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The Contributions of George G. Higgins to the Social Action Movement in the United States, 1944 – 1980

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The Contributions of George G. Higgins to the Social Action Movement in the United States, 1944 – 1980 The Contributions of George G. Higgins to the Social Action Movement in the United States, 1944 – 1980 Daniel R. Conkle Pensacola, FL M.A., University of Virginia, 2013 M.A., Catholic University of America, 2001 B.A., University of the South, 1997 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Religious Studies University of Virginia December, 2013 Abstract George G. Higgins joined the Social Action Department (SAD) of the National Catholic Welfare Conference in the spring of 1944, an organization which sought to implement the social teachings of the Catholic Church within American society. Higgins served the American Catholic hierarchy in this regard for over 36 years, acting on their behalf as the Assistant Director of the SAD from 1946 to 1954, as a director of the department from 1954 to 1972, and finally as a consultant to the United States Catholic Conference from 1972 to 1980. As a member of the department, Higgins followed the agenda of his director, Fr. Raymond A. McGowan, who sought to implement the Industry Council Plan of Pope Pius XI’s 1937 encyclical, Quadragesimo Anno. It was an effort that Higgins would consistently promote throughout his years of service to the American Catholic Church, and one which influenced the development and understanding of Catholic social action both prior to and following the Second Vatican Council of the 1960s. The historical account of Higgins’s actions during these 36 years of service details the efforts of the American Catholic Church to influence the social order of the United States, as well as the development of its understanding of social action from the 1940s to the 1980s. In particular, Higgins’s efforts to validate lay participation within secular organizations contributed to a new understanding of its place within the American Catholic Church, and empowered lay Catholics to act outside of approved organizations that were directed by the hierarchy. In doing so, Higgins helped prepare American Catholics for the reforms promoted by the Second Vatican Council, including its call for the laity to take on a greater role within the Church. Finally, the account sheds further light on the American Catholic Church’s relationship with labor for this period, as these were the primary secular organizations that Higgins promoted as an acceptable expression of Catholic social action. Consequently, George Higgins stands as one of the principal Catholic social reformers of the 20th century. Table of Contents Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Key to Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………. 9 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….... 10 2. McGowan as Director: Higgins’s Introduction to the Social Action Department ………………………...... 44 3. Implementation of Quadragesimo Anno: The SAD’s Response to the Taft-Hartley Act ……………………………………… 73 4. Higgins’s Introduction to the Directorship: The Crisis of the McClellan Committee and Its Implications for the Labor Movement …………………………………………………………… 104 5. A Return to Taft-Hartley: Higgins’s Introduction of the Liturgical Movement to Motivate the Rank-And-File ………………………………………………………………… 135 6. The Unified Apostolate for the Universal Church: The Impact of the Encyclicals of Pope John XXIII and their Culmination at the Second Vatican Council ……………………………………… 165 7. The Start of Dialogue: The Creation of the American Secretariat for Catholic-Jewish Relations ………………………………………… 208 8. A Return to Labor Conflict: The United Farm Workers’ Movement and the Bishops’ Ad Hoc Committee on Farm Labor ……………………………………………………………………….. 251 9. The Retirement Scandal: The United States Catholic Conference of Bishops’ Decision to Retire Higgins……………………………… 300 Epilogue ………………………………………………………………………………….. 340 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………… 351 1 Preface The study of American Catholic social action has largely focused on the contributions of Msgr. John A. Ryan, the first director of the National Catholic Welfare Conference’s Social Action Department (SAD). This emphasis is understandable, given Ryan’s contributions to Catholic social theory, which were numerous and ground-breaking for his day. Among these contributions stood his promotion of the living wage espoused in Pope Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum, and his development of the Bishops’ Program of Social Reconstruction of 1919. In particular, the Bishops’ Program of Social Reconstruction advocated much of the legislation implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal of the 1930s. This fact, along with Ryan’s vocal support of the President, earned him the moniker, “Right Reverend New Dealer.” Yet, surprisingly little has been written about Ryan’s successors within the Social Action Department, and their contribution to Catholic social action in the years following Ryan’s passing. This is certainly the case of Ryan’s assistant director, Raymond A. McGowan, who assumed the directorship from 1945 to 1954. This dearth of scholarship is likely due to the scarcity of archival documentation left by McGowan, of which the files of the Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems constitute the bulk of material available.1 However, this is not the case with McGowan’s successor, George G. Higgins, who served as the director of the department from 1954 until 1972, and of which there is an abundance of archival material. Unfortunately, it seems that many historians have simply assumed that McGowan’s and Higgins’s contributions to American Catholic social action merely continued the policies of John 1 Thomas Greene’s article, “The Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems in Normalcy and Depression,” provides a detailed analysis of the Conference, and McGowan’s contributions to its management and agenda. (Thomas Greene, “The Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems in Normalcy and Depression,” Catholic Historical Review 77 (July 1991), 437 – 469) 2 A. Ryan. In the case of Higgins, this is simply not true. First and foremost, while Ryan relied almost entirely on legislation and the power of the state to transform society, Higgins proposed a collaboration of government and voluntary associations to guide such a transformation. This was due in large part to both McGowan’s and Higgins’s understanding and promotion of the Industry Council Plan espoused by Quadragesimo Anno, the 1931 social encyclical of Pope Pius XI. Their interpretation of this plan relied heavily on the contributions of voluntary associations, especially the unions of the American labor movement, which in turn required a more comprehensive development of a lay social apostolate within the United States. Once Higgins became director the Social Action Department, he differentiated himself from his predecessor, McGowan, by applying the precepts of Virgil Michel’s liturgical movement to the lay social apostolate. This was a movement which, according to Ryan’s biographer, Francis L. Broderick, Ryan was largely unaware, and which differentiates Higgins from the first director of the SAD. What scholarship there is on Higgins has been limited in its scope and form as far as the historical record warrants. First and foremost stands Gerald Costello’s Without Fear or Favor: George Higgins on the Record. This biography documents the life of Higgins through interviews and non-documented correspondence, and details his contributions to such fields as the labor movement, the farm labor movement, the Second Vatican Council, interracial justice and his time at the Social Action Department of the National Catholic Welfare Conference. However, the work itself was written from a journalist’s perspective, as opposed to the historian’s. As Costello attests by e-mail, his background was “in journalism and not in academics,” and as a consequence he “approached [his] book on George as a reporter rather than as a historian.”2 Consequently, the work itself, while detailing some of the actions and explaining some of the 2 Gerald Costello, e-mail message to author, February 10, 2009 3 personal views of Higgins, does not place those contributions within a historical context. Furthermore, the documents used by Costello in this work were included without citation or reference, and as a result there is no historical record of evidence for the biography. Fortunately, the transcripts of the interviews conducted by Costello are housed within the archives of the Catholic University of America, as well as the majority of Higgins’s correspondence, some of which was undoubtedly used in the creation of Costello’s work.3 However, given the presentation and form of the work itself, it seems better to consider Without Fear or Favor as primary source material.4 In conjunction with Costello’s Without Fear or Favor stands Organized Labor and the Church: Reflections of a Labor Priest, a book written by Higgins along with William Bole. The work itself opens with an autobiographical account of Higgins’s formative years, and then explores the relationship that the American Catholic Church has had with labor from the time of Cardinal James Gibbons to the late 1980s. Along with his historical assessment of this relationship, Higgins also provides his views on the current state of those relations at the time of publication, and the direction he hoped Catholic social action might take in the future. Given the focus and direction of this work, it too warrants treatment as primary source material, along the same lines as Without Fear or Favor. The only other work of note is John J. O’Brien’s George Higgins and the Quest for Worker Justice. O’Brien charts the development of Higgins’s social theology throughout his life by focusing on the editorials found in The Yardstick, Higgins’s column for over fifty-five years. 3 As has been noted, while the Catholic University Archives hold the majority of documents, including those used in Without Fear or Favor, Costello still retains possession of some documents given by Higgins to Costello during the writing of the biography. 4 Even more so, the transcripts of the interviews of Without Fear or Favor are especially relevant as primary source material. 4 Besides this, O’Brien also uses the Labor Day Statements written by Higgins during the same time period.
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