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Ecology of Mountain Goats in the Absaroka Range, South-Central

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Ecology of Mountain Goats in the Absaroka Range, South-Central Ecology of mountain goats in the Absaroka Range, south-central Montana by Nathan Crane Lentz Varley A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Fish and Wildlife Management Montana State University © Copyright by Nathan Crane Lentz Varley (1996) Abstract: A 3 year field study of mountain goat ecology was conducted in the Absaroka Range of south-central Montana. Mountain goats were introduced to the Absarokas in 1956 by the state of Montana. The population increased after introduction then declined in the early 1970’s. A compensatory response followed the decline and the population level remained stabile through the 1980's. Population trend counts in 1993-95 are more than double any previous count. From the initial introduction site, the population has expanded its distribution southward and eastward within the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness. In the last 20 years, goats have become established in the northeast comer of Yellowstone National Park in northwest Wyoming. Sporadic sightings occurred in the interior regions of the park during the study. Density of goats within 4 units of the 300 km^2 study area varied. Population composition in the study units appeared to be related to different rates of population growth depending on period of subpopulation residency. Preferred habitats were typically wet, rocky areas with patchy, succulent vegetation. Cliff ledge habitats were used intensively for feeding and bedding. Goats most often fed within or nearby steep escape terrain. Fall diet of goats predominantly included graminoids (76%) and forbs (20%). Forage taxa in representative habitats contributed to fall food habits in proportion to their estimated abundance. Fall diet of native bighorn sheep was similar to mountain goats; however, bighorn sheep preferred moderately dry, open meadows with abundant vegetation throughout much of the summer and early fall. Differences in habitat selection and feeding behavior enabled the species to avoid direct competition in feeding areas during summer and fall. ECOLOGY OF MOUNTAIN GOATS IN THE AB SAROKA RANGE, SOUTH-CENTRAL MONTANA by Nathan Crane Lentz Varley A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Cf Master of Science in Fish and Wildlife Management MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana January 1996 V1I^cI+ APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Nathan Crane Lentz Varley This thesis has been read by each member of the graduate committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the College of Graduate Studies. Date Chairperson, Graduate Committee Approved for the Major Department 2-2 , /996 D a te Head^Major DepartmeffT Approved for the College of Graduate Studies Date Graduate Dean STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with "fair use" as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extensive quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Signature ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the individuals who contributed to this study. Dr. Harold Picton, committee chair, gave direction, advice, and help on the manuscript; as well as, showed great patience in the five-year process. John Varley of the National Park Service (NPS) inspired in me the idea for this study and aided in the preparation of the manuscript. Dr. Tom Lemke of Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP) shared much helpful advice, information, and data. Committee members, Drs. Lynn Irby, Tom McMahon, and Kathy Hansen gave advice and reviewed the manuscript Doug Houston (NBS) and Paul Schullery (NPS), provided valuable suggestions which greatly improved the manuscript Keith Aune, MFWP biologist, contributed wildlife lab support with rumen analysis. Dr. Matt Lavin of the MSU herbarium helped in plant identification and guided preparation of specimens. Phil Fames and the Snow Course Survey personnel provided climate data and assistance with analysis. Christopher Lohss became a valued field assistant and trusted friend in 1991- 1993. Ryan Brockbank's contributions to field operations in 1993 were a pleasure. Michael Jones generously donated his pilot skills for aerial surveys in 1991 and 1992. Pamela and Fritz Dressier generously provided field equipemenL Scott Van Fbssen participated in data collection in 1993. My supportive family made collective and individual contributions and sacrifices throughout the study. The study was funded by the International Orderof Rocky Mountain Goats of Salida, Colorado, The Cinnabar Foundation, and The Center for High Elevation Studies at Montana State University. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS page APPROVAL PAGE......................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE............................................................. iii VITA.......................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................... vi UST OF TABLES.................................................................................................... vii UST OF HGURES.................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... I STUDY AREA............................................................................................................ 4 METHODS........................................................................................................ 13 Population Trend and Distribution ..................................................................... 13 Aerial Surveys................................................................................ 13 Visitor Reports.................................................................................... 13 Climatic Indices.................................................................................................. 14 Density and Composition ............................................................................... 15 Resource Use...................................................................................................... 15 Habitat Use.......................................................................................... 15 Diet......................................................... 16 Bighorn Sheep................................................................................................. 17 RESULTS.................................................................................................................... 18 Population T rend............................................................................................. 18 Climatic Effects.................................................................................................. 21 vii Population Distribution................................................................................... 22 Distribution.......................................................................................... 22 Gender-selected Distribution .............................................................. 22 Yellowstone Park Visitor Reports ...................................................... 24 Population Density.......................................................................................... 27 Population Composition.................................................................................. 31 Mountain Goat Resource Use .............................................. 33 Feeding Sites....................................................................................... 33 Parturition Sites .................................................................................. 39 Winter-use Sites.................................................................................. 41 Diet.......................................................... 42 Vegetation........................................................................................... 45 Mineral Use......................................................................................... 45 Bighorn Sheep Observations .......................................................................... 45 Composition......................................... 45 Feeding Sites....................................................................................... 47 Diet................................. Mineral Use ................... Interspecific Interactions $o DISCUSSION............................................................................................................. 49 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS.......................................................................... 62
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