Révision Systématique Des ALESTES Et BRYCINUS Africains

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Révision Systématique Des ALESTES Et BRYCINUS Africains Didier PAUGY RÉllSSlQNSYSTÉMATIQUE DESALESTES ET BM WVUSAFRICAINS (PISCES,CH WRACIDAE). Éditions de I’ORSTOM INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT EN COOPÉRAtlON Collection ÉTUDES et THÈSES PARIS1986 ((La loi du 11 mars 1957 n’autorisant, aux termes des aMas 2 et 3 de I”article 41, d’une ((part, que les «copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et «non destinées à une utilisation collective D et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes B citations dans un but d’exemple et d’illustration, (f toure représentation ou reproduction ((intégrale, ou pai-tielle, faite sczris le consentement de l’auteur ou de BE% ayants droit ou ccEtyants arwoe, kxt illieito lb (alinQa Ier de I’wticlr3 40). (( CeSte représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédb que ce So/t, constituerait &xw (<une contrefaçon sanction&e par les articles 425 et suivants du Code Pénal)). ISSN : 0767-2888 0 ORSTOlVll986 ISBN : 2-7099-0807-7 3 Pages AVANT PROPOS................:..................................~..~ ... 5 INTRODUCTION .......................................................... Y CARACTERISTIQUES MORPHOLOGIQUESDES ALESTES E.T BRYCINUS............... 13 DISCUSSION A PROPOS DE L’ORIGINE DES CHARACINAE....................... 25 LISTE GENERALE.DES ESPECES ET DES SYNONYMIES.......................... 31 CLE DE DETERMINATION DES ALESTIINI .................................... 33 DISTRIBUTION DES ALESTES ET DES BRYCINUS .............................. 39 DIAGNOSES ET PRINCIPALES CARACTERISTIQUES BIOLOGIQUES DES ESPECES; .... 45 GENRE ALESTES .................................................... 47 GENRE BRYCINUS ................................................... 93 CONCLUSIONS G~NERAL~S................................................. 259 REFERENCES BIBL IOGRAPHIQUES. 269 1NDE.X ALPHABETIQUE.......................................,............ 287 5 AVANT PROPOS Ce travai 1 complète pour les Characidae (sous-famille systématique des Chdrdcidae n,ains (Petersii.ni). ; Cette révision systématique nous a paru nécessaire car si de nombreux travaux ont été consacrés aux Alestiini, d 1JCU n d’entre eux n’est vraiment synthétique notamment en ce. qui concerne les espèces les plus ubiquistes. De même depuis le CdtdlOaUe de Boulenger, un certain nombre d’espèces a eté décrit sans que la validité de telle ou tel l.e d’entre elles ait et-é .discutée, même si le ou les types ne représentent toujours actuellement que les seuls exemplaires connus. De plus certaines formes décrites sous iies noms différents selon les réqions ont conservé chacune leur dppelldt i on ddns les differents .travaux. Ce travail est donr* en premier lieu une revision specifique. Aucune espèce nouvelle n’est décrite ic i, en revanche un .certain nombre de synonymies sont proposees. Le statut generique des especes d ete dborde, Nous n’avons pas multiplie les genres et n’en ri’dvons rec onriu que deux, Alestes et Brycinus. Le premier apparait comme homogene alors que le second est loin de l’etre et nous avons pu y reconna?tre un certain nombre de qroupes que nous avons hésjte à élever au genre 1::d r de nombreux caractères demeurent b identiques. Des études anatomiques ou génétiques plus poussées devraient dans le futur pouvoir répondre aux questions que nous nous sommes posées à ce sujet. Si 1 ‘aspect systématique est primordial dans une révision, nous avons toutefois estimé qu’une synthèse biologique était utile pour chaque espèce. Sans être exhaustif pour ne pas alourdir le texte, nous avons résumé d’après nos propres observations et surtout d’après de nombreux travaux effectués en Afrique inter-tropicale, les principaux traits de la bio-écologie de chaque espèce lorsque cela s’est avéré possible. Dans ce sens nous avons insisté sur les différences régionales pouvant exister au sein d’une même espèce. L ‘introduction de ce travail traite du statut générique des espèces -et de l’origine possible des Characinae. Puis nous donnons une liste générale des synonymies et des espèces actuellement connues ainsi qu’une clé pratique permettant.de les différencier. Enfin, avant de présenter pour chaque espèce, diagnose et principales caracléristiques biologiques nous donnons pour les principaux bassins l’inventaire faunistique en Alestiini. Pour demeurer le plus homogène possible et pour éviter au maximum les répétitions, il nous a paru souhaitable de 7 prendre les espèces genre par genre,.puis à l'interieur de chacun d’eux groupe par g'roupe et enfin affinité par affinité. En conclusion nous déoaqerons les traits essentiels de la biogéographie des Alestes et Brycinus et tenterons de nous interroger à partir de 1.à sur la structure faunistique des bassins en tenant compte des problèmes de dispersion et de spéciationqui ont pu se produire. Nous tenons à préc.iser que toutes les données originales sont de notre ressort. Nous n’avons en effet accepté le concours d ‘aucune aide technique afin de limiter au maximum les erreurs de comptages et de mensurations. En dehors des populations ouest-africaines que nous avons pu examiner directement sur le terrain, nous avons eu accès aux collections d.e différents Musées dont nous tenons à remercier les responsables pour l'aide offerte: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris .(3. Daget), Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale de Tervuren (D.E.F. Thys van den Audenaerde), Dritish Museum (Natural History) de Londres (P.H. Greenwood), Albany Miseum de Graham,stown (P.H. Skelton), American Museum of Natural History d.e New York (C. Scheifer), Acadamy of Naturel Sciences de Philadelphie (W.F. Smith-Lanis), Naturhistoriska 8 Riksmuseet de Stockholm (S.O. Kullander), Naturhistorisch Museum de Vienne (R. Hacker), South African Museum de Capetown (P.A. Hulley) Senckenberg Museum de Francfort (W. Klausewitz) et Zoologisches Museum Humboldt Universitat de Berlin (H.3. Paepke). Nous profitons de cet avant -propos pour exprimer nos remerciements à la Direction Générale de l’Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer qui nous a donné toute facilité pour visiter certaines collections. Rappelons également que le Proqramme de Lutte contre 1'0nchocercose sou5 l’égide de l'organisation Mondiale de la Santé nous a permis par des conventions de recherche avec 1’ORSTOM d’ effectuer de nombreuses missions fructueuses en Afrique Occidentale. Nous remercions également les rédacteurs des revues suivantes oui nous ont permis de reproduire un certain nombre de bons dessins que nous n’avons pu exécuter à partir de spécimens parfois en tres mauvais état: Direction du British Museum (A. dentex, 8. brevis, -B. intermedius et B. jacksonii), Direction du Museo do Dundo (A. macrophthalmus, B. kinysleyae et 6. lateralis), Revue de Zoologie Africaine (B. nigricauda) et Direction de 1'Unlversité d’Abidjan (hybride d'A. baremoze). 9 INTRODUCTION Décrites sous plusieurs noms génériques, toutes les espèces étudiées ici furent regroupées par Boulenger (1909) dans le genre Alestes. Par la suite divers auteurs ont reconnu l'existence de caractères distinctifs permettant de séparer deux ou plusieurs genres . Ainsi Cockerell (lPlO), étudiant les écailles, conserve ce genre mais y décèle deux groupes et.Myers (1929) après une étude ostéologique du crâne démembre le genre Alestes en deux: les Alestes S.S. ' Muller & Troschel 1844 (type -A. dentex) et les 'Brycinus Valenciennes 1849 (type -8. macrolepidotus), ce dernier genre étant notamment caractérisé par l’abscence de fontanelle fronto-pariétale. En 1950 Monod se basant sur 11 caractères tant anatomiques que morphoiogiques a essayé de déterminer la valeur de chacun d “eux pour sépa.rer les,genres Alestes et Brycinus. Il conclut: “(...) il Sembler:a difficile d'attribuer aux deux derniers groupes reconnus, une valeur générique; si on le faisait,. les noms d’Ale’stes Muller & Troschel,'1844 et Brycinus Valenciennes, 1849 pourraient servir (...) ll. Dans son travail, Monod eut le mérite non plus de comparer les espèces types de chaque groupe qui sont par définition assez différentes, mais de montrer qu'entre chaque forme caractéristique exist'aiént des espèces. intermédiaires rendant les limites floues tant il existe de 10 chevauchements pour chaque caractère. Hoedeman (1951 et 1959) s’appuyant sur la littérature, multiplie les genres (Alestes, Alestobrycon, Bryconalestes, Brachyalestes et Brycinus ) et les sous-genres (Alestogrammus et Alestiops). Une telle profusion qui n’est pas justifiée à notre avis est le plus souvent inexplicable car certaines espèces assez proches (grandisquamis et poptae) sont rangées dans des genres différents. Inversement, d'autres relativement éloignées sont réunies dans- le même groupe (macrophthalmus et lateralis). Enfin A .abeli qui est considéré tantôt comme un Alestopetersius (Alestogrammus), tantôt comme un Phenacogrammus (Alestogrammus), possède bien la dentition typique des Alestes. Géry (1968) conserve la classification de Myers mais isole 6 groupes à l'intérieur du genre Brycinus. Bien qu’assez homogènes, Ces divisions conduisent à des regroupements assez étonnants, comme Par exemple l'existence d’un groupe rutilus comprenant en outre .vittatus et stolatus. Or A. rutilus est synonyme d’A.- macrolepidotus (Paugy > 1982) alors que les deux autres sont en réalité des Micralestes: A. vittatus = M.vittat,us (Poli, 1967) et A. stolatus = M. stormsi (Paugy & Poli, 1982). De même, il est curieux de constater qu’ A. dageti fait partie du groupe longipinnis alors qu'il est tout au plus une sous-espèce d'A. nurse. En plus des genres Alestes et Brycinus,‘Poll
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