Eucestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea)

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Eucestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea) Cláudia Tangerino Olivares Diversidade filogenética de Potamotrygonocestus Brooks & Thorson, 1976 (Eucestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea) São Paulo 2014 Cláudia Tangerino Olivares Diversidade filogenética de Potamotrygonocestus Brooks & Thorson, 1976 (Eucestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea) Phylogenetic diversity of Potamotrygonocestus Brooks & Thorson, 1976 (Eucestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador: Fernando Portella de Luna Marques São Paulo 2014 Olivares, Cláudia Tangerino Diversidade filogenética de Potamotrygonocestus Brooks & Thorson, 1976 (Eucestoda: Onchoproteocepha- lidea). x + 99p Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Potamotrygonocestus 2. Sistemática 3. Otimização direta I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. De- partamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Nome Nome Prof. Dr. Fernando Portella de Luna Marques Aos meus pais, com carinho Interessa-me, entretanto, conhecer o verso, o problema e a lenda, pois são produções que nobilitam o homem e podem trazer consolo ao aflito, ensinamento ao leigo e advertência ao poderoso Malba Tahan, 1938 Agradecimentos Primeiramente agradeço à minha família. À minha mãe Elisabete Tangerino Olivares e meu pai Wanderley Martins Olivares por todo carinho, apoio moral e paciência. Não apenas durante meus estudos na Pós-Graduação, mas por toda minha vida, apoiando minhas escolhas e compreendendo meus problemas. Agradeço também ao meu irmão Caio César Tangerino Olivares por estar presente em todas as etapas da minha vida. Agradeço aos meus avós, porque apesar da simplicidade e humildade, puderam transmitir sua sabedoria que me auxiliou muito nos momentos mais difíceis; e minha avó Celestina, que não teve a oportunidade de ver algum neto formado, mas que com seu amor e paciência me ajudou a ser quem eu sou hoje. Aos amigos que me trazem momentos de alegria, mesmo quando parece só haver tristeza, Jairo Lima, Beatriz Freire, Paulo Kuchembuck, Guilherme Gatti, Estela Brandi, Jefferson Oli- veira, Gabriella Malheiros, Gustavo, Michelle Neves, Ariane Alves, Liv Ascer, Jonas Mindrisz, Ligia Kobayashi, Sabrina Baroni, Maíra Consistré, Renata Amaro, Lilian Matos, Manoel An- tunes, Denis Machado, e Fabio, o menino que sempre andava com a gente; obrigada. Obrigada por me ouvirem, obrigada pelos conselhos, obrigada pelas risadas. Obrigada Edu Solà, Marta Álvarez e Eva Lázaro por me apresentarem a lugares fantásticos, que jamais me esquecerei. Obrigada George Martin e Douglas Adams pelo companheirismo nos momentos de solidão. Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Fernando Portella de Luna Marques, que me ensinou muito e tem me ajudado a superar etapas importantes da minha vida acadêmica e científica, muito obrigada. Agradecer imensamente à Dra Sabrina Baroni, técnica do Laboratório de Sistemática Mo- lecular (LSM), por tudo que me ensinou desde a iniciação científica. Seus ensinamentos foram desde técnicas laboratoriais a teóricas, todas necessárias à execução do meu projeto de Mes- trado. Por tudo isso minha consideração. A Denis Jacob Machado que, além de um grande amigo, tem me ajudado muito a entender várias metodologias filogenéticas e tem tido paciência de me ensinar diversos assuntos relacio- nados à informática. Aos outros técnicos do LSM; Beatriz Vieira Freire, pela grande amizade provinda de anos de convivência e também pelo grande auxílio na preparação de sequências nucleotídicas; e Ma- noel Antunes Júnior, pela amizade e pela assistência na parte laboratorial e em vários assuntos burocráticos. Às minhas colegas de laboratório, Bruna Trevisan e Anna Carolina Kobayashi, na época técnicas nível TT3 e TT1 da Fapesp respectivamente, por me ajudarem a triar materiais e montar lâminas de vouchers. Também a Juliana Primon (ex-TT1 da Fapesp) pela organização de tabelas de coletas e de fotos de hospedeiros e parasitas. A Murilo Rodrigues, Iniciação Científica, pela ajuda na triagem de parasitas e pelas risadas. A Thiago Loboda, doutorando do Departamento de Zoologia, pela ajuda na identificação de hospedeiros da região do Rio Salobra. A Pedro Dias, também doutorando da Zoologia, pela ajuda na utilização no programa MorphoJ. A Paulo Kuchembuck, Beatriz Freire e Jairo Lima, grandes amigos, pelas correções no texto. À Luci Deise Navarro, técnica do laboratório de Bioquímica, responsável por sequenciar todas as minhas amostras. O agradecimento é especial pela sua eficiência e por sempre estar apta a ajudar-nos nos momentos mais difíceis e urgentes. Prof. Dr. Wallice Luiz Paxiúba Duncan, professor da Universidade Federal de Manaus, pelo material enviado do Rio Solimões. Ao Tomáš Scholz, Diretor do Institute of Parasitology, Ceskéˇ Budejovice,ˇ pelo empréstimo de tecidos destinados ao grupo externo da análise. A Tjard Bergmann da University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover pela ajuda na utilização do programa CAOS. Finalmente, agradeço à Fundação de Amparo e Pesquisa (Fapesp), pela bolsa oferecida e pelo auxílio financeiro para a elaboração do projeto (projetos números 2011/15946-1 e 2011/18947- 9, respectivamente). Sumário 1 Introdução.....................................1 2 Material e métodos................................4 2.1 Obtenção de material biológico.....................4 2.2 Obtenção de dados moleculares.....................4 2.3 Análises filogenéticas...........................8 2.4 Obtenção de imagens........................... 11 3 Resultados..................................... 11 3.1 Hipótese de trabalho........................... 11 4 Discussão..................................... 17 4.1 Histórico taxonômico do gênero: exclusividade de dados morfológicos 17 4.2 Implicações da hipótese filogenética na taxonomia........... 19 4.3 Biogeografia............................... 48 4.4 Relação Hospedeiro/Parasita....................... 53 5 Conclusão..................................... 57 6 Referências.................................... 58 Resumo 70 Abstract 71 Anexos 72 1 Material de hospedeiros disponíveis para o estudo................ 73 2 Material de cestóideos disponíveis para o estudo................. 78 3 Médias das distâncias fenéticas das matrizes de sequências nucleotídicas de COI e nucleares.................................. 89 4 Preparação de lâminas de hologenóforos..................... 93 5 Protocolo otimizado para extração de DNA genômico com DNAdvance TM .. 94 6 Protocolo otimizado para purificação de DNA genômico com AMPure® kit.. 96 7 Hipótese Filogenética utilizada no estudo.................... 97 8 Árvore de consenso estrito da análise completa em TNT............ 98 9 Árvore de consenso estrito da análise parcial em TNT.............. 99 Lista de Tabelas 1 Iniciadores.....................................7 2 Custos obtidos na análise de otimização dinâmica................ 13 3 Sumário de espécies nominais de Potamotrygonocestus ............. 18 4 Sumário da relação dos parasitas com seus hospedeiros............. 56 A.5 Hospedeiros amostrados............................. 73 A.6 Material de exemplares parasitas coletados na América do Sul......... 78 A.7 Médias das distâncias fenéticas internas por clado................ 89 A.8 Médias das distâncias fenéticas para a matriz de COI entre clados....... 90 A.9 Médias das distâncias fenéticas para a matriz de nucleares entre clados..... 91 Lista de Figuras 1 Representatividade biogeográfica.........................5 2 Hipótese Filogenética............................... 14 3 Sumário visual dos atributos puros por linhagens................ 16 4 Relações filogenéticas das diferentes linhagens de P. fitzgeraldae sensu lato .. 21 5 Morfologia do gancho de P. fitzgeraldae sensu stricto e de espécimes do Clado A2.2........................................ 22 6 Relações haplotípicas das linhagens do Clado A1................ 24 7 Sobreposição do contorno dos ganchos mediais de P. fitzgeraldae sensu lato e Potamotrygonocestus sp. nov. 4......................... 25 8 Relações haplotípicas das linhagens do Clado A2.2 e Potamotrygonocestus sp. nov. 3....................................... 27 9 Sobreposição da forma dos ganchos mediais do Complexo P. travassosi .... 32 10 Clados do Complexo P. travassosi ........................ 33 11 Relações haplotípicas das linhagens do Clado B1................ 39 12 Relações haplotípicas das linhagens do Clado B2................ 41 13 Relações haplotípicas das linhagens do Clado B3................ 43 14 Comparação morfológica entre Potamotrygonocestus sp. nov. 16 e outras espé- cies do Clado B.................................. 46 15 Cladograma por áreas amostradas........................ 49 A.16 Hipótese Filogenética com todos haplótipos estudados............. 97 A.17 Árvore de consenso estrito da análise completa................. 98 A.18 Árvore de consenso estrito da análise parcial................... 99 1 Introdução Diversas disciplinas da Ciência vêm popularizando o uso de dados moleculares. Popularização propiciada pela constante redução de custo e pelo desenvolvimento de protocolos cada vez mais eficientes na obtenção de dados genotípicos. Dentre outros fatores que também contribuem para esta popularização estão: a criação de novas ferramentas analíticas e o acúmulo e disponibilização de dados (i.e., sequências nucleotídicas), os quais possibilitam abordar problemas cada vez mais complexos e interessantes. Desta forma, dados moleculares permeiam a literatura moderna e permitem
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