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Universidade Estadual De Ponta Grossa Setor De Ciências Sociais Aplicadas Programa De Pós-Graduação- Em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas Mestrado

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Universidade Estadual De Ponta Grossa Setor De Ciências Sociais Aplicadas Programa De Pós-Graduação- Em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas Mestrado UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA SETOR DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO- EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS MESTRADO GABRIEL FERREIRA CARVALHO MÍDIA E ELEIÇÕES: O MEIO AMBIENTE NA CAMPANHA PRESIDENCIAL DE 2010 PONTA GROSSA/PR 2013 GABRIEL FERREIRA CARVALHO MÍDIA E ELEIÇÕES: O MEIO AMBIENTE NA CAMPANHA PRESIDENCIAL DE 2010 Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Título de Mestre na Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Édina Schimanski PONTA GROSSA/PR 2013 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Dra. Édina Schimanski, pela orientação e pelo incentivo. Aos convidados da banca de defesa, Dra. Myrian Regina Del Vecchio e ao Dr. Carlos Hugo Rocha. Também agradeço ao Dr. Emerson Cervi, pela contribuição na banca de qualificação. À minha família e a UEPG pela oportunidade de continuar meus estudos após a graduação. Agradeço também ao Sr. Zé Pilintra, e a todos os colegas, servidores e docentes do programa de pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas. RESUMO A presente pesquisa trata da temática do meio ambiente na eleição à presidência da república no Brasil em 2010. Isto porque, na ocasião havia a presença da candidata do Partido Verde, Marina Silva, a qual conseguiu cerca de 20 milhões de votos. Para tanto, tem por objetivo geral analisar a presença da questão ambiental nas matérias políticas durante o processo eleitoral em questão. O espaço escolhido para a análise foram as páginas do jornal Folha de S. Paulo, por ser o diário de maior circulação no país e, se configurar como a esfera pública midiática. A pesquisa nesse sentido traçou uma configuração da preocupação ambiental ao longo da história mundial, o meio ambiente no Brasil e na política. A pesquisa também traz as principais teorias que permeiam os estudos do jornalismo, para que possam ser analisados os textos jornalísticos a partir de seus enquadramentos, o agendamento temático e a opinião pública. O método elencado foi o da Análise de Conteúdo onde a partir de categorias foi possível identificar no material empírico as falas significativas compatíveis com as categorias (resultados qualitativos), com verificação da contagem e tratamento percentual das categorias do texto. Ao final, integraram-se os resultados qualitativos e quantitativos, demonstrando que a questão ambiental não é debatida nem pelos candidatos nem pelo jornal. Palavras chave: Mídia e Eleições, Discurso Socioambiental, Retórica Verde. ABSTRACT The present research is an analysis of the environment theme during Brazil’s presidential election in 2010. At that time, there was a candidate from the Green Party, Marina Silva, who received about 20 million votes. In order to do this analysis, this research aims at studying the presence of environmental issues in political articles published during the electoral process in question. The object chosen for analysis were the pages of the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo, which has the largest daily circulation in the country and is set as the public sphere. The research looks at the concerns regarding the environmental issues throughout world history, in Brazil and in politics. The research also presents the main theories underlying the study of journalism, so the articles can be analyzed as journalistic texts by their frameworks, scheduling themed and public opinion. The method used to analyze the articles was Content Analysis, which employs categories to identify in the texts speeches that are compatible with the categories (qualitative results) searched. Furthermore, it allows one to check the count and percentage of categories approached in the text (quantitative). At the end, integrated into the results were integrated, leading to the conclusion that the environmental issue was not discussed by the candidates nor the newspaper. Keywords: Media and Elections, Environmental Discourse, Green Rhetoric. LISTA DE QUADROS E TABELAS Quadro 1 Tipologia dos Partidos Verdes mundiais e seu “ecologismo”............ 38 Quadro 2 Propostas dos programas de governo frente a Agenda 21 brasileira............................................................................................ 70 Quadro 3 Quadro de variáveis utilizadas na análise do jornal Folha de S.Paulo. ............................................................................................ 77 Tabela 1 Distribuição da temática Meio Ambiente por caderno no período da Campanha eleitoral para presidência da república em 2010 no Jornal Folha de S. Paulo.................................................................... 79 Tabela 2 Tema Geral das matérias coletadas no Jornal Folha de S. Paulo.................................................................................................. 81 Tabela 3 Tema Específico – temas da questão ambiental que mais apareceram na retórica verde – Jornal Folha de S. Paulo................ 84 Tabela 4 Cruzamento de dados entre a categoria de Tema Geral e a categoria de Tema Específico........................................................... 86 Tabela 5 Índice de visibilidade das matérias relacionadas à política e meio ambiente............................................................................................ 88 Tabela 6 Tabela de categorização dos dados coletados sobre política e meio ambiente e seus enquadramentos no jornal Folha de S. Paulo.................................................................................................. 91 Tabela 7 Total de votos por assunto nas casas legislativas em 2010.............. 98 LISTA DE ANEXOS ANEXO A - LISTA DE TÍTULOS COLETADOS PARA ANÁLISE NO MÊS DE JULHO.............................................................................................. 111 ANEXO B - LISTA DE TÍTULOS COLETADOS PARA ANÁLISE NO MÊS DE AGOSTO......................................................................................... 115 ANEXO C - LISTA DE TÍTULOS COLETADOS PARA ANÁLISE NO MÊS DE SETEMBRO..................................................................................... 121 ANEXO D - LISTA DE TÍTULOS COLETADOS PARA ANÁLISE NO MÊS DE OUTUBRO....................................................................................... 126 ANEXO E - ARTIGO ANALISADO...................................................................... 131 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO......................................................................................... 10 1 MEIO AMBIENTE, ESFERA PÚBLICA E POLÍTICA ELEITORAL......... 17 1.1 UMA ABORDAGEM HISTÓRICA DESASTRES E PREOCUPAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS............................................................................................ 17 1.2 UMA RETÓRICA DE AMPLITUDE SOCIAL E GLOBAL.......................... 25 1.3 O DISCURSO AMBIENTAL E A PLATAFORMA POLÍTICA NO BRASIL..................................................................................................... 29 1.4 SURGIMENTO DO PARTIDO VERDE E SECRETARIAS ESPECIAIS... 33 1.5 O MEIO AMBIENTE NA ESFERA PÚBLICA............................................ 39 2 TEORIAS DA NOTÍCIA E CONSTRUÇÃO SOCIAL DA REALIDADE... 43 2.1 IMPRENSA COMO FONTE DE INFORMAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO DE OPINIÃO................................................................................................... 43 2.2 RETÓRICA JORNALÍSTICA E A CONSTRUÇÃO SOCIAL DA REALIDADE............................................................................................. 48 2.3 NOTICIABILIDADE E RETÓRICA NOS JORNAIS.................................. 51 2.4 AGENDA SETTING E ENQUADRAMENTO............................................ 53 2.4.1 ENQUADRAMENTO................................................................................ 55 2.4.2 A OPINIÃO PÚBLICA............................................................................... 58 2.5 A COBERTURA AMBIENTAL.................................................................. 60 2.6 O MEIO AMBIENTE E AS CANDIDATURAS PRESIDENCIAIS EM 2010.......................................................................................................... 61 2.6.1 Diferencial Marina Silva e as eleições 2010............................................. 61 2.6.2 “Juntos pelo Brasil que queremos” – Partido Verde................................. 62 2.6.3 “Para o Brasil seguir mudando” – Partido dos Trabalhadores.................. 67 2.6.4 “O Brasil pode mais” – PSDB................................................................... 69 2.7 AS PROPOSTAS DE CADA PARTIDO FRENTE A AGENDA GLOBAL. 70 3 METODOLÓGICO E ANALÍTICO............................................................ 72 3.1 TRAJETÓRIA DE PESQUISA E ESCOLHA DO ENQUADRAMENTO.... 72 3.1.1 Escolha do jornal para análise.................................................................. 73 3.1.2 A análise de conteúdo nas pesquisas sociais e da comunicação............ 74 3.1.3 Escolha das variáveis e frequências........................................................ 76 3.2 MEIO AMBIENTE E O DISCURSO POLÍTICO NO JORNAL FOLHA DE S. PAULO: ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS.............................................. 78 3.2.1 A questão ambiental nos cadernos da Folha………………….....……….. 78 3.2.2 Grandes enfoques em que a questão ambiental aparece no jornal…..... 81 3.2.3 Enfoques específicos……………………………………............................. 84 3.2.4 Cruzamento das informações entre os grandes temas e a especificidade temática……………………………..................................... 86 3.2.5 O que está e quanto está ao alcance de nossos olhos…….....………..... 88 3.2.6 O recurso do enquadramento no Jornal Folha de S. Paulo....................
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