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T)Öi /O, 328^//FM BERICHTE aus dem INSTITUT FÜR MEERESKUNDE an der CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS-UNIVERSITÄT KIEL Nr. 219 T)Öi /O, 328^//FM Der Befall von Fischen aus dem Wattenmeer und dem Nordatlantik 1988 -1990 mit Nematodenlarven und eine Bibliographie über parasitische Nematoden in Fischen und Seesäugern Susanne L. Kerstan ATIEV ISSN 03 4 1 -8 5 6 1 Kopien dieser Arbeit können bezogen werden von: Institut für Meereskunde Abt. Fischereibiologie Düstembrooker Weg 20 W-2300 Kiel 1 Diese Untersuchung wurde als Teilvorhaben des Gesamtprojektes "Temperatur­ resistenz und Befallsdynamik von Nematoden in Seefischen unter Berück­ sichtigung der Rolle des Seehundes als ein Parasitenendwirt" im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten durchgeführt. Das Gesamtprojekt trägt die Kennummer 87 HS 050. Kerstan, S.L. (1992): Der Befall von Fischen aus dem Wattenmeer und dem Nordatlantik 1988-1989 mit Nematodenlarven und eine Bibliographie zum Befall von Fischen und Seesäugern mit Nematoden. - Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Kiel 219, 205 S. Kurzfassung In der Zeit von März 1988 bis Dezember 1990 wurden 18506 Fische von 5 Arten aus 7 Teilgebieten des Deutschen Wattenmeeres, der Unterelbe, ihrer Nebenflüsse und der Deutschen Bucht auf Nematodenbefall untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Befallswerte von Nematoden und dem parasitischen Copepoden Sphyrion lumpi in Seelachs-, Rotbarsch- und Kabeljaufilets aus dem gesamten Nordost-Atlantiks von der NORDSEE Deutsche Hochseefischerei GmbH zur Auswertung zur Verfügung gestellt. Insgesamt wurden 12170 Stinte (Osmerus eperlanus), 5152 Seeskorpione (Myoxocephalus scorpius), 571 juvenile Kabeljaue (Gadus morhua), 455 Klieschen (Limanda limandä) und 157 kleine Aale (Anguilla anguillä) aus den Wattenmeergebieten untersucht. Bei diesen Arten w ar Pseudoterranova decipiens die vorherrschende Nematodenart in der Muskulatur. Die Befallsintensität war im Seeskorpion am höchsten. Hysterothylacium aduncum w ar in der Leibeshöhle der Seeskorpione, Stinte und Kabeljaue am häufigsten, aber von geringer Bedeutung in der Muskulatur dieser Arten. Anisakis simplex trat selten und nur in der Muskulatur von Stinten und Seeskorpionen auf. Anguillicola crassus kam nur in den Schwimmblasen der Aale vor. Prävalenzen und Intensitäten waren außer bei der Kliesche bei allen Arten in der Elbmündung generell am höchsten, ein Zeichen für die außergewöhnliche Bedeutung dieses Gebietes für Nematodenuntersuchungen. In der Stintmuskulatur dominierte Pseudoterranova (99.2-100%). Die Befallsintensität variierte regional zwischen 1.5 und 3.9 Larven pro Fisch. Der Anteil von Anisakis an der Nematodengesamtzahl betrug maximal 0.2%. Hysterothylacium war in der Leibeshöhle des Stintes am häufigsten. Prävalenzen und Intensitäten von Pseudoterranova in der Muskulatur stiegen mit Länge und Alter der Fische an. Als Zeitpunkte des Neubefalls mit Pseudoterranova in der Elbe kamen 1989 April und Juni in Frage. Die Kondition der Stinte nahm mit zunehmender Befallsintensität der Muskulatur geringfügig ab. Sie war gebietsweise unterschiedlich. Prävalenzen und Intensitäten des Pseudoterranova-Befalls nahmen zwischen 1988 und 1989 in fast allen Altersgruppen ab, vermutlich als Auswirkung des Seehundssterbens im Wattenmeer im Jahre 1988. Stint stellte sich als sehr geeignet für das Monitoring kurzfristiger Schwankungen in der Verfügbarkeit von Nematodenlarven in der Nahrungskette heraus. Etwa 80% aller Seeskorpione waren mit Nematoden befallen. Pseudoterranova dominierte in der Muskulatur (91-100%), war aber auch in der Leibeshöhle nicht ohne Bedeutung (8- 37%). Hysterothylacium herrschte in der Leibeshöhle vor (34-83%), war aber in der Muskulatur unbedeutend (0-3%). Männchen waren weniger befallen als Weibchen. Während die Befallsraten und -intensitäten der Leibeshöhle nicht mit Länge und Alter der Fische korreliert waren, nahm die Intensität des Befalls mit Pseudoterranova mit Länge und Alter zu. Die Kondition der Seeskorpione schwankte in Abhängigkeit von Reifestadien und Gebiet aber nicht mit dem Nematodenbefall. Wie beim Stint sanken die Prävalenzen und Intensitäten bei den 1-jährigen Seeskorpionen zwischen 1988 und 1989 ab. Der Seeskorpion wurde dazu verwendet, regionale Unterschiede im Pseudoterranova-Befa.il zu erklären, indem seine Bedeutung als Überträger von Nematoden auf örtliche Seehundspopulationen dargestellt wurde. Die Kabeljaue waren zu klein, um als Indikatoren regionaler und saisonaler Befallsänderungen zu dienen. Hysterothylacium und Pseudoterranova kamen in Leibeshöhle und Muskulatur zu gleichen Anteilen vor. Die Befallsintensität der Leibeshöhle nahm mit der Länge der Kabeljaue zu. Klieschen waren am geringsten befallen. In nur 1.1% aller Klieschen traten einzelne Nematodenlarven auf. Bei 2.5% der 157 Aide war die Muskulatur m it Pseudoterranova befallen. Anguillicola trat dagegen in fast 30% aller Aale auf. Die mittlere Intensität dieser Nematodenart erreichte in den Schwimmblasen 5.2 Individuen (Larven und Adulte) pro Fisch. Die Filets des Seelachses (Pollachius virens), die am Bremerhavener Fischmarkt angelandet werden, waren überwiegend mit Anisakis befallen, der wichtigsten Nematodenart bei den kommerziellen Fischarten. Linke Filets waren im Mittel 1.9mal höher als rechte befallen. Ähnliche Verhältnisse wurden auch in den Filets von Rotbarsch (Sebastes sp.) und Kabeljau beobachtet. Die Unterschiede zwischen beiden Seiten und die Abhängigkeit von den untersuchten Filetgrößen wurden berechnet. Beim Köhler nahmen die Nematodenzahlen mit zunehmender Filetgröße ab. Im Rotbarsch waren 5.3% aller Nematoden-Zählungen als Pseudoterranova klassifiziert. Der parasitische Copepode Sphyrion lumpi stellte 40.5% des Parasitengesamtbefalls dar. In den Kabeljaufilets waren 20.5% edler Nematoden als Pseudoterranova und 79% als Anisakis bestimmt. Die Befallsintensität mit Nematoden war beim Kabeljau am geringsten. Im Verlauf des 3 Jahre währenden Projektes wurde eine Bibliographie über parasitische Nematoden in Fischen und Seesäugem mit insgesamt 1259 Einträgen erstellt. Kerstan, S.L. (1992):The infestation of fish from the Wadden Sea and North Atlantic 1988- 1990 with larval nematodes and a bibliography on nematodes parasitic in fish and marine mammals. (In German). - Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Kiel 219, 205 pp. Abstract During the period from March 1988 to December 1990, 18506 fishes of 5 species from 7 subareas of the German Wadden Sea and the lower River Elbe, its tributaries and the open German Bight were investigated for nematode larvae. In addition, counts of nematodes and the parasitic copepod Sphyrion lumpi from fillets of saithe, redfish, and cod from North Atlantic fishing grounds were supplied by the NORDSEE Deutsche Hochseefischerei GmbH for evaluation. Wadden Sea fish species investigated for nematodes were 12170 smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), 5152 b u ll-ro u t (Myoxocephalus scorpius ), 571 juvenile cod (Gadus morh.ua), 455 dab (Limanda limanda ), and 157 small eel (Anguilla anguilla ). In these species, Pseudoterranova decipiens was the dominant nematode in muscle flesh. Hysterothylacium aduncum occurred most frequently in body cavities of bull-rout, smelt, and cod, but was of little importance in muscle flesh of these species. Anisakis simplex was rarely encountered in the musculature of smelt and bull-rout only. Anguillicola crassus was confined to gas bladders of eel. Prevalences and intensities of infection in all species except dab were generally highest in the Elbe estuary, marking the exceptional importance of this area for infection studies. In smelt, musculature was dominated (99.2-100%) by Pseudoterranova. Intensity of infection varied regionally from 1.5 to 3.9 larvae per fish. Anisakis contributed a maximum of 0.2% to muscle nematode counts in smelt. Hysterothylacium was most abundant in body cavities of smelt. Prevalences and intensities of Pseudoterranova in muscle flesh increased with length and age of fish. Periods of new infections with Pseudoterranova larvae in the River Elbe were April and June. Condition of fishes decreased slightly with increasing nematode intensity in muscle flesh. It also varied regionally. Prevalences and intensities of infection w ith Pseudoterranova decreased in nearly all age-groups from 1988 to 1989, probably as an effect of seal mass mortality in the German Wadden Sea in 1988. Smelt was found to be most suitable as monitoring organism for short-term fluctuations of nematode availability. Some 80% of all bull-rout were infected with nematode larvae. Pseudoterranova dominated in muscle flesh (91-100%) but was less important in body cavities (8-3"%), Hysterothylacium prevailed in body cavities (34-83%) and was of little importance (0-3%) in muscle flesh. Males were less heavily infected than females. Whereas in body cavities prevalences and intensities were uncorrelated with length and age of the fish, the intensity o f Pseudoterranova infection of muscle flesh increased with length and age. Condition of bull-rout varied with maturity stages and area but not with nematode intensities. Prevalences and intensities in 1-year-old bull-rout decreased from 1988 to 1989. Bull-rout was used to explain regional differences in Pseudoterranova-infectlon by outlining its importance as transmitter for local seal populations. Cod were too small to serve as indicators of regional and temporal changes of infection. Hysterothylacium and Pseudoterranova were equally abundant in body cavities and muscle flesh. Intensity of infection of body cavities increased with length of cod. Dab was least infected. In as little as 1.1%
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