DOCSLIB.ORG

Paths of Ruin: Why Revisionist States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paths of Ruin: Why Revisionist States PATHS OF RUIN: WHY REVISIONIST STATES ARISE AND DIE IN WORLD POLITICS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Jason M.K. Lyall May 2005 2 © 2005 Jason M.K. Lyall 3 PATHS OF RUIN: WHY REVISIONIST STATES ARISE AND DIE IN WORLD POLITICS Jason M.K. Lyall, Ph.D. Cornell University 2005 Why do revisionist states arise and die in world politics? I argue that the origins of a revisionist’s emergence and “death” stem from the same source: the nature of the collective identity that a regime uses to legitimate its rule at home and abroad. Revisionists share a key ideational trait in the form of exclusive, often contradictory, identity projects that entrap regimes into pursuing risky strategies of revisionism. Indeed, the path dependent properties of identity gradually entrap regimes into suboptimal policies marked by reliance on high-risk, high-gain strategies. Two mechanisms – domestic counter-mobilization and the security dilemma – serve to lock regimes onto these paths. Over time, state security is sacrificed to the demands of regime survival, leaving regimes unprepared for the conflicts that their rhetoric has forced them to pursue. Regime death is often the result. Multiple methods are used to demonstrate the causal link between identity and behavior. A large-N study of revisionist success rates (1815-2000) is combined with two paired historical comparisons: a method-of-agreement comparison of Napoleon III’s France (1848-71) and Pakistan (1947-71) and a method-of-difference treatment of France (1815-48) and the Soviet Union (1917-45). The prospects of a resurgent Russia are also explored using a longitudinal study of the postcommunist era (1993-2004). This case employs computer-assisted content analysis of official statements (N=1096), field research (interviews and participant observation), and comparative event data of foreign policy behavior. Three conclusions are reached. First, collective identity plays a crucial role in shaping the nature of grand strategy and its effectiveness. Collective identities can narrow 4 choices available to elites, ultimately entrapping regimes on suboptimal “paths of ruin.” Second, there is a limited set of robust and generalizable paths to revisionism that are created by exclusive, often fragmented, collective identities. Third, to explain revisionism fully we must adopt theoretical approaches and research designs able to capture the slow unfolding of identity politics between a regime and its society over time. Films, not snapshots, are required if we are to understand that the origins of revisionism lie in cumulative effects set in motion by the creation and defense of a regime’s identity project. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is a story of uncertain provenance that has a poor farmer granted a wish by a mysterious visitor to his fields. All that the farmer can encircle in one day, he is told, will be his, if only he can return to the same fields before next morning’s sunrise. If he fails, however, he forfeits all his possessions. Setting off in haste, our farmer encounters new wonders, each surpassing the last, each taking him farther from his familiar fields – and, of course, farther from the point of (no) return. Belatedly, our farmer realizes he has wandered too far afield, and in desperation he turns for home, chasing a rising sun. That I managed to wander so far afield yet still complete the circle is a testament to my committee: Peter Katzenstein (Chair), Valerie Bunce, Matthew Evangelista, and Christopher Way. I owe these four a debt that I cannot repay, in part for the sound advice each freely offered but mostly for taking a chance on me. I will always cherish my time at Cornell, a wondrous place where disciplinary boundaries dissolve and “big” questions are not just encouraged but expected. Each committee member contributed in his or her own way to this dissertation. Whatever insights lie in the following pages are a testament to the rigor they demanded and the confidence they inspired. The list of people who helped along the way is also long. I was fortunate to be an Exchange Scholar at Harvard University, where Iain Johnston, Stephen Rosen, Timothy Colton, Yoshiko Herrera, and Lisa Martin opened their classes to me. The Harvard Identity Project (HIP) has also been an invisible college of sorts for those interested in conducting research on identity. I thank Rawi Abdelal, Yoshiko Herrera, Iain Johnston, and Rose McDermott for including me in its activities. I also thank Joe Bond and Doug Bond for use of their VRA Reader Data. Similarly, I was also a Visiting Scholar at the European University at St. Petersburg, Russia, during the fall 2001 semester. I thank Ted Hopf, Eduard Ponarin, Nikita Lomagin, Pavel Lyssakov, and Milanna Streltsina for early discussions on the 6 nature of post-communist Russia. Thanks also to Shauna Gamache for a timely airport rescue. At EUSP, Milanna Streltsina, Lena Batienko, Olga Kobizeva, Anna Lichtenstein, and Anna Tolkachova performed the thankless task of conducting intercoder reliability tests for the computer-assisted content analysis employed here. I also incurred numerous debts during my field research in Moscow and St. Petersburg. I have respected the wishes of my interviewees to maintain their anonymity. I would, however, like to thank all of the journalists, human rights activists, state officials, and scholars who graciously agreed to be interviewed or who provided invaluable insights and documents. Financial support from the Peace Studies Program and the Institute for European Studies made this field research possible. For reading various drafts or enduring conversations with me, I thank Richard Bensel, Jeffrey Checkel, Jeff Legro, Ted Hopf, Steve Watts, and Pavel Baev. Thanks also to Barak Mendelsohn, Mark Anner, Kevin Strompf, Karthika Sasikumar and Kate Gordy for helpful comments on a rough draft of chapter one. Special thanks also go to Will Lowe, Normand Péladeau, and Kimberly Neuendorf, for helpful discussions on CATA. Normand also deserves special thanks for “encouraging” Wordstat to read Cyrillic text. At SWAMOS, I thank Richard Betts, Eliot Cohen, and especially Stephen Biddle, Todd Lowery, and Major Isaiah Wilson for discussions on the nature of strategy and how to study it. Scholarship can be a solitary endeavor, but it need not be a lonely one. I thank Kevin Strompf, Israel and Ronit Waismel-Manor, Brian Bow, Dan Sherman, Syd van Morgan, Il-Hyun Cho, Seo Hyun Park, Dev Gupta, Stephanie Hoffman, Barak Mendelsohn, and Maria Zaitseva for keeping me reasonably sane. The late Bernie “60/40” Milton and Dr. Funk Dubious were godsends during my Ithaca days; the Station for Innovation, indeed. At my new home, Princeton University, I thank Gary Bass, Nancy Bermeo, Tom Christensen, Christina Davis, John Ikenberry, Andy Moravcsik, Sankur 7 Muthu, Jennifer Pitts, Grigore Pop-Eleches, Kris Ramsay, Anne-Marie Slaughter, Julie Taylor, Jessica Trounstine, Joshua Tucker, and Lynn White for such a warm welcome. My family has also been a constant source of support over the years. Though separated by long distances, my Mom Helen and brother Matt sent encouragement and care packages that helped smooth over some of the rougher spots of grad school. This dissertation is partly inspired by the memory of the very, very dark pod''ezd at Ulitsa Chaikovskovo, Dom 61, St. Petersburg – the scene of a polite robbery. I dedicate this dissertation to Grace E. Lyall. It probably isn’t enough to note that I owe her just about everything, but it’s still true. Note on transliteration: I have followed the U.S. Library of Congress system (no diacritical marks) with the exception of well-known places and individuals where such usage would cause confusion (i.e. Yeltsin, Chechnya, Soviet). 8 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Jason M.K. Lyall was born on 19 November 1975 in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. A product of Canada’s public school system, he received his Bachelor of Arts (History and Political Science) from Simon Fraser University in 1998. That same year, he enrolled in the Department of Government’s Ph.D. program at Cornell University. He received his Master of Arts in 2001 and his Ph.D. in 2005. During his sojourn through graduate school, he was a Visiting Scholar at the European University at St. Petersburg, Russia, as well as an Exchange Scholar at Harvard University (twice). In July 2004, he joined the faculty of the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University. 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paths of Ruin: Why Revisionist States Arise and Die in World Politics Page 1 Ghost in the Machine: Patterns in the Study and Practice 1 of Revisionism 2 Paths of Ruin: Why Revisionist States Arise and Die in World Politics 54 3 Running to Stand Still: The Revisionism of France (1848-71) and 113 Pakistan (1947-71) Compared 4 July Days, July Storms: French (1816-48) and Soviet (1917-45) 192 Grand Strategies Compared 5 On the Path to Ruin? Postcommunist Russia as a Potential Revisionist 237 6 The Once and Future Great Power: Identity and Strategy in Yeltsin’s 250 Russia, 1993-1999 7 A New Potemkin Village? The Instability of Stability in Putin’s Russia, 322 2000-2004 8 Conclusion 411 Appendix I A Word About Words: How the 433 Content Analysis was Conducted Appendix II Coding Event Data 452 Bibliography 456 10 LIST OF TABLES 1.1: A Comparison of Death Rates Between Revisionist and 38 Status Quo States, 1793-2000. 1.2: Revisionist States and Their Relative
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investment Projects of the Republic of Dagestan Index
    INVESTMENT PROJECTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN INDEX INNOVATION Construction of a round and shaped steel tubes ............................. 00 producing plant Construction of the “Mountain Resources” .........................................00 Development of in-car electronics manufacturing .........................00 education and display center in Makhachkala (audio sets, starters, alternators) Construction of an IT-park of complete ............................................... 00 Construction of the “Viaduk” customs ..................................................00 “idea-series” cycle type and logistics centre Development of high-effi ciency .............................................................00 Reconstruction of the Makhachkala ..................................................... 00 solar cells and modules production commercial sea port (facilities of the second stage) Construction of the KamAZ vehicles trade ......................................... 00 INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORT and service centers in the districts of the Republic of Dagestan Development of fl oat glass production............................................... 00 Investment sites ...........................................................................................00 Development of nitric and sulfuric acid, .............................................00 and high analysis fertilizer production FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX onsite the “Dagfos” OJSC – II stage Construction of an intra-zone .................................................................00
    [Show full text]
  • ALEXIS PERI Department of History Boston University 226 Bay State Rd
    ALEXIS PERI Department of History Boston University 226 Bay State Rd. Boston, MA 02215 ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS 2019-current Associate Professor of History, Boston University Spring 2020 Visiting Associate Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley 2014-19 Assistant Professor of History, Boston University 2011-14 Assistant Professor of History, Middlebury College 2011 Lecturer, Saint Mary’s College of California ADDITIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2002-04 Administrative Assistant & Interview Auditor, Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley EDUCATION 2011 Ph.D., History, University of California, Berkeley Awarded Distinction 2006 M.A., History, University of California, Berkeley 2002 B.A., History, Psychology, University of California, Berkeley Awarded Highest Achievement in General Scholarship PUBLICATIONS Books: The War Within: Diaries from the Siege of Leningrad. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017. Polish-Language Edition: Leningrad: Dzienniki z obezonego miasta. Siwek Grzegorz, trans. Krakow: Spoleczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak, 2019. Awards: Peri 1 of 14 Winner, Pushkin House Russian Book Prize, 2018 (“supports the best non-fiction writing in English on the Russian-speaking world”) http://www.pushkinhouse.org/2018-winner/ Winner, University of Southern California Book Prize in Literary and Cultural Studies, 2018 (“for an outstanding monograph published on Russia, Eastern Europe or Eurasia in the fields of literary and cultural studies”) https://www.aseees.org/programs/aseees-prizes/usc-book-prize-literary-and-
    [Show full text]
  • Warrior, Philosopher, Child: Who Are the Heroes of the Chechen Wars?
    Warrior, Philosopher, Child: Who are the Heroes of the Chechen Wars? Historians distinguish between the two Chechen wars, first in 1994-1995 under Yeltsin’s presidency, and second in 1999-2000, when Vladimir Putin became the Prime Minister of Russia and was mainly responsible for military decision-making. The first one was the result of the Soviet Union dissolution, when Chechnya wanted to assert its independence on the Russian Federation. The second one started with the invasion of Dagestan by Shamil Basaev’s terrorist groups, and bombings in Moscow, Volgodonsk and the Dagestani town Buynaksk. It remains unclear what exactly led to a Russian massive air-campaign over Chechnya in 1999. Putin declared the authority of Chechen President Aslan Maskhadov and his parliament illegitimate, and Russians started a land invasion. In May 2000, Putin established direct rule of Chechnya. However, guerrilla war never stopped. Up to now there has been local ongoing low-level insurgency against Ramzan Kadyrov, the Head of the Chechen Republic. Who was drafted to fight in the Chechen Wars? Mainly, young people from neighbouring regions of Russia, who were poorly trained. Russian troops suffered severe losses, since they were ill-prepared. Because of lack of training and experience, Russian forces often attacked random positions, causing enormous casualties among the Chechen and Russian civilian population. The Russian-Chechen Friendship Society set their estimate of the total death toll in two wars at about 150,000 to 200,000 civilians1. If the first war received extensive international coverage, the second got considerably 1 Wikipedia. Retrieved March 30, 2017 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War.
    [Show full text]
  • The North Caucasus: the Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law
    The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law Europe Report N°226 | 6 September 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Russia between Decentralisation and the “Vertical of Power” ....................................... 3 A. Federative Relations Today ....................................................................................... 4 B. Local Government ...................................................................................................... 6 C. Funding and budgets ................................................................................................. 6 III. Elections ........................................................................................................................... 9 A. State Duma Elections 2011 ........................................................................................ 9 B. Presidential Elections 2012 ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism and Ethnic Politics Book Reviews
    This article was downloaded by: [University College London] On: 29 December 2009 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 772858957] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Nationalism and Ethnic Politics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713636289 Book reviews To cite this Article (2003) 'Book reviews', Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 9: 2, 128 — 148 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/13537110412331301445 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537110412331301445 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. 92nep06.qxd 27/10/2003 09:21 Page 128 Book Reviews rank K. Salter (ed.). Risky Transactions: Trust, Kinship and Ethnicity. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia and Asia: the Emerging Security Agenda
    Russia and Asia The Emerging Security Agenda Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden’s 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed mainly by the Swedish Parliament. The staff and the Governing Board are international. The Institute also has an Advisory Committee as an international consultative body. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Professor Daniel Tarschys, Chairman (Sweden) Dr Oscar Arias Sánchez (Costa Rica) Dr Willem F. van Eekelen (Netherlands) Sir Marrack Goulding (United Kingdom) Dr Catherine Kelleher (United States) Dr Lothar Rühl (Germany) Professor Ronald G. Sutherland (Canada) Dr Abdullah Toukan (Jordan) The Director Director Dr Adam Daniel Rotfeld (Poland) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Signalistg. 9, S-1769 70 Solna, Sweden Cable: SIPRI Telephone: 46 8/655 97 00 Telefax: 46 8/655 97 33 E-mail: [email protected] Internet URL: http://www.sipri.se Russia and Asia The Emerging Security Agenda Edited by Gennady Chufrin OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1999 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens
    [Show full text]
  • President Putin and His Generals Bureaucratic Control and War-Fighting Culture
    President Putin and His Generals Bureaucratic Control and WarWar---FightingFighting Culture Pavel Baev November 2001 PONARS Policy Memo 205 International Peace Research Institute Since the attacks on the United States on September 11, Russian president Vladimir Putin has moved Russia decisively toward the West, staking out a prominent place in the U.S.- led antiterrorist coalition. He has also redefined the war in Chechnya as just another theatre in this global campaign, thereby hoping to reduce the level and intensity of Western criticism. Putin quickly allied with the West diplomatically and politically in antiterrorist efforts, but the ability of the Russian military to be a useful partner in this campaign may inhibit Russia’s desire/efforts to be a useful contributor to the joint efforts in combating terrorism. Will Putin be able to transform the Russian military into a reliable partner with the West and, perhaps down the road, for NATO? Although the answer involves a host of issues, from resources available to the military to hunger and violence in the barracks, the key to successful military reform will be whether or not the military leadership accepts Putin’s authority. The president has shown skill and firmness in consolidating his control, but his relations with the top brass are far from being problem-free and hidden tensions might be building. Cadre Reshuffling Putin’s uncertain control over the military leadership manifested itself most obviously in July 2000 when Defense Minister Igor Sergeev and Chief of the General Staff Anatoli Kvashnin clashed head-to-head over priorities in resource allocation. Putin rightly saw more to that public scandal than just personal animosity and did not rush with disciplinary actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Ukrainian Studies
    JOURNAL OF UKRAINIAN STUDIES Summer-Winter 1992 CONTRIBUTORS: GUEST EDITORS: Zenon E. Kohut Dushan Bednarsky laroslav Isaievych Zenon E. Kohut Mikhail Dmitriev Frank E. Sysyn Ihor SevCenko Antoni Mironowicz David A. Frick IpHHa BopoHHyK Shmuel Ettinger Frank E. Sysyn Serhii Plokhy Natalia Pylypiuk Peter Rolland Dushan Bednarsky Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/journalofukraini1712cana JOURNAL OF UKRAINIAN STUDIES Volume 17, Numbers 1-2 Summer-Winter 1992 SPECIAL ISSUE EARLY MODERN UKRAINE GUEST EDITORS: CONTRIBUTORS: Dushan Bednarsky Zenon E. Kohut Zenon E. Kohut laroslav Isaievych Erank E. Sysyn Mikhail Dmitriev Ihor Sevcenko Antoni Mironowicz David A. Frick IpHHa BopoHuyK Shmuel Ettinger Frank E. Sysyn Serhii Plokhy Natalia Pylypiuk Peter Rolland Dushan Bednarsky EDITOR Zenon E. Kohut Editorial Board Marusia K. Petryshyn Danylo Husar Struk Frances A. Swyripa Frank E. Sysyn Maxim Tarnawsky The Journal of Ukrainian Studies is published semiannually in the summer and winter by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. Annual subscription rates are $16.50 ($1.05 GST inch) for individuals and $21.50 ($1.40 GST incl.) for libraries and institutions in Canada. Outside of Canada annual subscription rates are $15.00 for individuals and $20.00 for libraries and institutions. Subscribers outside of Canada should pay in US funds. Cheques and money orders are payable to the Journal of Ukrainian Studies. Please do not send cash. The Journal publishes articles on Ukrainian and Ukrainian-Canadian studies. It also publishes discussions, book reviews, and journalistic articles of a controversial or problem-oriented nature. Ideally, those wishing to submit articles should first send a letter of inquiry, with a brief abstract of the article to the editor at CIUS, 352 Athabasca Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6K 2E8.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratizing Communist Militaries
    Democratizing Communist Militaries Democratizing Communist Militaries The Cases of the Czech and Russian Armed Forces Marybeth Peterson Ulrich Ann Arbor To Mark, Erin, and Benjamin Copyright © by the University of Michigan 1999 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America V∞ Printed on acid-free paper 2002 2001 2000 1999 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ulrich, Marybeth Peterson. Democratizing Communist militaries : the cases of the Czech and Russian armed forces / Marybeth Peterson Ulrich. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-472-10969-3 (acid-free paper) 1. Civil-military relations—Russia (Federation) 2. Civil-military relations—Former Soviet republics. 3. Civil-military relations—Czech Republic. 4. Russia (Federation)—Armed Forces—Political activity. 5. Former Soviet republics—Armed Forces—Political activity. 6. Czech Republic—Armed Forces—Political activity. 7. Military assistance, American—Russia (Federation) 8. Military assistance, American—Former Soviet republics. 9. Military assistance, American—Czech Republic. I. Title. JN6520.C58 U45 1999 3229.5909437109049—dc21 99-6461 CIP Contents List of Tables vii Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1. A Theory of Democratic Civil-Military Relations in Postcommunist States 5 Chapter 2. A Survey of Overall U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 4, Issue 3
    ENERPO Journal Volume 4 June 2016 Issue 3 ENERPO Journal management Irina Mironova Editor-in-Chief ([email protected]) Zachary Waller Assistant Editor ([email protected]) Jerry Byers Associate Editor, Online Editor ([email protected]) Aaron Wood Technical Editor ([email protected]) Nikita Lomagin Academic Director, ENERPO Program ([email protected]) Yulia Vymyatnina Professor, Department of Economics, EUSP ([email protected]) Maurizio Recordati Executive Director, ENERPO Research Center ([email protected]) Michael Camarda Associate Director, ENERPO Program ([email protected]) Nicholas Watt ENERPO Journal Co-Founder ([email protected]) Editorial council John Francis Collins ENERPO student Pierre Jouvellier ENERPO student Lina Strandvaag Nagell ENERPO student Patrick Osborne ENERPO/MARCA student Glenda Pavon-Suriel ENERPO student Bogdan Polishchuk ENERPO student Michael Roh ENERPO student Soojeong Shin ENERPO student Henrik Vorloeper ENERPO student Contents China's Possible Accession to the ECT: Benefits and Obstacles 03 Lina Nagell ANALYSIS This paper addresses two main questions. The first asks what the benefits to China are in joining the ECT, the second whether the One Belt, One Road initiative will accelerate the country’s accession to the treaty. The paper finds that the main benefits facing Chinese accession to the ECT are: (1) the increased protection of Chinese foreign investments, (2) the improvement of investor confidence in the Chinese energy market, and (3) the boost of Chinese influence in global energy governance. The main obstacles are: (1) fear of international arbitration cases against the Chinese government and (2) the scarcity of political support and geographically asymmetrical protection coverage for China.
    [Show full text]
  • North Caucasus: Views from Within People’S Perspectives on Peace and Security
    REPORT North Caucasus: views from within People’s perspectives on peace and security March 2012 North Caucasus: views from within People’s perspectives on peace and security SAFERWORLD MARCH 2012 Acknowledgements This report was written by Anna Matveeva, Honorary University Fellow, University of Exeter, with contributions from Igor Savin, Research Fellow, the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. It was edited by Craig Oliphant (Senior Advisor, Saferworld). Editorial contributions and comments were also provided by Luitgard Hammerer (Head of Europe and Central Asia, Saferworld). The report draws on participatory research conducted in five North Caucasus republics by Zhanna Khamdokhova (Kabardino-Balkaria), Igor Dulaev (North Ossetia), Musa Yusupov (Chechnya), Akhmet Yarlykapov (Dagestan), Anna Matveeva and Igor Savin (Ingushetia). The methodology for the research was developed by Anna Matveeva and Igor Savin with contributions from the Institute of Oriental Studies, Saferworld and the four researchers from the North Caucasus. For further reading, case studies from the individual republics can be accessed on the Saferworld website: www.saferworld.org.uk/PPP/chechnya www.saferworld.org.uk/PPP/northossetia www.saferworld.org.uk/PPP/kabardino-balkaria www.saferworld.org.uk/PPP/ingushetia www.saferworld.org.uk/PPP/dagestan The republic chapters were translated from Russian into English by Sophia Matveeva. John Newman copy-edited the report. The research was a collaboration between Saferworld and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The People’s Peacemaking Perspectives project The People’s Peacemaking Perspectives project is a joint initiative implemented by Conciliation Resources and Saferworld and financed under the European Commission’s Instrument for Stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Tatarstan 15 I
    1 CONTENTS ABOUT AUTHORS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION 10 THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN 15 I. POLITICAL ELITE 15 1. Vertical power structure 19 2. Governance model during the period of the President M. Shaimiev 20 3. Governance model during the period of the President R. Minnikhanov 22 4. Security forces as part of a consolidated project 27 5. Export of elites 28 II. PRESERVATION OF ETHNO-CULTURAL IDENTITY 30 1.The Tatar national movement 30 2. The Russian national movement 34 3. Language policy in Tatarstan 37 4. Results of post-Soviet language policy 47 5. Conclusion 50 THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN 51 I. DAGESTAN ELITES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 51 1. Birth of «clans» 53 2. Adaptation to the growing influence of Moscow 56 3. Mukhu Aliev: attempt to be equidistant from clans 58 4. Elite and the Caucasus Emirate 62 5. Return of the «levashintsy» and attempt at a civil dialogue 64 6. First attempt to eliminate clans 66 II. «EXTERNAL GOVERNANCE» 70 III. PRESERVATION OF ETHNO-CULTURAL IDENTITY 79 1. National movements and conflicts 79 2. Preservation of national languages 82 3. Conclusion 91 FINAL CONCLUSIONS 93 2 ABOUT AUTHORS Dr. Ekaterina SOKIRIANSKAIA is the founder and director at Conflict analysis and prevention center. From 2011 to 2017, she served as International Crisis Group’s Russia/North Caucasus Project Director, supervising the organisation’s research and advocacy in the region. From 2008-2011, Sokirianskaia established and supervised the work of Human rights Center Memorial’s regional offices in Kabardino-Balkariya and Dagestan. Before that, from 2003-2008 Sokirianskaia was permanently based in Ingushetia and Chechnya and worked as a researcher and projects director for Memorial and as an assistant professor at Grozny State University.
    [Show full text]