High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

PHARMACOLOGICAL ANDNUTRITIONAL VALUE OF GRANDIFLORA: A REVIEW BHOOPATHY R and MURALIDHARAN PALAYYAN* Department of Pharmacology, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai- 600097, Tamilnadu, . *corresponding author ABSTRACT Sesbania grandiflora (Linn) is also known as agati, belonging to the family leguminosae which contains tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, triterpenes and trace amount of alkaloids they are responsible for their wide range of medicinal uses. It is considered that they have originated from and .Sesbania grandiflora has significant amount of nutritional values in which both flowers and leaves have extremelyrich source of proteins, essential amino acids,, minerals such as iron, phosphorus and calcium, and antioxidants. The various parts of the have wide range pharmacological activities like anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, anti-urolithiatic, anthelmintic, analgesic, anti- inflammatory and anti-oxidants properties. Traditionally, S. grandiflora uses includes lower hypertension, skin treatment, improve immunity, migraine, to support fetal development and to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Due to their wide range of therapeutic activity many studies are done on their leaves and flowers specifically. The information published about nutritional and pharmacological value of Sesbania grandiflora is reviewed here. Keywords: Sesbania Grandiflora, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Anti-oxidants, Anti- urolithiatic. INTRODUCTION Sesbania grandiflora also known as vegetable hummingbird is a little erect branched tree, quickgrowing perennial, deciduous or evergreen comes under family . It is accepted to have originated either in India and Southeast Asia and grows in essentially hot and moist spots. It is local to Asian nations for example, India, , Indonesia and the where it is usually seen on the dikes between rice paddies, alongside of the road and in gardens [1]. The scientific names of Sesbania are Robinia grandiflora , Sesban grandiflora , Aeshnomene grandiflora , Agati grandiflora [2-3]. The normal names are agathi, agate Sesbania, Australian corkwood tree, August flower, flamingo bill, sesban, tiger tongue, West Indian pea, Swamp pea, white dragon tree and so on [4]. It is fast developing, firmwooded and short lived tree meagerly branched [3,5]. The tree is 5 to 12 meters in stature [3]. The leaves are 20 to 30 cm long. The flowers are in different colors such as white, red, or yellow color and each has different amount of pharmacological activity. The flowers are 7 to 9 cm long [4]. The bark is light gray, corky, and profoundly wrinkled and they contain tannin and gum [6]. Pods are pendulous, linear, 20 to 60 cm in long, 7 to 8 mm wide, somewhat curved and many- seeded [7]. The high nitrogen fixation capacity of these species results in rapid growth, even in soils deficit in nitrogen and

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utilization of Sesbania as green manure, intercropping and ground cover in agro-forestry and wood production systems [8]. S. grandiflora leaves are highly nutritious and studies shows it contains significant amount of proteins, , , fiber, and minerals such as iron, calcium and phosphorus. The young leaves are edible and are quite often used to supplement meals [9]. Leaves contains essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins (retinol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid) and other compounds such as flavonoid (catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, luteolin and naringenin) pectin, triterpenoid, tannin, glycosides, grandiflorol and saponins [10,11]. Botanical classification [12] Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Tracheobionta Superdivision Spermatophyta Division Magnoliphyta Class Magnoliopsida Subclass Rosidae Order Family Leguminosae Genus Sesbania Species Sesbania grandiflora

Vernacular names Bahamas : flamingo bill Bangladesh : agasta; agati; bak; buko China : da hua tian jing French Polynesia : afai; ofai; ouai Germany : Turibaum India : agathi; agathio; agate; bagphal; bak; basna; chogache; hadga Indonesia: tiger tongue; toroy Italy: sesbania Malaysia : kacang turi; sesban getih Nepal : agasthi : kathuru murunga : khaei; khae-ban; ton kae Vietnam : so dua

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Fig. 1: Sesbania grandiflora- PinkFig.2: Sesbania grandiflora- White Medicinal uses Different parts of Sesbania are utilized in traditional medication for the treatment of wide scope of ailment including leprosy, rheumatism, gout and liver problems. It also shows defensive effect against oxidative damage in body and hypolipidemic property on cigarette smoke exposed rats [13]. Historically the bark is utilized as astringent and used for the smallpox treatment, mouth ulcers, stomach infantile disorders and scabies [14], the juice of bark is useful for dyspepsia, loose bowels, and gastralgia [1]. The leaf juice is used for the epileptic treatment and research upholds the anticonvulsive activity [14]. The leaves are also used to treat nasal catarrah, nyctalopia and cephalagia. The flowers have revealed antimicrobial activity. Powdered roots of this are mixed in water and applied externally as a poultice or rub for rheumatic swelling [15]. Every part of Sesbania is utilized for medicine in fever, headache, anemia, diuretic, emetic, bronchitis, inflammation, anxiolytic, and powerful cure for tobacco and smoking-related illness because of their dominating antioxidant property. Seeds of Sesbania are possessing intellectual memory enhancer activity [16]. A. PHARMACOLOGICAL VALUES Anti-ulcer activity In this study the acute gastric ulceration in rats was induced by ulcer inducing agents including aspirin (20mg/kg. p.o.) or ethanol (8mg/kg. p.o.) or indomethacin (5mg/kg. p.o.) in which omeprazole (20mg/kg. p.o.) or ranitidine (20mg/kg. p.o.) or misoprostol (100µg/kg. p.o.) are used as standard drug respectively. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora (EELSG) was administered in the dose of 400mg/kg orally as test drug. EELSG produced a significant reduction in ulcer index and inhibited gastric mucosal damage induced by inducing agents. However, the antiulcer activity of EELSG was less than that of standard drugs [17]. In another investigation HASG (hydroalcholic extract of S. grandiflora ) 200 mg/kg studied on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis which shows protective impact in mice. This impact may due to the ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) scavenging ability of polyphenols and flavonoids and inhibitory activity on pro-inflammatory cytokines [18].

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Hepatoprotective activity In this examination the ethanolic concentrate of Sesbania grandiflora was investigated against erythromycin estolate (800 mg/kg for 15 days) induced hepatotoxicity. The hepatoprotective impact was contrasted with silymarin, a reference drug. This investigation shows that Sesbania grandiflora had critical hepatoprotective impact against eryrthromycin estolate induced hepatotoxicity in rodents. They also reestablishedthe antioxidants levels to almost normal [19]. In another investigation the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous concentrate of Sesbania flower was explored in CCl 4 (carbon tetrachloride) caused hepatotoxicity models in rats. The ethanolic extract at doses of 250 and 500mg/kg, p.o. and aqueous extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg shows significant reduction in biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, TP, ALP and TB. It presumes that the flowers of Sesbania have significant hepatoprotective effect on the hepatotoxicity induced by CCl 4in animal models [20]. Anti-tuberculosis activity In this study the anti-tuberculosis activity was assessed in vitro against mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Three isoflavanoids (isovesitol, medicarpin, sativan) and betulinic acid were isolated from the roots of Sesbania and compared with drug isoniazid (positive control) .All test compounds exhibited antituberculosis activity against H37Rv, with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values 50 µg/ml for isoflavanoids and 100 µg/ml for betulinic acid. Thus this study shows that the isoflavanoids present in the roots of the plant has antituberculosis activity [21]. Anti-cancer activity In this examination the leaves of S. grandiflora were extracted in to five unique solvents and tried on cancer cell lines, for example, Hep- 2, HepG 2, MCF- 7, HCT- 15 and A549. In this five distinctive solvent partmethanolic fraction shows powerful antiproliferative impacts particularly against A549, human lung cancer cell line. It activated the caspase 3 accordingly prompting cell death by apoptosis. Further DNA laddering, DAPI staining, and diminishing in mitochondrial membrane potential additionally demonstrated the method of cell death by apoptosis [22]. Consequently, these outcomes demonstrated that the Sesbania leaves has anticancer activity, particularlyagainst lung cancer cell line. Anxiolytic and anticonvulsive activity The anti-convulsive action of S. grandiflora leaves was examined using diverse animal models of convulsion. The benzene: ethyl acetic acid derivation portion (BE) of the acetone dissolvable part of petrol ether extract was utilized to investigate the anticonvulsive activity. The extract altogether delayed the beginning of seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol and strychnine in mice and the duration of tonic hind limb extension was diminished in maximal electroconvulsive shock (MES) induced seizure in mice. The BE fraction also restrained the electrically induced kindled seizures in mice and status epilepticus in rats initiated by lithium- pilocarpine [23]. The benzene: ethyl acetic acid derivation part treated mice liked to spent more time in open arm of the elevated plus maze which shows the anxiolytic action. The BE additionally showed antagonized effect against d-amphetamine and prolonged the sleep duration caused

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by pentobarbital. In this manner the triterpene presents in BE part of Sesbania displays anticonvulsant and anxiolytic activity [23]. Antiurolithiatic and antioxidant activity In this examination the antiurolithiatic activity of Sesbania was assessed by using gentamicin and 5% ammonium oxalate in rat which induce calcium oxalate type stones in calculi delivering diet model. The parameters like calcium and oxalate deposition in kidney, kidney weight, urinary discharge of calcium and oxalate, and in vivo antioxidant like lipid peroxidation and catalase were checked. The scavenging of nitric oxide and 2-diphenyl- 2- picryl hydrazyl free radicals by plant juice was also assessed. In this manner, the plant showed promising antiurolithiatic activity against calcium oxalate type stones and furthermore exhibited significant antioxidant properties [24]. In another investigation the standard antioxidant estimation methods also revealed that wild leafy plant has numerous antioxidant factors that destroying the free radicals that damage the cells. Thus it contains many enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and could be good source of dietary antioxidants which plays important role in prevention of disease associated with oxidative stress [25]. Immunomodulatory activity In this study the immunomodulatory activity of S. grandiflora on cellular and humoral immunity was investigated. Oral administration of the methanolic extract (200 and 400mg/kg) of S. grandiflora flowers, dose dependently significantly enhanced the production of circulating antibody titer in response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice. It significantly potentiated the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction induced by SRBC. The carbon clearance assay shows good response towards phagocytosis and prevented the myelosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (30 mg/kg) drug. Aqueous extract at 250 mg/kg shows no activity but 500 mg/kg shows less significant activity compared with both dose of methanolic extract. Thus the result obtained in this study indicate that methanolic extract (400 mg/kg) of S. grandiflora flowers not only potentiates nonspecific immune response, but also improves humoral as well as cell mediated immunity effectively [26]. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity In this study in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive benefits of S. grandiflora flowerwas evaluated in several experimental models. The methanol extract of Sesbania exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan and cotton pellet induced inflammation models. The analgesic effect of methanolic extract was assessed using hot plate test method and it can be observed that the extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency of response without affecting ability of animal to detect the thermal pain threshold. Thus the S. grandiflora flower has anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity may be due to the presence of phenolic constituents, flavonoids and tannins [27]. Anti-bacterial activity In this investigation, the agar well diffusion assay measure as well as the agar and broth dilution assay examines were utilized for assurance of antibacterial exercises of S. grandiflora . The unrefined ethanolic portion separates from various parts of this plants showed diverse potent activities. The stem bark can possibly yield an extract with the most

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elevated antibacterial activity. The fractionation with various dissolvable of stem bark demonstrated that the ethyl acetic acid derivation and butanol division had the most intense antibacterial activity. The kinetic investigation of bactericidal activities uncovered that the butanol fraction was viable against gram negative microbes than ethyl acetic acid extract. This investigation proposes that S. grandiflora stem bark of contains significant antibacterial activity for clinical purposes [28]. Anti-diabetic activity This investigation assesses the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of S. grandiflora (MESG) in type II diabetic rats induced by streptozotocine and diet which contains high fat. Vehicle, MESG (200 & 400mg/ kg, p.o.), and the standard medication, metformin (10 mg/kg) were administered to diabetic rats for 28 days. During the test time frame body weight, abdominal girth, food intake, fasting serum glucose, urine investigations were estimated. Toward the end of the test, animals were euthanized, the liver and pancreas were dissected out promptly, and the proportion of pancreas to body weight and hepatic glycogen were determined. In outcomes MESG induced promising reduction of raised blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and furthermore reestablished different parameters to ordinary level. Therefore, it shows that MESG has potential anti-hyperglycemic and anti- hyperlipidemic activities and reduce insulin resistance conditions [29]. In another in vitro study Sesbania at 1000 µg/ml showed 81% α-amylase inhibition which was compared with the drug Acarbose, a standard drug that showed 93% inhibition [30]. Thus these studies shows that this plant species has anti-diabetic property. Anthelmintic activity In this investigation acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Sesbania grandiflora flower were studied for their anthelmintic actionin different doses against pheretima posthuma. Three dose (100, 150, 200 mg/ml) of each extract were studied to decide the time of paralysis and time of death of the warms. When there was progressive increase in the dose, a gradual increase in the anthelmintic activity was noticed. The ethanolic extract of the flower showed significant anthelmintic activity at higher concentration of 200 mg/ml. The ethanolic extract were found to be effective upon comparison with the standard drug albendazole [31]. Hypolipidemic activity In this study the aqueous extract of Sesbania grandiflora was administered at a dose of 200 µg/kg (p.o) to the triton induced hyperlipidemic rats. It shows a critical decline in the degrees of serum cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, and significant increase in the HDL serum level [32]. Antidiarrheal activity In this study the unfractionated crude ethanolic concentrate of Sesbaniagrandiflora leaves was evaluated utilizing mouse model and it inhibited diarrheal episodes in 25.0% and 38.1% at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively and reference drug loperamide showed 53.6% represseddiarrheal movement at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Additionally, ethanolic extract also restrained the growth of known bacteria significantly, which cause urinary tract infection(UTI). Thus the leaves have the ability to cure diarrhea, inhibit the development of bacteria which growth leads to UTI and antioxidant activity [33].

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Renal protective activity In this investigation the renal protective activity of Sesbania grandiflora on alcohol and PUFA-induced oxidative stress were analyzed. The levels of lipid peroxidative markers were significantly increased in alcohol and PUFA group whereas in rats which were treated with S. grandiflora showed reduced level and also enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were found to be restored. Thus it showed that Sesbania has the ability to prevent the kidney from oxidative stress and also against renal damage which was induced by PUFA and alcohol [34]. Diuretic activity In this study the diuresis activity of Sesbania were evaluated using aqueous and methanolic extract in different doses. Urine volume increases with increase in dose of both extracts, whereas sodium excretion in urine was high in methanolic extract compared with aqueous extract but significant increase in potassium excretion in both extract treated groups. When compared with hydrochlorthiazide the diuretic index, saluretic activity, saluretic index and natriuretic index were more in methanolic extract at 450 mg/kg but less than furosemide [35]. B. NUTRITIONAL VALUES Sesbania grandiflora leaves and flowers are stacked with bunch of nutrients supplements including proteins, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants. The flowers have high amount of retinol, Folate, Thiamin, Niacin, ascorbic acid and oleanolic acid. Flowers also give sufficient amounts of magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and selenium. Leaves contains imbued with all essential amino acids, high polysaccharide, mucilage content and incredible amount of calcium. The seeds contain active constituents like leucocyanidin and cyanidin. In addition, seeds also comprise saponins and sebanimide. Leaves upholds the gut wellbeing by taking care of the gut bacteria as prebiotics. Bark contains tannins, resins, and gum, they are utilized for eatable purposes to supplant Arabic gum. Leaves

Per 100g, the leaf is accounted for to contain 73.1 g H 2O, 8.4 g protein, 1.4 g fat, 2.2 g fiber, 3.1 g ash, 11.8 g Nitrogen Free Extract, 80mg Phosphorus, 3.9 mg Iron, 1130 mg Calcium, 9000 IU A, 0.21mg vitamin B1, 0.09 mg vitamin B2, 1.2 mg vitamin B3, and 169 mg [36]. Flowers The flowers(ZMB) contain per 100 g, 345 calories, 14.5g proteins, 3.6 g fat, 77.3 g , 10.9 g fiber, 4.5 g ash, 145 mg Calcium, 290 mg phosphorus, 5.4 mg Iron, 291 mg sodium, 1,400 mg potassium, 636 µg β-carotene equivalent, 0.91 mg vitamin B1, 0.72 vitamin B2, 14.54 mg vitamin B3, and 473 mg vitamin C [36]. Two alpha-glucosidase inhibitors were isolated and identified by using tandem mass spectroscopy [37]. The flowers are additionally rich in oleanolic acid, healthy fatty acids that improves immunity and good cholesterol. Seeds Seeds (ZMB) contains 51.6% carbohydrate, 36.5% Crude protein, 7.4% fat and 4.5% ash. The seed oil contains 5.2% stearic, 26.2% oleic, 12.3% palmitic and 53.4% linoleic acids. The seed testa, which comprises 20% of the seed, contains 5.2% moisture, 1.3% ash, 0.8%

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fat, 2.7% Crude fat, 0.1% free reducing sugars, 1.4% sucrose, 2.8% nitrogen, 6.3% pentosans, and 65.4% carbohydrates. The testae on alkali extraction yield 33% of galactomannans [36]. The seeds contain the leucocyanidin and cyanidin which are potent antioxidants. Nutritional value evaluation [38] In this examination the nutritional benefits of Sesbania was assessed in two experiments. In experiment 1, Sesbania foliage were given 0 or 1000 g/day or ad libitum with basal eating routine to goats. The goats treated with ad libitum Sesbania consumed more noteworthy dry matter than in goats given grass alone. In experiment 2, chicks were fed on diet containing 5 – 10% Sesbania meal. The feed intake of chicks was decreased on Sesbania diets and growth rate of controls are around 16 g/day while Sesbania treated chick shows 4 g/day. From both the experiments it is inferred that S. grandiflora should not be fed to poultry and that it be used as a supplement (<30%) only for ruminants. Conclusion In this review we have reported that the plant Sesbania grandiflora have wide range of pharmacological values and nutritional values which make it more important medicinal plants. S. grandiflora are broadly used as traditional medicine in Ayurveda extensively, however, the chemical constituents which is responsible for their pharmacological activity are not isolated and has not yet been developed as a drug. Ongoing and detailed study of this plant is needed for the identification, cataloguing and documentation which might give scientific data for additional investigation and essential advancement of this plant for the pharmaceutical industry. This review also intended to serve as a reference to researches involved in ethno pharmacological research

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