi citizens to understand the everyday lived experiences of transmigrants. Exploring issues of citizenship and the impacts of citizenship on identity and belonging, the research finds that little importance is placed on the concept as a signifier of identity, but rather that citizenship can help to foster belonging in the host state. More importantly, citizenship is recognized as facilitating the maintenance of ties to the home and host states and to some extent in fostering a sense of belonging. The research also found that citizenship cannot mitigate the effects of racialization as a result of colonial histories. Instead, the impact of its settler colonial history has been the continued exclusion of visible minority immigrants from the Canadian social fabric. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and sincerely thank my thesis supervisor Dr. Daiva Stasiulis and my advisor Dr. Robynne Neugebauer for the guidance and support provided throughout the process, without which I may never have finished. Both Daiva and Robynne were full of insightful suggestions and provided guidance and direction throughout the process. Their prompt responses to questions and drafts enabled a timely finishing of the final product. My acknowledgments and gratitude also go to the participants with whom I engaged to discuss their citizenship; without their assistance this project would not have been possible. I would also like to extend my appreciation to a professor from my undergraduate, Chris Atchison, whose positivity and belief in me encouraged me to pursue further education. Lastly, I want to also express my gratitude to all of the individuals around me who have supported me in any number of ways throughout the process. To my parents, all of my friends and co-workers who have been there for encouragement, support and assistance as needed and whose support and assistance helped to make this a reality. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the late Dr. Robynne Neugebauer who spent precious time providing comments and directions to this work. The dedication she exhibited to this project is reflective of the time and care she had for her students and work over her lifetime. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................8 CHAPTER TWO: CITIZENSHIP LITERATURE - DEFINITIONS, THEORIES, CHALLENGES AND CHANGES..................................................................................... 14 C onceptualizing C it iz e n sh ip.......................................................................................................................................................... 14 N a t io n a l it y ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 C it iz e n sh ip & Id e n t it ie s: Th e N a t io n B u il d in g P r o j e c t..............................................................................................28 Ch a l l e n g e s t o Cit iz e n sh ip & N a t io n a l is m ............................................................................................................................35 Globalization, Migration, the State and Citizenship..............................................................................................................................................................................................37 The Changing Role of the State.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Transnationalism : R e c o g n iz in g M u l t ip l e S tate Tie s.....................................................................................................43 A cknowledging Transnationalism : Th e P r a c t ic e o f D u a l C it iz e n s h ip............................................................46 Ex c l u d e d f r o m th e N a t io n B u il d in g P r o j e c t: S e c o n d C it iz e n s h ip.................................................................... 50 CHPATER THREE: SETTING THE CONTEXT IN CANADA................................ 55 Th e B u il d in g o f th e Wh it e Ca n a d ia n S e t t l e r S o c ie t y - B r it ish In f l u e n c e & M in o r it y Ex c l u s io n 55 R ecent Trends in Immigration:1960 - 2001and forw ard..........................................................................................59 P o s t911 Immigration in Canada: Challenges for Coloured M inorities........................................................65 Im m ig r a t io n H is t o r ie s.........................................................................................................................................................................67 The United Kingdom......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 B an gladesh............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71 C o m p a r a t iv e I m m ig r a t io n P a s t s : B r it ish In c l u s io n & S o u t h A s ia n Ex c l u s io n........................................... 75 Cit iz e n sh ip P o l ic ie s: S t a t e P o l ic y o n D u a l Cit iz e n s.....................................................................................................78 Ca n a d ia n C it iz e n sh ip A c t .................................................................................................................................................................81
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