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CHAPTER ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXISTING 3 ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Introduction

The chapter basically highlights the existing baseline scenario according to the three (3) major environmental components namely physical, biological and socio-economical environments. The existing environment is documented to form a basis for the assessment of potential impacts (either positive or negative) generated from the proposed development onto the surrounding environment. Conversely any existing conditions that are likely to impact upon the proposed development itself will also be discussed.

The prevalent physical and biological environment will be an indicator of the existing nature’s carrying capacity to adapt to the potential impacts generated by the proposed development. While, the socio-economic background of the surrounding areas is established to represent specific aspects of the human environment, which normally poses significant implications in the implementation of the built development. The existing environment is determined for an impact area which extends for five (5) km radius from the boundary of the Project Site. The assessment is profiled according to site surveys and published secondary data (i.e. maps, reports and structure plans) made available by the relevant government agencies.

3.2 Physical Environment

3.2.1 Topography

The existing general topography of the Project Site in relation to the surroundings is shown in Figure 3.1 . Based on topographical survey plan provided by licensed surveyor, the morphology of the Project Site shows that the Project Site is generally characterised as undulating terrains with contour ranging between RL40m to RL80m above mean sea level as shown in Figure 3.2 . The highest ground (approximately RL 130.614m) lies at the peak of the hill lock in the northern portion of the Project Site while the lowest ground (approximately RL 26.573m) is within the valley of Sg. Pechah Mangkok which is situated at the southern boundary of the Project Site as shown in Figure 3.2. The terrain of the Project Site slopes down from the high ground in the northern and western portions towards the valley of Sg. Pechah Mangkok in the middle portion of the Project Site.

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3.2.2 Hydrology

From the hydrological aspect, the Project Site generally lies within the Sg. Serai river catchment area (refer to Figure 3.3) which is located approximately 82 km upstream of the Sg. Selangor estuary at . The Sg. Selangor basin is approximately 70 km long and 30 km wide from the slopes of the mountainous Titiwangsa ranges at Bukit Fraser in the northeast to the Straits of Malacca in the west. The total acreage of the Sg. Serai catchment is approximately 15.53 km 2 (3,837.54 ac) while the total acreage of the Sg. Selangor catchment is approximately 1,820 km 2 (449,731 ac).

The existing topography of the proposed development site shows this area is well drained by natural streams and depressions. The major stream within the Project Site is the Sg. Pechah Mangkok which drains the middle portion of the Project Site and flow southwards into Sg. Serai as shown in Figure 3.3 . The eastern portion of the Project Site is drained by Sg. Anak Serai which flows through Kg. Sg. Serai in the eastern boundary of the Project Site prior to draining into Sg. Serai while the southwestern boundary of the Project Site is drained by a tributary of Sg. Serai. Sg. Serai drains into Sg. which flows into Sg. at LATAR Expressway (Kuala Lumpur- Kuala Selangor Expressway) and drains into Sg. Garing in the far north, then flows into Sg. Sembah, Sg. Selangor and eventually discharges into the Straits of Melaka.

Based on the Water Quality Monitoring and Sources of Pollution within the Sg. Selangor Map (DOE, 1994), updated by the Environment Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) as at 1st April 2013 and water intake stations of Puncak Niaga Sdn. Bhd., there are six (6) water intake points within the Sg. Selangor water catchment. Among these water intake points, Rantau Panjang water intake point at Kg. Rantau Panjang near DOE station 1SR09, and Sg. Selangor Phase II water intake point near Kg. Sg. Darah are located approximately between 29km and 33km downstream of the Project Site respectively as shown in Table 3.1 and as shown in Figure 3.4. Sg. Selangor is recognised as the largest source of water supply to Kuala Lumpur and Valley with two (2) primary clustered water treatment plants located at Bukit Badong and Rasa. The Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) water level and flow gauging station (Station No. 3412421) is also located near here.

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Table 3.1: Water Intake Points within the Sg. Selangor Water Catchment

Location of the Water Intake Name of River Water Supply Scheme Location from Longitude Latitude (Water Treatment Plant) the Project Site 101 0 41’ 56”E 30 28’ 45”N Sg. Batang Kali Upstream 101 0 31’ 42”E 30 24’ 24”N Sg. Darah Sg. Buaya Upstream 101 0 40’ 48”E 30 34’ 05”N Sg. Kubu Kuala Kubu Bahru Upstream 101 0 40’ 00”E 30 17’ 00”N Sg. Rangkap Sg. Rangkap Upstream 101 0 26’ 48”E 30 24’ 00”N Sg. Selangor Rantau Panjang Downstream 101 0 26’ 48”E 30 22’ 06”N Sg. Selangor Sg. Selangor Phase II Downstream Source: Environment Quality Act 1974 (ACT 127) as at 1 st April 2013 and Puncak Niaga Sdn. Bhd.

3.2.3 General Geology of the Project Site

The geological map of the Project area, as shown in Figure 3.5 , was extracted from The Geological Map of Peninsular (1985). The Project Site is located within the Kenny Hill Formation. The geological conditions at the Project Site were evaluated based on a review of geological literatures and site reconnaissance survey. The major rock types included in Kenny Hill formation are occurred as an interbedded sequence of sandstone, shale, siltstone and mudstone believed to be of the Carboniferous - Permian Age. The sedimentary rocks in this formation have undergone both thermal and regional metamorphism due to the intrusion of the Main Range granite, resulting in the alteration of the sandstone, shale and mudstone to metasandstone quartzite, schist and phyllite. The shale is often foliated and finely laminated with beds while the sandstone sequences are often thicker with generally fine to medium grained.

The soil material of the Kenny Hill Formation is derived from the intense weathering of the original rocks. Residual and completely to slightly weathered soils derived from the metasediments typically comprise interbedded sandy clay, clayey silty sand and sandy clayey silt. This formation occurs as an interbedded sequence and has moderate dips. Because of these factors the weathering profile and changes of the soil characteristic with depth show variations. Furthermore the resistance of the different layers towards weathering is different. The shale layer is more resistant to weathering whereas the quartzite is more easily weathered into silt. In hilly areas where the activity of erosion is high, the layer of the residual soil is thin. Whereas in the lowlands, the layer of the residual soil is thicker. Occasionally, in the lowlands the soil materials of the Kenny Hill Formation is covered by alluvium especially when it is near the river.

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3.2.4 Geological Terrain Mapping

Geohazard management of the development planning requires relevant information such as geology, topography, the investigation of landform and terrain related features as well as other relevant geotechnical details as whether the site is potentially unstable due to the presence of landslide or severe erosion. Such information will assist in the preparation of layout plans, the design of the infrastructures and the occurrence of geohazard like landslide or rockfalls. For systematic assessment of utilization of the information, rational evaluations of the overall terrains have to be conducted and the data were presented in the form of various types of thematic maps for landuse planning.

The technique of the geological terrain mapping was developed by Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains (JMG) Malaysia and the method was adopted from the method used by the Hong Kong Geotechnical Area Study Programme (GASP). The technique as applied involves mainly following criterion:- (a) Slope gradient (b) Terrain component (c) Activity component (d) Erosion and stability

The mapping technique is correlated to Table 3.2 and a series of maps is drawn to derive the classification of the land under study. This report is to fulfil the requirement of Jabatan Mineral and Geosains Selangor/Wilayah Persekutuan (JMGS/WP). Therefore, GCU Consultants Sdn. Bhd. has been appointed by Messer Temasek Ekslusif Sdn. Bhd. to carry out geological terrain mapping on Lots 3804, 35190 (3805), 3806, 3807, 35193 (3808), 35192 (3812), 35191 (3813), 35182 (3814), 35183 (3815), 3817, 35188 (3818), 35185 (3819), 35184 (3820), 3821, 35189 (3822), 3823, 3825 - 3829, 35180 (3831), 35181 (3832), 35179 (3833), 3836 - 3838, 4158 - 4180, 4182 - 4192, 4195, 4196, 4284- 4288, 4494 - 4513, 4515 - 4556, 4739, 4822 -4825, 26376 - 26370, 84171-84174, 84184 - 84186, 84298, 84299, 84306, 84311, 84500 and part of Government Land, Mukim Rawang, District Of Gombak, Selangor Darul Ehsan. The Geological Terrain Mapping Report has been submitted to JMGS/WP and the approval has been obtained on the 6 th March 2014 with the reference no. :- JMG.SWP(GS)001/12/2Jld8(45) as attached in Appendix 3 .

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Table 3.2: Geological Terrain Classification Attributes (Source : Department of Minerals and Geoscience, 2006)

SLOPE TERRAIN CODE ACTIVITY CODE EROSION AND INSTABILITY COVER / TREE 0° -5° 1 Hillcrest/Ridge: A Natural -rock 1 No appreciable erosion: 0 No water seepage a slope: -soil 2 Minor water seepage b Dense Vegetation 6° -15° 2 Sideslope: -straight B -soil & rock 3 Sheet -minor 1 Moderate water seepage c -concave C erosion: -moderate 2 High water seepage d 16° -25° 3 -conve x D Cut -rock 4 -severe 3 No water seepage e slope: -soil 5 Minor water seepage f Moderate Vegetation 26° -35° 4 Footslope: -straight E -soil & rock 6 Rill -minor 4 Moderate water seepage g -concave F erosion: -moderate 5 High w ater seepage h 36° -60° 5 -convex G Fill: -rock 7 -severe 6 Soil Slope No water seepage i -soil 8 Sparse Vegetation Minor water seepage j >60° 6 Drainage valley: H -rock & soil 9 Gully -minor 7 (Partially Barren) Moderate water seepage k erosion: -moderate 8 High water seepage l Flood plain: I Terraces: -rock a -severe 9 No water seepage m -soil b Minor water seepage n Coastal plain: K -rock & soil c Well defined recent Barren Moderate wate r seepage p landslide: (diameters) -< 10m a High water seepage q Litoral Zone: L Reclamation: d - 10m-50m b No water seepage R Partially covered with Marshy/ swa mpy: S Minor water seepage s concrete/bitumen etc. Dense -> 50m c Moderate water seepage t vegetation in uncovered part Wave cut platform: W Mined -out: e High water seepage u Development of general No water seepage v instability: Partially covered with Alluvium plain: X Water -natural stream f -recent n concrete/bitumen etc. Minor water seepage w bodies: -man -made g -relict r Moderate vegetation in Moderate water seepage x channel uncovered part Undulating hill: Y -water storage h High water seepage y -pond l Coastal instability: w Partly Soil No water seepage A Partially covered with Partly Covered Minor water seepage B concrete/bitumen etc. Sparse Colluvium: m Moderate water seepage D vegetation in uncovered part High water seepage E Excavated platform: p No water seepage F Partially covered with Minor water seepage G concrete/bitumen etc. Barren in Moderate water seepage H uncovered part High water seepage I No water seepage J Totally covered with Minor water seepage L concrete/bitumen etc Moderate water seepage M High water seepage N EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 3-10

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3.2.4.1 Slope Map

The slope map that shows the slope gradient in detail is generated by using 3D analyst software. The map is used as base map for field terrain mapping. The slope gradient is given in degrees and is classified into five (5) groups as shown in Figure 3.6 . The slope angle of each terrain unit is measured along the direction of greatest declivity. This direction, which is normal to the contour, enables the identification of the most limiting slope angle.

The Project Site is generally characterised as undulating terrains to moderate steep terrains which is covered by rubber trees, oil palm trees and fruit trees. The average steepness of slopes within Project Site is between 0 o to 15 o in gradient (i.e. approximately 57.40% of the total area of the Project Site) which mainly located within valley of Sg. Pechah Mangkok while the slopes of the ridges in the northeastern and southwestern portions of the Project Site that has slopes range from 15 o to 35 o (i.e. 42.53% of the total area of the Project Site) as shown in Figure 3.6 . However, the slopes range from 35 o to 60 o (i.e. 0.07% of the total area of the Project Site) are mainly found at the slopes of the hill lock in the northern portion of the Project Site. The percentage of the slope gradient within the Project Site is tabulated in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 : Slope Gradient Analysis of the Project Site

Terrain Slope Gradient Area Percentage Description code (Acre) (%) 1 0o - 5o 118.20 14.85 Gently sloping 2 5o - 15 o 338.67 42.55 Gently to moderately sloping 3 15 o - 25 o 306.11 38.46 Moderately sloping 4 25 o - 35 o 32.39 4.07 Steep 5 35 o - 60 o 0.56 0.07 Very Steep 795.93 100.00 Source : GCU Consultants Sdn. Bhd. (January, 2014)

3.2.4.2 Terrain Component

The terrain component attribute describes the physical appearance and component of the slope. They describe the shape of existing natural terrain. An indication of the component of the slope in rock, soil or soil and rock are implicit in the class definition. The term used are essentially morphological descriptions and do not necessarily infer the geomorphological processes which are occurring on a slope.

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All terrain information gathered during field data collection drawn on hardcopy base map then converted to digital data (i.e. coding of each polygon of slope). The result of the terrain classification map is used to generate the Construction Suitability Map (refer to Figure 3.7) by referring to construction suitability classification system as shown in Table 3.4 .

3.2.4.3 Erosion and Instability

The erosion and instability classification describes the surface condition of the terrain on the basis of the major forms of terrain denudation. Slope failure and slope instability are indicated under this attribute. The five major erosion classes are:- (i) No appreciable erosion (ii) Sheet erosion . This class is divided into three (3) subclasses. Where surface vegetation is removed, the soil surface is subject to sheet erosion. Minor to severe erosion appears as varying tones in the aerial photograph. Severe sheeting appears as highly reflecting white tone which indicates the absence of almost all ground cover. Sheet erosion is classified in terms of the approximate proportion of bare ground. This type of erosion usually precedes gully erosion (see below). (iii) Rill erosion . This form of denudation occurs typically on exposed cut and filled slope batters. It is characterized by sub-parallel lineation of drainage rivulets which produce a typical striated appearance and result in significant soil loss. (iv) Gully erosion . This form of erosion often results in severe disruption of the terrain surface. Gully erosion produces significant hydrological problems because of infiltration and concentration of water flow, and it may lead to slope failure. This class is divided into three subclasses (a) minor, (b) moderate, and (c) severe (v) Landslide . This is divided into subclasses which relate to (a) well developed slope failures, (b) zones of inherent instability and (c) coastal instability. Term (b) is generally applied to colluviums that exhibit evidence of instability which is not reflected in classical well-defined failures or failures which are masked by subsequent erosion. They are either recent or relict failure.

3.2.4.4 Construction Suitability

The construction suitability plan has four (4) classes produced from geological terrain classification (Tables 3.4 and 3.5). The proposed Project Site can be classified into the following categories;

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i) Class I ii) Class II iii) Class III iv) Class IV

Table 3.6 shows the summary of the classification characteristics and Figure 3.7 shows the results of the construction suitability plan of proposed Project Site. Generally, the proposed development site is classified into four (4) classes; Class I, Class II, Class III and Class IV.

Class I areas cover 44.19% of the proposed development site and equal to 351.72 acres. In-situ terrain in this area is less than 15 degrees and no instability is recorded . With low geotechnical limitations this areas are highly suitable for construction due to less foundation problems.

Class II areas cover 49.93% or 397.41 acres of the proposed development site. The development in class II areas requires moderate geotechnical and geological studies due to the geotechnical limitations is moderate and need normal intensity of site investigation.

Class III areas cover 3.92% or 31.20 acres of the proposed development site. The development in class III areas requires detailed geotechnical and geological studies due to the geotechnical limitations. It is high and need intensity of site investigation. In-situ terrain in this areas ranges from 25 to 35 degrees with instability or severe erosion.

Class IV areas cover 0.06% or 0.48 acres located as isolated patches in the northern portion of the proposed development site. The in-situ terrain in class IV areas is above 35 degrees . Therefore, development in this area is not suitable. This area also has extreme geotechnical limitations and intensity of site investigation is required.

Approximately 1.15% or 9.15 acres of the proposed development site is classified as cut slope (rock and/or soil slope). Generally, cut slopes are man-made and classified as non-natural terrain component, and unclassified in the terrain classification. There are two (2) types of cut slope, engineered slope and non-engineered slope which required stabilization and protection measures depending on the in-situ rock/soil condition. The existing cut slopes were formed at the boundary with the existing interchange of Guthrie Corridor Expressway.

The rest of 0.75% or 5.97 acres of the proposed development site is classified as water body (i.e. ponds and rivers).

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Table 3.4: Construction Suitability Classification System

Class Characteristics Class I Class II Class III Class IV Geotechnical Limitations Low Moderate High Extreme Suitability for Development High Moderate Low Probably Unsuitable Engineering Costs for Low Normal High Very high Development Intensity of Site Investigation Normal Normal Intensive Very Intensive Required

1. In-situ terrain <15 ° minor 1. In-situ terrain 15 ° - 25 °, 1. In-situ terrain 25 ° - 35 ° no 1. In-situ terrain >35 ° erosion no instability or severe instability or severe Examples of Terrain 2. In-situ terrain 25 ° - 35 °, erosion erosion 2. Cut platforms in in-situ instability or severe terrain 2. In-situ terrain <15 °, 2. In-situ terrain 15 ° - 25 °, erosion severe erosion history of landslips 3. Colluvium 25 ° - 35 °, 3. Colluvium <15 °, no 3. Colluvium 15 ° - 25 °, moderate erosion instability or severe general instability erosion

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Table 3.5: Construction Suitability Classes And Types Of Site Investigation Required

Risk Category Description of Site Investigation

Classes I, II Class III Class IV Category a. Loss of life b. Economic loss

Negligible a. None expected (no occupied Assessment of surrounding geology and As for Class I and II. More detailed As for Class I and II. Area outside premises) topography for indication of stability. Visual geology and topography survey. For the confines of site to be examined for b. Minimal structural damage. Loss examination of soil and rock forming the steeper slopes, information on soil and instability of soil, rock and boulders of access on minor roads site or to be used for the embankment. rock joint strength parameters. Survey of above the site. hydrological features affecting the site. Specialist Advice – Requirement (A) Specialist Advice – Requirement (B) Specialist Advice – Requirement (B)

Low a. Few (only small occupied Geology and topography survey of site and As for Class I and II. Survey of hydrogical As for Class I and II. Extend outside premises threatened). surroundings area. Soil and rock joint features affecting the site. limits of site to permit analyses of b. Appreciable structural damage. strength parameters for foundation and cut slopes above and below the site. Loss of access on sole access slopes. For embankments steeper than 1 Specialist Advice – Requirement (B) roads. on 3, recompacted strength parameters of Specialist Advice – Requirement (C) fill. For cut, information on groundwater level.

Specialist Advice – Requirement (B)

High a. More than a few Detailed geology and topography survey of As for Class I and II. Survey of As for Class I and II. Extend b. Excessive structural damage to site and surrounding area. hydrological features affecting the site. investigations more widely outside residential and industrial Soil and rock joint strength parameters for Extend investigations locally outside limits of site to permit analyses of structures. foundation and cut slopes. limits of the site to permit analyses of stability of slopes above and below the Loss of access on regional trunk Recompacted strength parameters for fill. slopes above and below the site. site. routes. For cut, information on ground water level. Specialist Advice – Requirement (C) Specialist Advice – (B) Specialist Advice – Requirement (C)

Note : Requirement for Specialist Advice: A) Services for an experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist not necessary B) Services for an experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist to depend on location relative to developed or developable land C) Services for an experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist essential

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Table 3.6: The Summary for the Construction Suitability Plan Classification

Construction Description Area Suitability Acre (ac) Hectare (ha) Percentage (%) Class I Low geotechnical limitations 351.72 142.34 44.19 II Moderate geotechnical limitations 397.41 160.82 49.93 III High geotechnical limitation 31.20 12.63 3.92 IV Extreme geotechnical limitation 0.48 0.19 0.06 Cut Slopes Man-made slope 9.15 3.70 1.15 Water Body Rivers and pond 5.97 2.42 0.75 Total 795.93 322.10 100.00

Source : GCU Consultants Sdn. Bhd. (February, 2014)

3.2.5 Soil Investigation

Soil investigation (SI) was carried out at the Project Site to identify its sub surface condition and to obtain soil parameters for geotechnical design purposes. The soil parameters were obtained from the laboratory test carried out on the soil samples collected from the soil investigation works in the field. Based on the soil investigation (SI) conducted by Maxi Mekar Sdn. Bhd. from 15 th November 2013 to 12 th December 2013 under the supervision of the geotechnical consultant, GCU Consultants Sdn. Bhd., with a total of twenty two (22) deep boreholes namely BH1 to BH16 and ABH1 to ABH6 were drilled as well as fifty (50) nos. Of Mackintosh Probes Test were carried out within the proposed Project Site. The location of the boreholes within the Project Site is shown in Figure 3.8.

The interpreted subsoil profile showing the Standard Penetration Test blow counts (SPT-N), major/minor components of soil sample and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) value for rock cores obtained in the SI works as attached in Appendix 4. The subsoil descriptions presented were classified in accordance with “British Soil Classification System (BSCS) for Engineering Purposes”. The termination depths of the boreholes from the existing ground surfaces range from approximately 6.16m to 27.0m. Most of the boreholes were terminated after three to five (3 - 5) consecutive hard layers in which the SPT-N values are greater than 50. SPT-N values generally increase with depth and hard layer (SPT-N > 50) was encountered between 1.5m to 12.0m below existing ground level while the bedrock (i.e. sandstone and siltstone) was encountered between 4.8m to 24.0m below existing ground level as shown in Table 3.7.

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Table 3.7: The Summary of the Subsurface Profile at the Borehole Locations

Borehole Reduced Level of Depth to Hard Reduced Level Depth to Reduced Level Depth to Reduced Level of Depth of Borehole Borehole (RLm) Layer (m) of Hard Layer Bedrock of Bedrock Groundwater Groundwater Termination Level (RLm) (m) (RLm) (m) (RLm) (RLm) BH 1 120.32 9.00 111.32 24.00 96.32 11.03 109.29 27 .00 BH 2 74.83 7.50 67.33 10.50 64.33 1.29 73.54 13.50 BH 3 110.53 9.00 101.53 20.80 89.73 5.76 104.77 23. 80 BH 4 82.33 3.00 79.33 12.00 70.33 6.85 75.48 15.00 BH 5 79.74 9.00 70.74 - - 12.90 66.84 13.70 BH 6 126.78 9.00 117.78 - - - - 13.70 BH 7 68.17 7.50 60.67 10.00 58.17 5.71 62.46 13.00 BH 8 77.23 6.00 71.23 12.10 65.13 9.37 67.86 15.10 BH 9 109.38 3.00 106.38 - - 2.09 107.29 7.76 BH 10 31.73 4.50 27.23 4.80 26.93 2.05 29.68 7.80 BH 11 52.69 6.00 46.69 12.50 40.19 1.98 50.71 15.50 BH 12 78.11 7.50 70.61 - - 12.72 65.39 15.32 BH 13 26.03 7.50 18.53 - - 1.85 24.18 12.33 BH 14 62.14 1.50 60.64 - - 5.43 56.71 6.16 BH 15 66.26 9.00 57.26 - - 7.22 59.04 13.61 BH 16 67.27 7.50 59.77 - - 3.07 64.20 12.11 ABH 1 90.25 7.50 82.75 9.00 81.25 5.72 84.53 12.00 ABH 2 101.23 4.50 96.73 6.30 94.93 2.86 98.37 9.30 ABH 3 102.67 1.50 101.17 5.70 96.97 4.72 97.95 8.70 ABH 4 61.33 6.00 55.33 7.50 53.83 2.81 58.52 10.50 ABH 5 71.18 12.00 59.18 18.00 53.18 3.39 67.79 21.0 0 ABH 6 56.12 9.00 47.12 12.10 44.02 2.60 53.52 15.10 Source: Soil Investigation Report prepared by Maxi Mekar Sdn. Bhd. (December 2013)

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The sandstone bedrock was encountered in boreholes BH1, BH2, BH4, BH7, BH8, BH10 BH11, ABH2, ABH3, ABH4, ABH5 & ABH6 while the siltstone bedrock was encountered in boreholes BH3 & ABH1, and these boreholes were terminated with minimum three (3) meters of continuous rock coring by using core barrels. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) with collection of disturbed soil samples were carried out at 1.5m intervals for every borehole to obtain the subsoil profiles and their properties. Based on the interpreted Atterberg Limits of the subsoils, the Project Site generally consists of very stiff to hard sandy SILT and minor loose to very dense silty SAND with gravels.

3.2.6 Soil

Based on the Reconnaissance Soil Map of Peninsular Malaysia (P indaan 2002), published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia, the Project Site is situated on sedentary soils namely the Serdang-Bungor-Munchong Series as shown in Figure 3.9. This soil type is developed in situ from local parental sediment rocks on undulating plains to rolling land. Soil formation is usually controlled by the land slopes. Consequently, soil on hill tops is more juvenile and shallower than those on the lower slopes. The soil in the Project Site is permeable to water, thus the topsoil with no vegetation cover is easily erodable when exposed to rainfall.

According to Wong (1970), the Serdang Series is developed on quartzites, sandstone and sandy shales parental materials; often the underlying rock has intercalations of silty and micaceous shales and phyllites. The soils of this series occur on undulating and rolling to hilly land (4 o – 20 o) but mainly on rolling terrain (6 o – 12 o); as the terrain becomes steeper the Serdang Series soils grade into the shallower soils of the Kedah Series. The Serdang Series comprises coarse sand (24%), fine sand (37%), silt (5%) and clay (34%). The colour of the soil is yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) to brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and slightly acidic with an average pH of 5. The organic content of the soil is quite high. It has subangular blocky textures. From the agricultural aspect, soils of the Serdang Series have been placed in Class I and II because of the thickness of the profile and the friability of its constituents, which enhances drainage, aeration and root penetrability. Due to its friability and good permeability soils of the Serdang Series are easily eroded when exposed.

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The Bungor Series is formed on low grade schists, shale or mixture of shale and sandstone. This series of soil contains 7% of coarse sand, 35% of fine sand, 11% of silt and 47% of clay (Gopinathan, 1969). The soil ranges from yellowish brown to strong brown in colour and is highly acidic with an average pH of 3.6. High contents of organic matters are found in the soil. It has medium subangular blocky structures.

The Munchong Series is developed on ferruginous shale and schist, and occurs over a variety of slopes. The thin humid top soil is underlain by a friable strong brown to brownish yellow (7.5YR 5/6 – 10YR 5/6) soils with texture of sandy clay loam or silty clay loam. There is moderate development of medium sized subangular blocky structures and discontinuous clayskin on ped faces and lining pores.

When topsoil exposed with no vegetation cover, these soils are subject to slumping, gullying and sheet erosion. Slumping normally occurs on exposed cuttings. Gullying is less extensive, occurring mainly where the terrain becomes hilly. Sheet erosion, on the other hand, can be quite intensive especially in newly cleared areas where the organic topsoil can be washed away leaving truncated subsoil bare of organic matter.

3.2.7 Groundwater

The hydrogeological map of the Project Site as shown in Figure 3.10, was extracted from the Hydrogeological Map of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory (2008) published by Jabatan Mineral and Geosains (JMG) Malaysia. The Project Site is located on high potential aquifer regime of this region.

Based on the hydrogeological map, the nearest tube wells are located at Bukit Estate which is approximately 500m east of the proposed Project Site, could be correlated to the groundwater volume. These active tube wells of Bukit Lagong Estate indicate that the groundwater could yield between <10.0 - ≤20.0 meter 3/hour. The quality and potability of the water were fresh and generally potable with total dissolved solid (TDS) less than 1,500mg/l for tube wells. All these tube wells are used for industrial purposes. In connection with this information, the groundwater quality and yield are expected to be similar.

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3.2.8 Landuse

3.2.8.1 Landuse of the Impact Area

The area within the arbitrary radius of 5 km from the boundary of the Project Site has been defined as the impact area (refer to Figure 3.11). The landuse of the impact area is extracted from the Landuse Map of Selangor (2008), published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia and some demarcations of various landuse have been amended based on the field survey (2014). The detailed breakdown for the landuse of the impact area is presented in Table 3.8.

Landuse components classified under settlements & associated non-agricultural areas consist of urban areas, highway/ main road, quarry and power line right of way are the prevalent landuse, with a total area of 13,421.28 acres (41.6% of the impact area). These urbanized areas are usually in the form of townships and settlements/ villages areas in the vicinity to the Project Site. Consequently, the urban environment namely Kundang Jaya, Taman Desa Kundang, Taman Velox, Taman Bayu Permai, Bandar Baru Kundang, as well as industrial area of Kundang Industrial area and Rawang Industrial Technology Park which are among the nearest receptors to the Project Site, occupies approximately 8,165.45 acres or 25.3% of the total impact area. Apart from the settlement areas, about 572.48 acres (1.8% of the total impact area) of land in the southeastern side is classified as quarry areas which some of the area are still operational. Recreational area i.e., Kundang Lakes Country Club covers 1.6% of the impact area. Consequently, road/highway (i.e. North- South Expressway, LATAR Highway, Guthrie Expressway Corridor, Jalan and Jalan Kg. Sg. Serai) covers 7.3% impact area. Power line right of way makes up of 649.89 acres or 2.0% of the impact area.

Agricultural land areas are the second predominant landuse of the impact area i.e., 11,230.02 ac or 34.8%. The main cultivated crops in the vicinity of the Project Site are the oil palm and rubber which cover approximately 5,057.60 acres (15.7%) and 3,091.15 acres (9.6%) of the impact area. Most of the rubber and oil palm plantations are represented by Bukit Lagong estate, Bristol estate, Vimy estate, Strathaitlie estate and Hong Bee estate.

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Other cultivations are found within the impact area are, mixed horticulture which makes up approximately 6.3% of land is cultivated with local fruits and vegetables and can be found within the settlement/villages areas such as within Kg. Sg. Serai, Kg. Setia Kuang and Kg. Gombak Kuang while orchards (1.4%), vegetables (0.4%), other crops (1.4%) as well as aquaculture (0.5%) and poultry (0.4%).

Table 3.8: Landuse of the Impact Area (within the arbitrary radius of 5 km)

Landuse Categories Total Area Percentage (%) (ha) (ac) Settlements & Associated Non - Agricultural Areas Road 952.8 2,354.43 7.3 Power Line 263.0 649.89 2.0 Recreation Areas 202.78 501.08 1.6 Urban & Associated Areas 3304.45 8,165.45 25.3 Tin Mine & Ex - Quarry 476.70 1,177.95 3.6 Quarry & Ex quarry 231.67 572.48 1.8 Subtotal 5431.4 13,421.28 41.6 Agricultural Land Mixed Horticulture 820.83 2,028.31 6.3 Vegetables 58.04 143.43 0.4 Rubber 1250.94 3,091.15 9.6 Oil Palm 2046.74 5,057.60 15.7 Orchards 182.50 450.97 1.4 Other Crop 185.57 458.56 1.4 Subtotal 4544.62 11,230.02 34.8 Forested Land Idle Grassland 543.24 1,342.37 4.2 Forest 789.98 1,952.07 6.0 Secondary Forest 523.6 1,293.83 4.0 Swamp Forest / Mangrove Forest 73.33 181.20 0.6 Subtotal 1930.15 4,769.47 14. 8 Animal Husbandry Areas Aquaculture 59.62 147.33 0.5 Poultry, Piggery areas 50.55 124.90 0.4 Sub total 110.17 272.23 0.9 Others Cleared Land 774.90 1,914.82 5.9 Water body 269.86 666.84 2.1 Subtotal 1044.76 2,581.66 8.0 Total 13061.05 32,274.51 100.0

Source: Figures obtained from the Landuse Map of Selangor (2008) & field survey (2014)

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Forested land i.e., forest (i.e., Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve), covers of approximately 1,952.07 acres (6.0% of the total impact area). The secondary forest and grassland which are observed as patches within the impact area are made up of 4.0% and 4.2% of the impact area. The swamp forest occupies a total area of 181.20 ac (73.33 ha).

Other landuse that can be found is the newly cleared land (5.9%), water body such as river and lake/pond covers of approximately 2.1 of the impact area. The detailed landuse pattern of the impact area within each kilometer from the Project Site:

Radius Landuse

0 - 250m North Other landuses: Rubber Plantation , Hong Bee estate and shrubs South Settlement: part of Kg. Sg. Serai Other landuses: Power line, Jalan Kg. Sg. Serai, North- South Highway, rubber plantation and shrubs West Settlement : Taman Kundang Jaya Other landuses: Kundang Industrial area East Settlement : Kg.Sg. Serai Other landuses: Rubber plantation 250m – 500m North Other landuses: Rubb er Plantation, Hong Bee estate , cleared land and shrubs South Settlement: part of Kg. Sg. Serai Other landuses: Power line , Guthrie Corridor Expressway, LATAR Highway, rubber plantation and shrubs West Settlement : Taman Kundang Jaya Other landuses: Kundang Industrial area East Settlement : Kg.Sg. Serai Other landuses: Rubber plantation and North- South Highway 500m – 750m North Other landuses: Hong Bee estate , Power line , cleared land and shrubs

South Other landuses: Power line , Guthrie Corridor Expressway , LATAR Highway and rubber plantation West Settlement : Taman Kundang Jaya Other landuses: Kundang Industrial area East Other landuses: Rubber plantation and North - South Highway

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Radius Landuse North Other landuses: Power line , North - South Highway and shrubs 750m – 1km South Settlement : Kg. Bunga Raya Other landuses: Power line, oil palm plantation, railway track, Guthrie Corridor Expressway and LATAR Highway West Settlement : Taman Kundang Jaya Other landuses: Kundang Industrial area and chicken farm East Settlement : Taman Pelangi Apartment Other landuses: Rubber plantation and North- South Highway North Settlement: Taman Pelangi 1km – 2km Other landuses: Power line, cleared land, Rawang Industrial Technology Park, North- South Highway and shrubs

South Settlement : Kg. Bunga Raya, Kg. Batu Dua Puluh and Taman Seri Putra 2 Other landuses: Power line, rubber plantation, Bristol Estate, railway track, Guthrie Corridor Expressway and LATAR Highway

West Settlement : Taman Kundang Jaya , B andar Baru Kundang and Kundang New Village Other landuses: LATAR Highway, fish ponds and chicken farm

East Settlement : Taman Pinggir Pelangi Other landuses: Bukit Lagong estate Settlement: Taman Velox and Kota Emerald 2km – 3km North Other landuses: Rawang Integrated Industrial Park, Power line, cleared land, forest, North- South Highway and shrubs Settlement : Taman Rahmat Jaya, Kg. Batu Tempurong, Taman Seri Putra South 1 and Taman Seri Putra 2. Other landuses: Power line, rubber plantation, cleared land , orchard, oil palm plantation, Bristol Estate, Guthrie Corridor Expressway and LATAR Highway Settlement : Bandar Tasik Puteri West Other landuses: Kundang Lakes Country Club and LATAR Highway East Settlement : Taman Pinggir Pelangi Other landuses: Bukit Lagong estate, secondary forest, oil palm plantation and railway track

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Radius Landuse 3km – 4km North Settlement: and Taman Garing Jaya Other landuses: Power line, cleared land, forest, oil palm plantation, North- South Highway and shrubs South Settlement : Kg. Setia, Kg. Padang Kerbau, Kg. Bt Tempurong, Saujana Akasia, Taman Matang Jaya and Taman Impian Indah. Other landuses: Power line, rubber plantation, cleared land , quarry area, oil palm plantation, railway track, Guthrie Corridor Expressway and LATAR Highway West Settlement : Bandar Tasik Puteri Other landuses: Tasik Putri Golf Country Club, oil palm plantation, cleared land and LATAR Highway East Other landuses: Se condary forest, oil palm plantation and railway track

4km – 5km North Settlement: Bandar Country Homes Other landuses: Power line, cleared land, forest, oil palm plantation, North- South Highway, forest and shrubs South Settlement : Kg. Kuang, Kg. Gombak and Kg. Matang Pagar. Other landuses: Power line, rubber plantation, cleared land , quarry area, oil palm plantation, railway track, Guthrie Corridor Expressway and Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve West Other landuses: Tasik Putri Golf Country Club, oil palm plantation, and cleared land. East Settle ment : Kg. dato Lee Kim Sai and Taman Tun Teja Other landuses: Secondary forest and railway track

3.2.8.2 Landuse of the Project Site

The Project Site which covers approximately 2.5% of the total impact area mainly comprises rubber trees. Besides that, there are a few existing village houses which is part of Kg. Sg. Serai in the middle portion of the Project Site with various fruit trees such as durian, rambutan, cempedak, jack fruit and bread fruit trees are planted in the this area. Several fish ponds were observed in the middle part of the Project area.

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3.2.8.3 Immediate Surrounding Development to the Project Site

Landuse surrounding to the Project site are mainly consists of residential, commercial and industrial. Immediate receptors to the Proposed Project will be Taman Kundang Jaya and Kg. Sg. Serai which both areas located only 100m and 15m from the existing building to the boundary of the project area. In addition, there is Kundang Industrial area located in the west of the Project boundary with distance of approximately 80m from the Project boundary to the nearest existing factory (i.e., telecommunication warehouse).

There are two empty lots i.e., Lot 4514 and Lot 4181 which are still covered with rubber trees and shrubs that are located in the middle of the Project area. During the site visit, it was observed Lot 4181 area has been partially cleared by its landowner.

Apart from that, Jalan Kg. Sg. Serai (State Road B29) that runs along the southern boundary of the Project Site is the current access into the Project Site while the expressway of GCE (GCE – E35) that runs in the southeastern part of the Project Site separates the Project Site into two (2) areas. The construction works of the highway’s interchange and the relevant infrastructures are on going across the proposed development site. Existing nearest receptors with distances of the Project Site is shown in Figure 3.12.

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Figure 3.12: Distance to the Nearest Receptors of the Project Site

Kundang Industrial area Lot 4514 ~100m- Distance from the Project The area covered with rubber and KKuunnddaanngg ~10 0m boundary to the nearest existing factory (ie., shrubs telecommunication warehouse). IIInndduussstttrrriiiaalll aarrreeaa

KKgg... SSgg... SSeerrraaiii TTaammaann ~100m KKuunnddaanngg JJJaayyaa

~15m ~35m KKgg... SSgg... SSeerrraaiii

Taman Kundang Jaya ~100m - Distance from the Project Lot 4181 boundary to the nearest existing house . The area has been partially cleared by the owner

Jalan Kg. Sungai Serai (State Road B29) Kg. Sungai Serai Kg. Sungai Serai On going construction works of LATAR Runs along the southern boundary of the ~35m- Distance from the Project boundary to ~15m- Distance from the Project boundary to Expressway Interchange Project Site the nearest existing house. the nearest existing house .

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3.2.9 Climate

The characteristic features of the climate in Peninsular Malaysia are uniform temperature, high humidity and heavy annual precipitation throughout the whole year. The Peninsular also experiences monsoon climate and the variation in rainfall dependent on periodic changes in the prevailing wind, is the most important seasonal features. For example, the Northeast and Southwest Monsoons bring heavy thunderstorms to the east and west coasts respectively. With reference to the Malaysian Meteorological Service (MMS, 1993-2012), the nearest meteorological station to the Project Site is Subang Airport, which is located 12km south of the Project Site, at a latitude of 03 o07’N and a longitude of 101 o33’E. A baseline climatic information presented in these subchapters on the Project Site will be established based on the climatologically data (i.e. rainfall, evaporation, temperature and relative humidity) recorded from is Subang Airport (as attached in Appendix 5).

3.2.9.1 Temperature

The monthly temperature recorded at Subang Airport, from the year 1993-2012 remains relatively stable throughout the year with average monthly variations not exceeding 2.0 oC. The lowest and highest 24 Hour Mean Temperature were 27.1 oC (in the year of 2008) and 28.5 oC (in the years of 1998 and 2010) respectively.

3.2.9.2 Rainfall Pattern

The rainfall data recorded at Subang Airport, from the year 1993-2012 shows a fluctuating distribution pattern with the year of 2006 having the heaviest total annual rainfall (i.e. 3,455.2 mm) while the year of 2005 was the driest year with 2,292.4 mm of total annual rainfall. The average of the total annual rainfall from the year 1993-2012 was recorded at approximately 2,784.3 mm.

3.2.9.3 Relative Humidity

The lowest and highest 24 Hour Mean Relative Humidity recorded at Subang Airport, from the year 1993-2012 were 75.9% (in the year of 2009) and 80.9% (in the year of 2012) respectively.

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3.2.9.4 Evaporation

Evaporation data recorded at Subang Airport, from the year 1993-2012 obtained were given daily. The highest mean daily evaporation was in the year of 1998 with 4.6 mm while the lowest mean daily evaporation was in the year of 1999 with 3.9 mm.

3.2.9.5 Water Balance

The difference between rainfall and evaporation data will indicate the amount left behind in the environment. This is known as the water balance parameter and it is used to guide construction schedule and any activities that are related to land clearing in order to minimize the amount of earth materials being eroded into the waterways system during heavy thunderstorms.

In order to estimate the water balance value, both rainfall and evaporation have to be in the same unit and period of time. The rainfall was recorded monthly, but the evaporation value was given daily in the Annual Summary of Meteorological Observations from 1993-2012. Therefore, the mean daily evaporation is multiplied by the number of days of each month for that particular year in order to obtain the mean monthly evaporation records of the Subang Airport. Subsequently, every month of each year from 1993 to 2012 for both rainfall and evaporation is averaged out. The average monthly rainfall data for each month from the year 1993-2012, subtract the average evaporation data and as a result average water balance for each month is established. The rainfall, evaporation, and water balance data are presented in Figure 3.13. Positive water balance indicates that there is excess water retained in the environment while negative water balance indicates that the evaporation process exceeds precipitation. The highest water balance was in November (i.e., 224.4 mm), i.e., the month with the heaviest rainfall, while the lowest was in June (i.e., 16.9 mm). The period with low water balance was observed during the months of June to August of the year.

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Figure 3.13 : Indicative Water Balance at the Project Area

500.0

450.0

400.0

350.0

300.0

m 250.0 m 200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall (mm) 233.9 208.1 276.5 298.5 184.3 145.6 159.6 180.5 208.8 285.4 343.2 260.1 Mean Monthly Evaporation (mm) 123.5 124.4 142.6 135.9 135.5 128.7 130.8 135.2 128.9 131.1 118.8 111.8 Derived Water Balance (mm) 110.4 83.7 133.9 162.6 48.8 16.9 28.8 45.3 79.9 154.3 224.4 148.3

Source: Malaysian Meteorological Services, 2013 & Europasia Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd., 2013

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3.2.9.6 Wind Rose

The wind rose data used in this report was taken from the station located at the Subang Airport. The annual wind rose summary is shown in Figure 3.14. The percentage of calm, which indicated by the centre of the wind rose, is 34.7%. The north, southeast, south, southwest, west and northwesterly wind has the high velocity of mean speed (i.e. 5.5 – 7.9 m/s) when compared to other directional winds. The highest frequency of wind occurrence is from the northwest with the percentage of 12.3%. The percentages of various wind directions are given in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9 : Annual Percentage Frequency of Various Wind Directions and Speeds

Year : 1968-2012 Station: Subang Airport Period: All 24 hours

Speed Annual (m/s) N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm Total <0.3 ------34.7 34.7 0.3 – 1.5 7.0 2.8 4.2 2.5 2.9 2.0 2.7 5.6 - 29.7 1.6 – 3.3 2.9 0.8 1.9 2.3 3.9 2.4 2.9 4.5 - 21.6 3.4 – 5.4 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.9 2.7 1.4 2.6 1.9 - 11.0 5.5 – 7.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 - 1.3 8.0 – 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 >10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 Total 10.9 3.8 6.5 5.8 9.8 5.9 8.6 12.3 34.7 Note: N = North E = East S = South W = West NE = North-east SE = South-east SW = South-west NW = North-west Source: Malaysian Meteorological Service, 2013.

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Figure 3.14 : Wind Rose Pattern at Subang Airport

• Location of the Project Site relative to Subang Airport .

Source : Malaysian Meteorological Service, 2013

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3.2.10 Water Quality

3.2.10.1 Field Survey Methodology

The baseline water sampling session was conducted on the 15th November 2013 representing two monitoring sessions i.e., morning and evening. The sampling and analysis was conducted by a DSM- accredited laboratory, i.e., Permulab Sdn. Bhd. Basically, the weather on the day sampling was recorded as clear.

The ten (10) water-sampling points (denoted as W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, W7, W8, W9 and W10) are positioned as such to give a representative picture of the water quality prior to the implementation of the proposed Project. The description of each sampling point is tabulated below and location of the sampling points is indicated in Figure 3.15(a).

Quality Index (WQI) for each sample is derived from six of the parameters determined i.e. pH, DO,

BOD 5, COD, TSS and NH 3-N. The calculated WQI are then classified according to the National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia to indicate their respective streams usability. The water quality interpretation will be made in accordance to its three major characteristics (i.e., physical, chemical and biological) against the Class IIA Standards (National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia) due to the existence of water intake downstream points. Besides this, discussion on the various probable sources of the identified contaminants whilst referring to the site survey log, topography map and the surrounding landuse.

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Table 3.10: Sampling Site Description Summary

Plate Designation Details Coordinates : W1 3°17’23.94” N, 101°32’7.56 E Represents the Description : upstream of Sg. Moderate flowing water. Visually water looks Pechah Mangkok slightly clear. from the northern portion of the Surrounding Landuse : Rubber plantation and Project Site. secondary vegetation.

Coordinates : 3°17’15.80”N, 101°32’43.01”E W2 Represents the Description : upstream of Sg. Moderate flowing water. Visually water looks Anak Sg. Serai, at clear.

eastern part of the Surrounding Landuse: Secondary vegetation Project Site. and settlement of Kg. Sg Serai area.

Coordinates : 3°16’35.64”N, 101°33’18.43”E

W3 Description : Represents the Slow flowing water. Visually water looks upstream of Sg. slightly clear.

Serai Surrounding Landuse: Rubber and oil palm plantation and North- South Highway.

Coordinates : 3°16’43.79”N, 101°32’20.3”E W4 Description : Sg. Serai, Fast flowing river. Visually water looks clear. After confluence of Sg. Pechah Surrounding Landuse: Rubber plantation, Mangkok and Sg. orchard and Kg. Serai settlement. Serai.

Coordinates : W5 3° 17’11.17” N, 101° 31’ 52.63” E Represents the Description : upstream of Slow flowing water. Visually water looks tributary of Sg. clear. Serai Surrounding Landuse: Rubber plantation and secondary vegetation.

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Table 3.10: Sampling Site Description Summary (cont..)

Plate Designation Details Coordinates : 3°16’51.76”N , 101°32’7.35”E W6 Description : Represents the Slow flowing river. Visually water looks downstream of slightly clear. tributary of Sg. Serai, Surrounding Landuse: Rubber plantation and secondary vegetation.

Coordinates : 3°15’52.14”N, 101°32’55.56”E W7 Description : Represents the Slow flowing water. Visually water looks upstream of Sg. clear. Kijing Surrounding Landuse: Settlement of Kg. Bunga Raya, secondary vegetation and Guthrie Corridor Expressway (GCE).

Coordinates : 3°16’18.78”N, 101° 31’ 44.64” E W8 Description : Represents the Moderate flowing river. Visually water looks downstream of Sg. slightly turbid. Serai Surrounding Landuse: Chicken farm and secondary vegetation.

Coordinates : 3° 16’2.80” N, 101°31’31.97”E W9 Description : Represents the Fast flowing river. Visually water looks turbid. upstream of Sg. Kundang Surrounding Landuse: Settlement area of Taman Rahmat Jaya and Kg. Melayu Sri Kundang, oil palm plantation and secondary

vegetation. Coordinates : W10 3° 17’25.07” N, 101°30’54.59”E Represents the Description : downstream of Sg. Fast flowing river. Visually water looks turbid. Kundang Surrounding Landuse : Bandar Baru Kundang, Kundang Industrial park and secondary vegetation.

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Table 3.11 : Water Quality Analysis for Sampling Point W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, W7, W8, W9 and W10

TEST Sampling Location

PARAMETERS

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 Class IIA # Represents the Represents the Represents the Sg. Serai, Represents the Represents the Represents the Represents the Represents the Represents the upstream of Sg. upstream of Sg. upstream of Sg. After confluence upstream of downstream of upstream of Sg. downstream of Sg. upstream of Sg. downstream of Sg. Kundang Pechah Mangkok Anak Sg. Serai, at Serai of Sg. Pechah tributary of Sg. tributary of Sg. Kijing Serai Kundang from the northern eastern part of the Mangkok and Sg. Serai Serai Project Site. Serai. portion of the Project Site. Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening pH (on-site) 6.0 - 9.0 5.12 5.14 5.57 5.56 5.89 5.91 5.91 5.96 5.78 5.78 6.19 6.29 6.69 6.62 6.03 6.00 6.31 6.51 6.38 6.36

Temperature (on- - 27.0 27.1 27.3 29.4 28.4 28.6 27.1 28.4 26.4 27.3 27.1 29.6 28.0 29.1 26.2 29.0 27.3 29.5 27.6 29.7 site), ( °C) Dissolved Oxygen 5 - 7 6.98 6.35 6.83 6.70 6.35 6.19 6.92 6.75 5.79 5.66 5.49 5.19 6.70 6.64 6.98 6.45 5.55 5.07 4.75 5.02 (on-site), (mg/L) COD, (mg/L) 25 16.3 14.8 13.3 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 10.4 13.3 11.9 11.9 10.4 10.4 8.9 14.8 13.3 10.4 13.3 13.3 16.3

BOD , (mg/L) 3 5 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.4

Total Suspended 50 5 ND(<2) 2 ND(<2) ND(<2) ND(<2) 8 7 8 ND(<2) 11 3 ND(<2) ND(<2) 17 17 144 716 120 138 Solids, (mg/L) Oil & Grease, 7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND (mg/L) Ammoniacal 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Nitrogen as NH -N, 0.06 0.08 0.20 0.07 0.13 0.31 0.04 3 (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (mg/L) E. coli Count NR (MPN), 12 22 12 14 22 26 27 33 22 26 27 32 12 14 23 33 27 33 9.2 9.3 (org/100mL) Water Quality 89 88 90 92 93 93 91 94 87 92 91 91 95 95 92 92 85 77 82 82 Index Classification (Class II) (Class II) (Class II) (Class II) (Class I) (Class I) (Class II) (Class I) (Class II) (Class II) (Class II) (Class II) (Class I) (Class I) (Class II) (Class II) (Class II) (Class II) (Class II) (Class II) and Uses Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean

Class I : Water Supply I - Practically no treatment necessary. Fishery I - Very sensitive aquatic species. Class IIA : Water Supply II – conventional treatment required; Class IIB : Recreational use with body contact; Estimated 0.218 0.0192 0.257 1.005 0.0128 0.084 0.0116 0.976 3.1374 3.7674 Flowrate, m 2/s

* Source Spectrum Laboratories Sdn. Bhd.2013 # National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia, Class IIA. ND - Not Detected. NR - No Recommendation

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3.2.10.2 Physical Water Quality Description

The laboratories analysis results show that the pH values range between 5.12 (W1 and W6) and 6.51 (W9). The water temperature recorded at all four sampling points were normal with a temperature range of 26-29 0C with very little variation throughout the day.

The TSS levels at all sampling points were complied with the Class IIA Limit of 50mg/L for both sampling sessions except for point W9 (represent the upstream of Sg. Kundang) and W10 (represent the downstream of Sg. Kundang).

3.2.10.3 Chemical Water Quality Description

From the analysis shows that most of the values determined at all points in terms of chemical water quality parameters (COD and BOD 5) are complying with the prescribed Class IIA standards of the NWQS.

The biochemical oxygen demand or BOD 5 parameter is defined as the amount of oxygen required by the bacteria while stabilizing organic matter under aerobic condition (Sawyer et al, 1994). The values for all sampling points were within the Class IIA Standards of 3 mg/L. As for The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) test measures most of the organic compounds and oxidiziable mineral salts of sulfides, sulfites, etc. COD of all samples collected were well within the stipulated limit of 25 mg/L. Apart from that, the ammoniacal nitrogen detected at all points are also within the recommended limit.

Considering that the surrounding area is dominantly covered with oil palm plantation, housing area, industrial area and orchards, high level of these parameters are most probably due to the anthropogenic activities and organic waste from the surrounding settlements, poultries as well industrial area, usage of pesticide or fertilizer in the plantation and also probably due the decaying of vegetation.

3.2.10.4 Biological Water Quality Description

Biological water quality parameter determination is represented by the E. coli (MPN) concentration, which indicates faecal contamination (i.e., human or animal excrement). The results indicated that E. coli are detected at all sampling points.

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3.2.10.5 Determination of Water Quality Index

The water quality indices (WQI) determination is for ten (10) sampling points. Generally, the water quality within the Project Site (W1, W2, W4 and W5) is pristine as majority of the parameters monitored were within the Class I and II range which is acceptable for recreational use.

3.2.11 Air Quality Assessment

The existing air quality was determined at A1, A2 and A3 (refer to Figure 3.17b) with sampling conducted by Permulab Sdn. Bhd. from the 21 st and 22 nd of November 2013 which were designated at the sampling points as follows ;

Table 3.12: Description of Air Monitoring Sampling Stations

Sampling Location Location Description

Located at Kg. Sg. Serai .

03o 17’15.80’N, Point A1 Surrounding contributors: 101 o 32’43.01’E • Human activities. • Vehicles movement within residential area

Located at southwestern region of the Project 03o 16’19.90’N, area next to chicken farm and LATAR Highway. Point A2 101 o 31’39.80’E Surrounding contributors: • Vehicles traversing along LATAR Highway. • Poultry activities.

Located at Kundang Industrial Park 03o 17’23.90’N, Surrounding contributors: Point A3 o • Industrial activities. 101 31’30.20’E

Source: Europasia Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd, 2014

Pre-calibrated pump extracts air samples which are then analysed for nitrogen oxides (NO x) and sulphur oxides (SO x) contents. NO x and SO x levels are determined by colorimetric analysis. Other criterion for ambient air quality is the total suspended particulate (TSP), which were determined and analysed by the High Volume Sampler and followed by Gravimetry method.

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From the results obtained all parameters indicated levels within the Malaysian Recommended Environmental Results as tabulated in Table 3.13. The concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) for all sampling points was well below the stipulated level of 260 µg/m3. Emissions of TSP mainly represent emissions from fuel combustion sources, industrial processes, and transportation. Dust sampled at sampling station A1, A2 and A3 are most probably contributed by passing by vehicles,

industrial activities, strong wind and fugitive dust. Apart from that, result of Nitrogen Dioxides (NO 2) and

Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2) at point A1 and A2 also complied with their recommended limits.

Table 3.13: Results of the Air Quality Assessment

Concentration Specification Parameter A1 A2 A3 Sampling Malaysian Located at Kg. Located at Located at Time Recommended Sg. Serai southwestern Kundang Guidelines region of the Industrial Park Project area TSP ( µg/m 3) 29 53 49 24 hours 260 µg/m 3 PM10 ( µg/m 3) 18 46 40 24 hours 150 µg/m 3 3 3 NO 2 (µg/m ) 1.03 2.42 1.97 1 hour 320 µg/m 3 3 SO 2 (µg/m ) 2.16 5.36 4.07 24 hours 105 µg/m Pb ( µg/m 3) ND (<0.005) ND (<0.005) ND (<0.005) Not available Not available CO (ppm) 0.83 1.29 0.91 8 hours 9 ppm Methane as Not avai lable Not available ND (<0.1) ND (<0.1) ND (<0.1) CH 4 Source Permulab Sdn. Bhd.2013 Note:* Malaysian Recommended Environmental Air Quality Limits ND = Not detectable; NA = Not available

Note: Prevailing wind based on the wind rose from Subang Airport is from northwest to southeast.

3.2.12 Noise Level Assessment

The noise monitoring study was conducted on three (3) selected sites by the staff from Permulab Sdn. Bhd. for 24-hour period for two separate sessions, i.e., from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. for day-time and 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. for night-time. The noise assessment locations are similar to those specified for the air quality. Ambient noise levels were recorded using Sound Level Meter NL-31 , together with data longer and complete with rainproof microphone system and temper proof case with inlay and fittings. The location of these sites are as shown in Figure 3.15(b).

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Table 3.14: Existing Noise Levels at N1, N2 and N3

Ln [dB(A)] N1 N2 N3 Located at Kg. Sg. Located at Located at Kundang Serai southwestern region Industrial Park of the Project area Day -time Night - Day -time Night - Day -time Night - time time time

LA10 53.0dB 48.2dB 58.5dB 50.9dB 54.1dB 49.1dB

LA90 48.5dB 44.2dB 51.7dB 46.0dB 47.6dB 45.5dB

LAmin 28.6 dB 37.0 dB 34.6 dB 37.5 dB 26.2 dB 41.1 dB L Amax 92.0 dB 73.1 dB 98.6 dB 85.8 dB 111.0 dB 78.4 dB

LAeq 51.3 dB 46.0 dB 56.7 dB 49.2 dB 53.9 dB 47.9 dB Recommended 55.0 # 45.0 # 60.0 ## 50.0 ## 70.0 ### 60.0 ### Limit (dB)*

* means Maximum Permissible Sound Level (L Aeq ) by Receiving Land Use For Planning and New Development, Schedule 1; Annex A: Schedule of Permissible Sound Levels; The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits & Control, Department of Environment # Receiving Land Use For Planning And New Development [Suburban Residential (Medium Density) Areas, Public Spaces, Parks, Recreational Areas]. ## Receiving Land Use For Planning And New Development [Urban Residential (High Density) Areas, Designated Mixed Development Areas]. ### Receiving Land Use For Planning And New Development [Designated Industrial Zones].

Source: Permulab Sdn. Bhd.2013

The results are tabulated in Table 3.14 where L Max , L Min and L eq values are shown for each of the sampling points concerned. The result analysis shows that existing noise level at N1, N2 and N3 were within the permissible limits except N1 during nightime. High noise level is most probably attributed to the noise from the human activities at Kg. Sg. Serai (i.e. N1), industrial activities (i.e., N3) and vehicle’s movement (i.e. N2).

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3.3 Existing Biological Environment

The existing conditions in terms of its ecology environments likely to be affected by the proposed Project are determined and described in this section. Information on the baseline information was obtained through field surveys on related environmental issues pertaining to the Project.

The existing environment is documented to form a basis for the assessment of potential changes (positive or negative) generated from the proposed works onto the environment. The prevalent ecological environment will be an indicator of the existing nature’s carrying capacity to adapt to the potential impacts generated by the Proposed Project. The assessment is profiled according to site surveys and published secondary data made available by the relevant government agencies, books and online data.

3.3.1 Flora Assessment

The Project site is located within the existing Ladang Satelite, approximately 795.93 acres (322.10 ha) in total covering 5 parcels of land from the west (close to Kawasan Perindustrian Kundang) to the east bound North-South Expressway.

Thus, the existing biological environment at the Project Site is limited to the flora and fauna composition of an agricultural estate in the area. An initial vegetation survey was carried out at the Proposed Project Site on 14 th November 2013 and 9 th December 2013 to identify types of flora found within the site, determination of approximate density of trees, observation and identification of undergrowth species of the Project Site. Generally, the flora survey conducted for the Proposed Project Site is divided into three (3) zones (categories), which are: • Zone A, northern to middle portion of the Project Site; - Majority planted with rubber trees, thick undergrowth • Zone B, middle to the southern portion of the Project Site - Majority planted with rubber; there are village houses, orchard and fish ponds. • Zone C, southeastern portion of the Project Site.

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- Vegetated lands bound next to Jalan Kg. Sg. Serai (B29), Guthrie Corridor Expressway (E35) and North-South Expressway (E1). Majority planted with rubber and overgrown with secondary shrubs.

Due to monoculture estate, the density and biodiversity in this area is lower than secondary forest and forest reserve in the country. Natural or human induced disturbances lead to changes in the ecosystems including shade and soil condition. Thus, plants of the community are replaced with species more tolerant of the new conditions. Meanwhile, the Project Site condition is observed being well maintained and the access road in estate is well accessible. In addition, best management practices are implemented in the Project Site Estate where weed on site is properly controlled and rubber tapping practices are still being carried out at the estate area.

3.3.1.1 Methodology Flora Survey

Vegetation survey was carried out at the Proposed Project Site and its surrounding areas on 14 th November 2013 and 9 th December 2013 to identify types of flora found within the Site. The survey also includes the determination of approximately density of trees, observation and identification of undergrowth species within the Project Site. The survey is important to ensure that certain trees achieve maximum height and survival could be preserved.

Tree diameter is usually measured at 4.5ft (137cm) above ground level accordance to the International Society of Arboriculture’s (ISA) Tree Appraisal Manual. Measurement at this height is referred to as diameter at breast heights (DBH). DBH can be measured with a specially calibrated tape measure called a diameter tape (d-tape) available from arborist or forestry supply dealer. In this exercise, DBH of the trees are measured by measuring tape, two (2) long rulers and carried out by two (2) consultants. Long rulers are used to click on the both side of tree in order to generate tree diameter to be measured by measuring tape ( refer to the tree measuring exercise from Plate 1-3). Tree diameter measurement were carried out on each parcel randomly on selected certain trees (approximately 10 trees/parcel) to measure the DBH of the trees. Result of the DBH measurement is depicted in Table 3.15.

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Plate 1 : Common reference points used to measure standing trees.

4 ½ ft.

DBH

Plate 2 : Consultant was measuring the 4 ½ ft (137 cm) of the standing trees above the ground level. The 4 ½ ft (137 cm) of the standing trees will be marked as the DBH common reference point for DBH.

4 ½ ft.

Plate 3 : At the common point for dbh, it is measured by measuring tape to record Diameter diameter of the tree.

4 ½ ft.

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Table 3.15: Tree DBH measurement of the Project Site Zone Description **DBH (cm) (1) Northern to Middl e portion Of the Project Site 1 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 35 2 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 30 3 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 32 4 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 46 5 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 52 6 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 47 7 Rubber ( Hevea brasi liensis ) 20 8 Tree fern ( Cyathea sp.) 5 9 Mahang ( Macaranga gigantea ) 30 10 Oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) 36 (2) Middle to southern portion of the Project Site 1 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 50 2 Durian ( Durio sp .) 47 3 Jack fruit ( Artocarpus heteroph yllus ) 34 4 Rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum) 30 5 Balik Angin ( Mallotus paniculatus ) 34 6 Mahang ( Macaranga gigantea ) 41 7 Mango ( Mangifera indica ) 46 8 Cempedak ( Arthocarpus integer ) 26 9 Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis ) 31 10 Belimbing ( Averhoa caram bola ) 33 11 Coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) 17 12 Golden Cane Palm ( Dypsis lutescens) 7 13 Ciku ( Manilkana zapota ) 15 14 Durian ( Durio sp .) 53 15 Durian ( Durio sp .) 45 (3) Southeastern portion of the Project Site 1 Durian ( Durio sp .) 48 2 Durian ( Durio sp .) 50 3 Rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum) 34 4 Rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum) 38 5 Limau Kasturi ( Citrus microcarpa ) 14 6 Coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) 15 7 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 23 8 Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 31 9 Acacia ( Acacia Mangium ) 45 10 Ma hang ( Macaranga gigantea ) 38 *Vegetation survey on 9 th December 2013 **DBH refers to Diameter at Breast Height or Girth

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3.3.1.2 Tree Preservation

Based on tree DBH/Girth measurement, there is no tree measured within the Project Site exceeding 80cm (0.8m) ( refer to Table 3.15). The biggest DBH/Girth of the trees on site is Durian, 53cm followed by Rubber 52cm. Other trees measured mostly range from 20cm-40cm.

3.3.1.3 Flora Survey

The flora survey conducted for the Proposed Project is divided into 3 Zones, which are Zone A , northern portion of the Project Site, Zone B , southern portion of the Project Site whilst Zone C in the southeastern portion of the Project site. The vegetation survey in Zone A and B was done through site trekking whilst Zone C was done visually from the southeastern edge of Project Site via Jalan Kampung Sungai Serai (B29) which is as currently inaccessible and highway interchange construction work for GCE and PLUS is being carried out progressively.

Each Zone is then divided into sub-section which represents all the classes of vegetation profile. The zonation of the flora vegetation could also be described as estate area, disturbed secondary forest area and orchard area. Natural or human induced disturbances lead to changes in the ecosystems including shade and soil conditions. Thus, plants of the community are replaced with species more tolerant of the new conditions.

Zone A – Northern to Middle Portion of the Project Site Zone A is represents the northern to middle portion of the Project Site. Based on the preliminary observation made at this zone, existing flora composition at this zone indicates that almost whole the project site land has been planted with rubber trees. Most of rubber trees are mature ranging 4-6m tall and currently daily rubber tapping works are still being carried out by the estate workers. In the valley of the slope area, Tree fern ( Cyathea sp .) is the dominant species observed growing intersectionally the low lying part with the rubber trees. Apart from that, this zone is also covered with thick and dense Giant Sword ferns ( Nephrolepsis biserrata ), Resam ( Dicranopteris linearis ) and Davallia denticulate . There is small number of secondary shrubs such as Mahang ( Macaranga sp.), Albizia , Balik Angin (Mallothus biaceae ), Malay Beechwood ( Gmelina arborea ), etc. encountered in this area.

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Besides the crops, this area is also covered with common undergrowth i.e., grasses, weeds and common epiphytes. Along the access road side within the estate, weeds and grasses are abundant. The weeds are those of the family of Poaceae which comprises common species such as Imperata cylindrica , Axonopus compressus , Pennisetum sp., Paspalum sp., Lycopodium sp., etc. Other small woody plants such as Lantana ( Lantana camara ), Shrubby simpoh ( Dillenia suffruticosa ), Clidemia hirta (Soap bush), etc. are also abundant in certain part within this parcel area.

B) Zone B – Middle to Southern portion of the Project Site. Besides rubber and secondary vegetation, vegetation profiles in this area are mainly introduced, landscape or orchard species as southern portion surrounding this zone houses villages and orchard farms. Flora composition comprises of landscape plants and wayside trees are planted along the access road into the village, fish ponds and open area as a diversification of the existing agriculture cultivation. Landscape species encountered in this area are Bougainvillea spp. (Bunga Kertas), Hisbicus rosa-sinensis (Bunga raya), Dieffenbanchia amoena (Camilla), Dypsis lutescens (Golden Cane Palm), Cyrtostachys renda (Sealing Wax Palm), Dracaena fragrans, Dracaena reflexa (Dracaena), Cordyline fruticosa (Firebrand), Sanserieria trifasciata (Snake plant), Archontophoenix alexandrae (Alexandra Palm), etc. Apart from that, various fruit trees are planted in the southern portion of this area. Dominant fruit trees planted in this area are Durio sp. (Durian), Artocarpus integer (Cempedak) and Nephelium lappaceum (Rambutan). Other fruit trees available in this orchard area are Mangifera indica (Mango tree), Musa sp. (Banana) Averhoa carambola (Belimbing), Artocarpus altilis (Bread fruit) Manilkana zapota (Pokok Ciku) Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jack fruit), Great Morinda (Mengkudu), Citrus microcarpa (Limau Kasturi), Cocos nucifera (Coconut) and Saccharum officinarum (Sugar Cane).

Bamboo species such as Schizotachyum grande (Buluh Semeliang) grows abundantly the lowland area intersection with the fruit trees such as Durian and Rambutan. Fern species are also apparent on site, Cyathea latebrosu (Tree fern) grown intersectional with rubber trees in the middle portion, Dicranopteris linearis (Resam) and Nephrolepis biserrata (Giant sword fern) are undergrowth in the slope area whilst Asplenium nidus (Bird’s nest fern) are observed nested on the tree trunk. Pennisetum sp . (Fountain grass), Saccharum spontaneum (Tebrau grass) and Fimbristylis globulosa (Rumput sadang) are abundant in certain areas close to the fringes of Sg. Pechah Mangkok whilst certain fish ponds within the village area are completely covered with Limnocharis flava (Paku Rawan) and Nymphaea sp. (Water lily).

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In term of undergrowth, Clidemia hirta (Soap bush), Melastoma malabathricum (Senduduk) and Lantana camara are the most common weeds and small woody plant in this zone. Apart from that, other important tree species identified in general are mainly from species of common non-Diptercarp and pioneer species although its composition and numbers of species isn’t as diversified as in Zone A, northern portion of Project Site. Emergent tree species encountered on site are such as Macaranga sp. (Mahang), Mallotus sp. (Pokok Balik Angin), Duabanga grandiflora (Beremban Bukit) Garcinia atroviridis (Asam Gelugor), Arthrophyllum diversifolium (Common Ivy Palm), etc.

Zone C – Southeastern Portion of the Project Site Vegetation profile in this zone is almost similar to the vegetation found at the surrounding of the Zone A. Inland estate areas are in general are mainly planted with rubber trees while fringe of the Project Site area is dominated by secondary pioneer species such as Acacia mangium , Mahang ( Macaranga sp.), Albizia , Balik Angin ( Mallothus biaceae ), Malay Beechwood ( Gmelina arborea ) whilst undergrowth species are consist of common weeds, ferns and grasses from Poaceae family.

3.3.2 General Interpretation of Floral Survey The above survey indicates that the diversity of flora of the Proposed Project Site can be considered as low as it is a monoculture plantation, i.e., Ladang Satelite. The observations made during the field survey have revealed that these species are common and possess no conservation value. There is no forested area within the Project Site and the nearest environmental sensitive area (ESA) is Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve, approximately 3km from the eastern region of the Project Site. There is also no rare, endangered or endemic flora species found as most of the vegetation/flora species do not originate from the site and may have been introduced to the Project Site by the surrounding villagers. Meanwhile, there are other plants encountered in the Project Site are native to the country such as Macaranga (Mahang), Mallotus sp . (Balik Angin), Musa sp . (Wild Banana) and various fruit trees such as Durio sp. (Durian)

Generally, average tree density of the Project Site is estimated no more than 850 trees per hectare

(maximum planting is 850 trees/Ha based on Planting distance for agro-forestry with RRIM 3001 clone 1.3 m x 9 m ) and there is no tree with DBH (diameter at breast height) above 80 cm found in the Project Site (refer to Table 3.15). Only certain Durian and rubber trees have exceeded 50cm of its DBH whilst majority rubber and fruit trees range between 20-40cm DBH. The inventory of the flora species for the Project area is given in Table 3.16 and the vegetation profile of the Project Site is depicted in the Figure 3.16 (a) and

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3.16(b). Table 3.16: List of Flora Species at the Project Site Family Scientific Name Common Name Habitat # Status** Alismataceae Limnocharis flava Paku Rawan R Least concern Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Mango F Data Deficient Araliaceae Arthrophyllum diversifolium Common Ivy Palm OF Least concern Araceae Alocasia sp. Elephant Ears R/OF Least concern Caladium bicolor - R/OF Least concern Arecaceae Archontopoenix Alexandrea Alexander Palm L Least concern Elaeis guineensis Oil palm P Least concern Dypsis lutescens Golden Cane Palm L Near threatened Arecoideae Cyrtostachys renda Sealing-Wax Palm L Least concern Cocos nucifera Coconut Palm OF/L Least concern Aroideae Dieffenbanchia amoena Camilla L Least concern Asparagaceae Sanserieria trifasciata Snake plant L Least concern Cordyline fruticosa Palm Lily L Least concern Asteraceae Asystasia intrusa Herba jejentik P/OF Least concern Mikania micrantha Bittervine P/OF Least concern Euphatorium odoratum Kirinyuh P/OF Least concern Clusiaceae Garcinia atroviridis Asam Gelugor OF Least concern Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Common spiderwort OF Least concern Convolvulaceae Ipomea alba Morning Glory OF Least concern Cupressaceae Juniperus chinensis Blue Pines L Least concern Cyperaceae Fimbristylis globulosa Rumput sadang R Least concern Scirpus grossus Mensiang R Least concern Cytheaceae Cyathea latebrosu Tree fern OF Least concern Davalliaceae Nephrolepis biserrata Giant Swordfern OF/P Least concern Davallia denticulate Deerfoot fern Least concern Dilleniaceae Dillenia suffruticosa Simpoh air R/OF Least concern Euphorbiaceae Hevea brasiliensis Rubber P Least concern Macaranga sp. Mahang OF Least concern Mallotus paniculatus Balik Angin OF Least concern Fabaceae Albizia sp. Lebbek Tree OF Least concern Acacia mangium Acacia OF Least concern Desmodium triflorum - OF Least concern Gramineae Saccharrum spontaneum Tebrau grass R/OF Least concern Saccharum officinarum Sugar Cane F Least concern Schizotachyum grade Buluh Semeliang OF Least concern Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris linearis Resam OF/P Least concern Hypoxidaceae Curculigo sp. - OF/P Least concern Lamiaceae Gmelina arborea Malay Beechwood OF Least concern Leguminosae Mimosa pudica Mimosa OF Least concern Mimosa pigra Giant Mimosa OF Least concern

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Family Scientific Name Common Name Habitat # Status** Lythraceae Duabanga grandiflora Beremban Bukit OF Least concern Malvaceae Durio sp. Durian F Least concern Hisbicus rosa-sinensis Bunga raya L Least concern Melastomaceae Clidemia hirta Soapbush OF Least concern Melastoma malabathricum Senduduk OF Least concern Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Jack Fruit F Least concern Artocarpus integer Cempedak F Least concern Artocarpus altilis Bread Fruit tree F Least concern Musaceae Musa sp. Bananas/Plantains OF/P Least concern Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea glabra Paper flower L Least concern Oxalidaceae Averhoa carambola Belimbing F Least concern Pandanaceae Pandanus sp. Pandanus Grass R Least concern Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Lalang OF/R/P Least concern Pennisetum sp. - OF/R/P Least concern Axonopus compressus - OF/R/P Least concern Paspalum sp. - OF/R/P Least concern Rubiaceae Morinda Citrifolia Great Morinda F Least concern Draceana sp. Draceana L Least concern Ruscaceae Dracaena fragrans L Least concern Dracaena reflexa L Least concern Rutaceae Citrus microcarpa Limau F Least concern Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceum Rambutan F Lower risk Manilkana zapota Ciku F Least concern Verbenaceae Lantana camara Lantana OF Least concern *Vegetation survey on 14 th November 2013 and 9 th December 2013 **Status based on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species #Habitat: R – Riparian OF – Open/Disturbed Forest P – Plantation L – Landscape F - Fruit

3.3.2.1 Endangered, Threatened and Endemic Species (Flora) Flora assessment is conducted in order to identify whether there is any endangered, threatened or endemic flora species on site. The survey is also will verify status of flora species on site against International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Based on the survey and study conducted, there are no rare, endangered or endemic plants found at the Project Site and its surrounding. Meanwhile, there is only one (1) landscape species, i.e., Dypsis lutescens (Golden Cane Palm) falls under the “Near threatened” status against IUCN Red List. Species under “near threatened is a taxon has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. In fact, Golden Cane Palm is widely planted as wayside and landscape plants throughout the country and it is easily available from plant nurseries locally.

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3.3.3 Fauna Assessment

This section of the study addresses the wildlife ecological components via sighting and observation on living species, traces of animals such as footmarks and excreta and also from sound of different noises. It is necessary to report on the existing conditions of the wildlife ecology especially when the proposed development might disturb wildlife habitats.

Findings of the general observation show that fauna habitats along the Proposed Project Site seems to be very much adversely disturbed by the previous deforestation activities and on-going agriculture (i.e., plantations and orchard) which does not provide a comfortable habitat for wildlife. Meanwhile, the site survey shows bird species, small and medium mammals, reptiles such as monitor lizards are still readily seen in the Proposed Project Site and these animals are common to plantation and orchard farm. List of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians Species in the Project Site and the surrounding orchard area are tabled in Table 3.17, Table 3.18, Table 3.19 and Figure 3.17.

3.3.3.1 Mammals

There are no traces of big mammals (i.e., tiger, elephant, etc.) due to the disturbed habitat. However, Long-tailed Macaques and Wild Boars are readily seen and roam in the rubber estate and orchard area. Based on the interview with the two groups of estate workers (Indonesia and Cambodian) on site, they have seen Flat-headed Cat (Kucing Hutan) and Jungle fowl (Ayam Hutan) in the estate area but it is not always seen as frequent as Wild Boar and Long-tailed macaque. Other mammalians species are likely to be found are the Monsoon Wood Rat ( Rattus tiomanicus ), House Shrew ( Rattus rattus ), Plantain squirrel ( Calloscirus notatus ) and Tree Shrew ( Tupaia glis ) in the Project Site area.

In addition, bats are also resident to the Project Site as it is quite often seen and recorded by the estate workers. Bat species are mainly fruit and insect-eating bats which they play an important role as predators of mosquitoes and other plants pests and also a pollinators and seed dispersal agent in the Project Site and surroundings. Durian and other fruit trees in the Project Site and surroundings are normally pollinated by certain species of bat such as Cave fruit bat ( Eonycteris spelaea ) and Lesser dog-faced fruit bat ( Cynopterus brachyotis ) which is a common frugivorous

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species in the country and Southeast Asia. These bats eat nectar and pollen from the fruit tree. Throughout its range, this bat occupies a variety if habitats including primary forest, disturbed forest, mangrove, cultivated areas, orchards, gardens and urban areas (Zubaid, 1993).

Table 3.17:Common Mammals at the Project Site

Family Scientific name English name Wildlife IUCN Conservation Red List Act 2010 Protected Wildlife Cercopithecidae Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque P Least concern Felidae Prionailurus planiceps Flat-headed Cat P Endangered (Kucing Hutan) Tupaiidae Tupaia glis Common tree shrew P Least concern Tupaia minor Lesser tree shrew P Least concern Common Wildlife Muridae Rattus tiomanicus Monsoon wood rat UP Least concern Pteropodidae Cynopterus brachyotis Lesser dog-faced fruit bat UP Least concern Cave fruit bat UP Least concern Eonycteris spelaea Soricidae Suncus murinus House shrew UP Least concern Sciuridae Callosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel UP Least concern Suidae Sus scrofa Wild Pig Wildlife for Least concern Aborigine Consumption UP – Unprotected; TP – Totally Protected Wildlife; P – Protected Wildlife #Laws of Malaysia – Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) #International Union Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List

3.3.3.2 Hepertofauna

Although no observation on reptiles and amphibians on site during the day of site inspection, but the common reptiles and amphibians which is easily encountered and likely to be found in the agricultural set-up include Common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus ), Common Green Frog (Rana erythraea ), Common toad (Bufo melanostictus ), Toad (Bufo asper ), etc. They are commonly found near small streams and pool of stagnant water, under rotten logs, stones and thick bushes especially in the southern portion of the Project Site.

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In addition, Monitor Lizards ( Varanus salvator ) are also common resident inside the rubber estate and it can also easily be seen in any plantation throughout the country. While snakes and python are common inside the forested area, they are difficult to observe.

Table 3.18: List of Reptile and Amphibian Species at the Project Site Family Scientific name English name Wildlife IUCN Conservation Red List Act 2010 Agamidae Calotes oristatellus Green crested lizard UP Least concern Colubridae Dryophis prasinus Grass whip snake P Least concern Ptynas mucosus Common rat snake P Least concern Bufonidae Bufo asper Malayan giant toad UP Least concern Bufo melanostictus Common toad UP Least concern Pelobatidae Leptobrachium nigrops Ground toad UP Least concern Ranidae Rana erythraea Common Green Frog P Least concern Rana hosii Green tree frog P Least concern Varanidae Varanus salvator Monitor Lizard P Least concern

UP – Unprotected; TP – Totally Protected Wildlife; P – Protected Wildlife #Laws of Malaysia – Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) #International Union Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List

3.3.3.3 Avifauna

In the Project Site, the size and the height of rubber trees in this monoculture area is uniform and therefore offer only limited variation in the canopy layer. Moreover, the number of feeding niches is small, and the available niches can only be occupied by certain bird’s species. For these reasons, the number of bird’s species in monoculture areas is less than that found in natural vegetation.

The avifauna composition portrays more to plantation species and they are mainly resident species. Birds in the Project Site were identified from their calls and by sight. During the site survey, common typical belukar species such as the Common Myna, House Swift, Dove, Pigeon and Sparrow are ready seen at the Project Site. Barn Owls and Collared scops-owl are common nocturnal predators in the plantation areas where they are encouraged to breed. In addition, raptors such as crested serpent eagle, Brahminy Kite, etc., are common birds in the agricultural estate where they prey on small animals such as rats, snakes and birds. The birds in the vicinity of the Project Site are listed in Table 3.19 .

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Table 3.19: List of Birds at the Project Site Family Scientific Name Common name Wildlife IUCN Conservation Red List Act 2010 Accipitridae Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle TP Least concern Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite TP Least concern Alcedinidae Alc edo atthis Common Kingfisher TP Least concern Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher Least concern Apodidae Apus affinis House swift TP Least concern Chloropseidae Aegithina tiphia Common Iora TP Least concern Columbidae Geopelia striata Peaceful dove UP Least concern Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove UP Least concern Treron vernans Pink -necked Pigeon P Least concern Corvidae Corvus splendens House crow UP Least concern Estrildidae Lonchura striata White -rumped munia P Least concern Meropi dae Merops philippinus Blue -tailed bee -eater TP Least concern Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis Black -naped Oriole TP Least concern Phasianidae Gallus gallus Jungle fowl UP Least concern Ploceidae Passer domesticus House Sparrow UP Least concern Pycnonotidae Pyconotus flaviventris Black crested bulbul UP Least concern Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented bulbul Least concern Saturniidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna UP Least concern Strigidae Otus bakkamoena Collared scops -owl TP Least concern Turdidae Copsychus saularis Magpie robin P Least concern Tytonidae Tyto alba Barn Owl TP Least concern UP – Unprotected; TP – Totally Protected Wildlife; P – Protected Wildlife #Laws of Malaysia – Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) #International Union Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List

However, there are also others suburban, plantation and orchard-related bird’s species such as Black crested bulbul, Yellow-vented bulbul, Blue-tailed bee-eater, Magpie robin, kingfisher and Black-naped oriole also appear to be fairly common in and around the Project Site. Most of the birds found in the agriculture plantation were common species, adaptable to unfavourable environments. The agriculture plantation is categorised as an unfavourable environment owing to the low availability of food sources and the frequent disturbance caused by humans ( Aratrakorn et al. 2006).

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Figure 3.17: Fauna of the Project Site and Surroundings

Plate 1: Long-tailed Macaque ( Macaca fascicularis) Plate 2: Blue-tailed Bee-Eater ( Merops philippinus )

Strange & Jeyarajasingam

Plate 3: Common Myna ( Acridotheres tristis ) Plate 4: Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator )

Wikipedia Wikipedia Plate 5.0: Hose’s frog (Rana hosii ) Plate 6.0: Plantain Squirrel ( Calloscirus notatus )

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3.3.3.4 Aquatic and Other Species

No intensive study has been conducted in Sg. Pechah Mangkok and the Project Site waterways. However, Kundang is an area famous for fishing activities as there are many fish ponds available in this area. Fishing activities are normally based on “catch & release” practices and all fishes in the fishing ponds are fresh water type. In the Proposed Project Site, there are approximately 7 aquaculture ponds for fish farming activities. Based on the information from the fish pond operator, En. Abdul Wahad, main fishes cultures in the Project Site’s aquaculture ponds is Keli (Clarias sp .), Tilapia merah ( Oreochromis spp .) and Patin ( Pangasius sutchi ).

Apart from that, variety of insects is also observed at the Project Site. Common insect species in the Project Site are, Neurothemis sp. (Dragonfly), Metisa plane (Butterfly), Anopheles sp., Aedes sp. (Mosquito), Musca domestica (Housefly), Valanga nigricornis (Cricket), Oligonychus sp. (Mite), Macrotermes gilvus (Termite), Oryctes rhinoceros (Beetle), Leeches, Megapis dorsata (Bee), Crematogaster dorhrni (Ant).

3.3.4 General Interpretation of Fauna Assessment

As the Project Site is located in a plantation and orchard area, the fauna composition here seems to be very much adversely affected due to the agricultural set-up and surrounding development/anthropogenic activities nearby which do not provide a suitable habitat for wildlife. The animals found in the Project Site are mainly small animals and they are quite common in agricultural and suburban set-up. They are resident species and wide tolerance with the human environment.

3.3.4.1 Total Protected Species and Protected Species Status (Fauna)

All mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians species in the Project Site is categorized as least concern status under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species except for Flat headed cat ( Kucing Hutan ) which is listed as endangered species status. Although listed as ‘endangered species’, Flat- headed cat is very common, inhabiting plantation, secondary and disturbed lowland forest in Peninsular Malaysia. According to Wikipedia, Flat-headed cat ( Kucing Hutan ) primarily occurs in

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In addition, the legal status used in this report is also in reference to the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) together with the various amendments to date. Under the said Act Wildlife species are assigning to two levels of protection i.e., the “Totally Protected” and the “Protected” wild animals. Those wildlife which is not listed in the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) is considered as common or “unprotected”.

Among mammal’s species, only Flat-headed cat, Long-tailed macaque, Tree shrew is considered important species for conservation since it is listed as ‘Protected wildlife” under Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (716). Although listed as “Protected wildlife”, Macaque, Flat-headed cat and Tree shrew is very common, inhabiting plantation, secondary forest and also urban and suburban set-up.

In term of birdlife, House Swift, Crest Serpent Eagle, Brahminy Kite, Common Iora, Blue-tailed Bee- eater, Black-naped Oriole, Collared scops-owl and Barn owl is categorized in “Total Protected Wildlife (TP)” under Second Schedule whilst Pink-necked Pigeon, White-rumped munia and Magpie robin is categorized in “Protected Wildlife (P)”. Other birds encountered in the Project Site which are not within these two categories will listed as least concern or “Unprotected Bird Species” such as Pigeon, Common Myna, House Crow, Bulbul and etc.

In term of hepertofauna, almost all reptiles and amphibians encountered in the Project Site area are listed as least concern or “Unprotected wildlife” and they are common throughout the country such as toad, frog, lizard and gecko. Meanwhile, Monitor lizard, Grass whip snake, Common rat snake, Common Green Frog and Green tree frog are accorded the “Protected Wildlife” status in reference to the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716).

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3.4 Baseline Socio-Economics and Human Environment

Existing socioeconomics and human environment encompasses both the baseline conditions within the site and its surrounding area. These features within and surrounding the Project Site are determined from site survey, whilst additional information were derived from available published data on . The description emphasizes on the demographic profile and a general description of the available socio-amenities. It also discusses the foreseeable impacts on the existing human settlements and future residents of the proposed development.

3.4.1 Demographic Profile of Mukim Rawang

The Project Site is located in Mukim Rawang within the District of Gombak. There are altogether 4 big mukims within the District of Gombak, however for the purpose of assessment, only Mukim Rawang would be concentrated on due to the Project Site being located in this mukim. Based on the Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010, the total number of population in Mukim Rawang was 199,095 people. Malays make up bulk of the population which totaled at 104,698 people, followed by the Chinese and Indian people at 44,960 and 32,035 respectively. Other Bumiputera makes up about 2,072 people, while other Malaysian category was numbered at 1,763. The remaining 17,457 people were non-Malaysians found to be residing in Mukim Rawang.

Table 3.20: Breakdown of Population According to Ethnic Group, Mukim Rawang, 2010

Total Population Malaysian Citizens Non- Malaysian Citizens Bumiputera Malays Chinese Indians Others 199,095 2,072 104,698 44,960 32,035 1,763 17.457 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2010

Based on the age breakdown, workable population between the age of 15 and 59 years old were totaled at 128,284 people that can be considered as a big pool of working people which can be tapped on during the construction and operational stages. Younger population aged between infantry to 14 years old were totaled at 59,729 people while senior citizens above the age of 60 years were estimated at 11,082 people.

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Table 3.21: Breakdown of Age, Mukim Rawang, 2010

Total Population Age Breakdown 0-14 15-59 60-75+ 199,095 2,072 104,698 44,960 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2010

Based on the gender ratio, male population was numbered at 104,196 while female population was 94,899 people. Number of households for Mukim Rawang was 48,570 with living quarters totaled at 63,871 units.

Table 3.22: Breakdown Sex Ration, Mukim Rawang, 2010

Male Female Number of Households Number of Living Quarters 104,196 94,899 48,570 63,871 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2010

3.4.2 Infrastructures and Utilities of Mukim Rawang

• Water Supply Mukim Rawang within the Gombak District obtains its’ water supply from SYABAS.

• Telecommunication TELEKOM Malaysia Berhad (TMB) provides telecommunication facilities and services throughout this district.

• Sewerage System There was still no centralized sewage treatment system or sludge disposal facility within the surrounding area. Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd. is responsible for providing sewerage services, operating and maintaining sewage treatment plant.

• Solid Waste Management Solid waste management (collection, transportation and disposal) is under Majlis Perbandaran . • Transportation Network

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The proposed development is accessible via Jalan Batu Arang (State Road B27) at the north of the Project Site which is connected to a single-lane carriageway of Jalan Kg. Sg. Serai (State Road B29). Alternate acces would be Jalan Batu Arang (State Road B27) also connects to the North–South Highway from Rawang Toll. The Project Site is also accessible via Jalan Ciku (State Road B25) which also connected to Jalan Kg. Sg. Serai (State Road B29).

3.4.3 Socioeconomic Profile of Project Site

Socioeconomics of a Project area is normally determined by the human settlement within the area. At present, the proposed Project Site is dominated by rubber trees. Most of the rubber trees are mature ranging about 4-6m tall and still in productive stage at the time the site visit was carried out.

It was also observed that there were about 10 units of houses within the proposed Project Site. The structures were built on individual land title and were also grown with various fruit trees such as durian, rambutan, cempedak, jack fruit and bread fruit. These houses belong to individual land owner; and based on the information from the Project developer, they will buy over the land and compensate the land owners. Random surveys amongst the landowners have indicated that they have no objection to the proposed development and would agree to sell their land if it is bought at the right market value and proper incentives were accorded to them to agree to the buy-out plan. During the site visit, it was also made known that community centre/orphanage is currently located at one of the lands which have been bought over by the Project Developer. The centre will shift to another location prior to the commencement of the proposed development.

There is an existing track within the site which is used to facilitate the rubber cultivation activities and also as access for the villagers living on the individual lots within the proposed Project area.

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Existing houses within Project area

Pusat Jagaan Insan Bistari

Existing access road within Project area which connecting to Kg. Sg. Serai

Existing houses within Project area

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3.4.4 Socioeconomic Profile of the Immediate Surroundings

Immediate surroundings from the boundary of the Project Site are basically made up of human settlements. On both the east and west end from the Project boundary are two (2) main human settlements i.e. Kg. Serai and Taman Kundang Jaya; while on the west of the Project boundary is an industrial park i.e. Kundang Industrial Park. Lies on the southeast end is Guthrie Corridor Highway.

Interviews were carried out randomly amongst the villagers who stayed within 500m from the Project boundary. Existing and present scenario within the villages were recorded. Based on the conversations from some of the villagers who stayed adjacent to the river bank of Sg. Serai on the south direction of the Project site, even at the present time there were already incidences of flooding when Sg. Serai level raises up, however the water level will subside rapidly as the water will flush into the larger stem of Sg. Serai. With regards to not aggravating the flood incidences, the Project Proponent has dedicated a series of retention ponds during the construction stage and area of 32.11 acres for detention pond during the operational stage within the Project Site to cater for surface runoff.

It can be deduced that the socioeconomics of the surrounding area is laden with activities and equipped with infrastructures as well as other public facilities, and with the existing residential areas, impact on static receptors will be substantial if no mitigating measures are in place.

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