Odchod Amerických Vojsk Z Vietnamu Během Let 1968 – 1973 V Mezinárodním Kontextu Jan Němec

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Odchod Amerických Vojsk Z Vietnamu Během Let 1968 – 1973 V Mezinárodním Kontextu Jan Němec Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Bakalářská práce Odchod amerických vojsk z Vietnamu během let 1968 – 1973 v mezinárodním kontextu Jan Němec Plzeň 2013 Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra historických věd Studijní program Historické vědy Studijní obor Obecné dějiny Bakalářská práce Odchod amerických vojsk z Vietnamu během let 1968 – 1973 v mezinárodním kontextu Jan Němec Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Dipl.-Pol. Martin Jeřábek, Ph.D. Katedra historických věd Fakulta filozofická Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Plzeň 2013 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedených pramenů a literatury. Plzeň, duben 2013 ……………………… Tímto bych rád poděkoval vedoucímu práce PhDr. Dipl.-Pol. Martinu Jeřábkovi, Ph.D. za cenné připomínky, ochotu a vstřícnost při vypracování této bakalářské práce. OBSAH 1 ÚVOD........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Cíle a struktura práce .................................................................... 1 1.2 Metodologie ................................................................................... 2 1.3 Zhodnocení literatury ..................................................................... 3 2 SPOJENÉ STÁTY AMERICKÉ A VÁLKA VE VIETNAMU ........ 5 3 POSTOJE MEZINÁRODNÍCH AKTÉRŮ K VÁLCE VE VIETNAMU ................................................................................... 9 3.1 Sovětský svaz ................................................................................ 9 3.2 Čína ............................................................................................. 13 3.3 OSN ............................................................................................. 16 3.4 Velká Británie ............................................................................... 20 3.5 Francie ......................................................................................... 23 3.6 Japonsko...................................................................................... 24 4 OFENZÍVA TET .......................................................................... 28 4.1 Bitva o Khe Sanh ......................................................................... 28 4.2 Útok na jihovietnamská města ..................................................... 29 5 VLIV OFENZÍVY TET NA DALŠÍ VÝVOJ VÁLKY .................... 32 6 PRŮBĚH MÍROVÝCH JEDNÁNÍ ............................................... 35 6.1 Jednání v Paříži ........................................................................... 35 6.2 Tajná jednání mezi Henry Kissingerem a Le Duc Thoem ........... 38 7 MÍROVÁ DOHODA Z ROKU 1973 A JEJÍ HODNOCENÍ ......... 42 8 ODCHOD AMERICKÝCH VOJSK Z VIETNAMU A SJEDNOCENI ZEMĚ V ROCE 1975 ......................................... 46 7.1 Vietnamizace konfliktu ................................................................. 46 7.2 Zahájení stahování a postupný odchod amerických vojsk .......... 48 7.3 Cesta ke sjednocení Vietnamu v roce 1975 ................................ 49 9 ZÁVĚR ........................................................................................ 52 10 SEZNAM ZKRATEK .................................................................. 55 11 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY ............................................ 56 11.1 Literatura .................................................................................... 56 11.2 Elektronické zdroje .................................................................... 57 11.2.1 Dokumenty a dobový tisk ................................................ 57 11.2.2 Písemné publikace .......................................................... 60 11.2.3 Články ............................................................................. 61 11.3 Internetové zdroje ...................................................................... 64 12 RESUMÉ .................................................................................... 65 13 PŘÍLOHY .................................................................................... 66 13.1 Obrazová příloha ....................................................................... 66 13.2 Časová osa ................................................................................ 70 1 ÚVOD Po porážce Francouzů u Dien Bien Phu v roce 1954 se konala Ženevská konference. Zúčastněné státy zde jednaly o budoucnosti této země. Výsledkem konference bylo několik dohod. Celý Vietnam byl rozdělen na dvě země. Jižní Vietnam s vládou v Saigonu a Severní Vietnam s vládou v Hanoji. Pomyslnou hranici mezi těmito státy tvořila 17. rovnoběžka. Vietnam se měl sjednotit podle výsledků demokratických voleb, které se v zemi měly konat do dvou let. Spojené státy americké se ihned po konferenci začaly ve Vietnamu angažovat. Problém pro ně představovalo osvobozenecké levicové hnutí Viet Minh vedené Ho Či Minhem. Viet Minh nabýval na síle a Washington chtěl dostat Jižní Vietnam z komunistického vlivu. Spojené státy ale nejdříve musely vytvořit v Saigonu vládu, která by jim byla nakloněna. Vhodnou osobou se stal přesvědčený antikomunista Ngo Dinh Diem. Po zmanipulovaných volbách se Diem stal prezidentem Jižního Vietnamu. Nebyl ale dostatečně silný, aby mohl zvítězit v celostátních volbách. Proto Spojené státy dohodnuté volby odmítly a argumentovaly tím, že nepodepsaly Ženevskou smlouvu. V té době již americký prezident Eisenhower zasílal Saigonu hospodářskou a vojenskou pomoc. V roce 1955 působilo v Jižním Vietnamu 700 amerických poradců. Severovietnamská armáda také sílila a posílala své instruktory, kteří cvičili komunistické partyzány na území Jižního Vietnamu. Napětí ve Vietnamu sílilo a docházelo častým střetům mezi partyzány a ARVN. Spojené státy se do války oficiálně zapojily v roce 1964 po severovietnamské agresi v Tonkinském zálivu. 1.1 Cíle a struktura práce V bakalářské práci hodlám najít odpovědi na otázku, jaké byly příčiny odchodu amerických vojsk z Vietnamu. Pro odpověď jsem si stanovil tři základní hypotézy, které vyvrátím nebo potvrdím v závěru mé práce. První hypotézou je tlak západních mocností včetně OSN na Spojené státy, aby ukončili svoji účast ve Vietnamu. Druhou hypotézou je 1 obava Spojených států z možného vojenského střetnutí se Sovětským svazem nebo s Čínou. Třetí hypotézou, která vedla ke stažení Američanů z Vietnamu, je reakce veřejného mínění ve Spojených státech po ofenzívě Tet, kdy se občané Spojených států začali stavět k válce negativně a chtěli co nejrychlejší ukončení konfliktu. Práce je rozdělena do tří hlavních částí. V první části se věnuji ofenzívě Tet a jejími důsledky. Ofenzívu Tet považuji za zlomový bod celé války, protože měla značný psychologický dopad na veřejné mínění ve Spojených státech. Ofenzíva znamenala velké vojenské vítězství americké armády. Paradoxně po tomto vítězství lid v Americe požadoval ukončení konfliktu ve Vietnamu prostřednictvím masivních demonstrací. Ve druhé části se zabývám postojem mezinárodních aktérů. Válka ve Vietnamu zasáhla také mezinárodní sféru. Hlavně pak tradiční soupeření dvou bloků ve studené válce. Západní svět včetně OSN se pokoušel najít co nejrychleji mírové řešení. Do války se nezapojil výraznou měrou žádný třetí stát. Ve třetí části analyzuji pařížská mírová jednání a samotný odchod amerických vojsk. Hledání míru bylo kvůli postoji Hanoji a Washingtonu velmi složité. Nikdo nechtěl zpočátku dělat ústupky. K vyjednání mírů přispěla tajná jednání, která probíhala současně s mírovými rozhovory v Paříži. Spojené státy začaly stahovat své vojáky z Vietnamu již v průběhu mírových zasedání. 1.2 Metodologie Hlavním zdrojem pro vypracování této práce bude primární i sekundární literatura. Budu vycházet z převážně historických studií v anglickém jazyce, elektronických archivních dokumentů a z dobových i současných cizojazyčných periodik. Nejčastěji v této práci bude využívána přímá i nepřímá historická metoda. Přímou metodou prozkoumám dobové cizojazyčné archiválie dostupné z internetových zdrojů a paměti přímých aktérů. Nepřímou metodu použiji pro analýzu české i cizojazyčné literatury. V jednotlivých 2 kapitolách a podkapitolách postupuji podle progresivní metody.1 Sleduji zde postup událostí, jak po sobě časově následovaly. Hlavní část práce jsem ale strukturoval paralelně s ohledem na časovou osu. V práci se zabývám zlomovým bodem války v roce 1968 až do odchodu amerických vojsk v roce 1973, ovšem mezinárodní postoj k válce ve Vietnamu popisuji v průběhu celého amerického zapojení. V kontextu získaných informací poté provedu analýzu všech aspektů, které pak utvoří argumentační prostor, při níž zodpovím výzkumnou otázku práce. 1.3 Zhodnocení literatury Pro popis událostí během ofenzívy mi nejvíce pomohla kniha Dějiny vietnamské války2 od Marca Freye, který se zabývá převážně politikou Spojených států ve druhé polovině 20. století ve Vietnamu. Další kniha, z které jsem čerpal k tomuto tématu, je Úplná historie Vietnamské války3 od amerického autora Douglese Welshe. Welsh je americký vojenský historik a je rovněž veterán vietnamské války. Jeho studie tedy obsahuje množství faktických údajů o ofenzívě Tet. Ke studii mezinárodního pojetí války jsem čerpal převážně z cizojazyčných zdrojů. Výchozí kniha pro mě byla Allied participation in Vietnam4 od Stanleyho Larsena a Jamese Collinse. Kniha obsahuje přehled všech zemí, které se do války ve Vietnamu přímo zapojily, a stručně popisuje úkony těchto zemí ve válce. Státy, které jsem se ve své práci zohlednil, mají svoji samostatnou hlavní studii. Některé se věnují přímo danému tématu např.:
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