DOCSLIB.ORG

Strength Envelopes for Florida Rock and Intermediate Geomaterials

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Strength Envelopes for Florida Rock and Intermediate Geomaterials STRENGTH ENVELOPES FOR FLORIDA ROCK AND INTERMEDIATE GEOMATERIALS By THAI NGUYEN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Thai Nguyen ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and thank the following important people who have supported me throughout my Ph.D. program. First and foremost, to Dr. Michael McVay, who provided me with great guidance in this research effort. In all of Dr. McVay’s classes, he always packs in a lot of material so that students have to swim fast to avoid losing track. Following him, I packed a lot of material in some of my conference presentations, but I have yet been able to talk fast and keep all the audience awake. Special thanks go to Dr. Scott Wasman, Dr. Xiaoyu Song, and Dr. Timothy Townsend for their guidance and support. I am blessed with the tremendous help from numerous people involved with the research project: David Horhota, Rodrigo Herrera, Juan Castellanos, Larry Jones, Jose Hernando, Dino Jameson, Glenn Johnston, Chen Weng, Beth Machosky, William Greenwood, Dan Pitocchi, Brian Strode, Barbara Beatty, Awilda Merced, Jon Sinnreich, Richard Booze, Wing-Kong Cha, Wei Meng, Zaid Ajlani, Austin Smith, Ashton Huff, Kaiqi Wang, and Kunyu Yang. I am thankful for my friends here in and outside the University of Florida for their encouragement and support. I am deeply grateful for my dad, my in-laws, my brother’s family, and all my extended families for cheering me up from half a world away in my home country – Vietnam. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, my son, and my daughter for their love and supporting me emotionally during my stay at school. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 15 2 FLORIDA SURFACE ROCK GEOLOGY AND GENERAL TERMINOLOGIES ............ 18 2.1 Geology of Florida Surface Rocks .............................................................................. 18 2.2 Example Pictures of Florida Rocks ............................................................................. 22 2.3 General Carbonate-Rock Terminologies..................................................................... 23 3 OVERVIEW OF CONVENTIONAL LABORATORY TESTS FOR CARBONATE- ROCKS .................................................................................................................................. 29 3.1 Porosity and Unit Weight Tests .................................................................................. 29 3.2 Carbonate Content Test ............................................................................................... 33 3.3 Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ............................................................................... 34 3.4 Brazilian Splitting Test ............................................................................................... 35 3.5 Unconfined Compression Test .................................................................................... 37 4 PROPERTIES OF CARBONATE-ROCKS AND IGMS ..................................................... 44 4.1 Florida Data ................................................................................................................. 44 4.2 Florida Carbonate-Rock Porosity and Unit Weight Results ....................................... 44 4.3 Florida Carbonate-Rock Minerals ............................................................................... 46 4.4 Subsurface Spatial Variability..................................................................................... 48 4.5 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 49 5 SPLITTING TENSION AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTHS OF FLORIDA CARBONATE-ROCKS AND IGMS ................................................................. 58 5.1 Necessity for Florida Rock Strength Correlation ........................................................ 58 5.2 Brazilian Splitting Tension Strength Test (BST) ........................................................ 60 5.3 Unconfined Compression Strength qu ......................................................................... 64 5.4 Unconfined Strengths of Marls ................................................................................... 68 5.5 Stress – Strain Behavior .............................................................................................. 69 5.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 70 6 STRENGTH ENVELOPES OF FLORIDA CARBONATE-ROCKS AND IGMS ............. 82 4 6.1 Existing Strength Envelopes ....................................................................................... 82 6.2 Triaxial System for Rock Testing ............................................................................... 88 6.3 Triaxial Hoek-cell ....................................................................................................... 89 6.4 Displacement or Strain Measurements........................................................................ 90 6.5 Range of Triaxial Confining Pressures ....................................................................... 91 6.6 Triaxial Stress-Strain and Volumetric Responses of Florida Carbonate-rocks .......... 93 6.7 Extension Test Results ................................................................................................ 96 6.8 Intact-rock Strength Envelope .................................................................................... 98 6.9 Simplified Intact-rock Strength Envelope ................................................................. 102 6.10 Rock Mass Strength Envelope .................................................................................. 106 6.10.1 Weight-adjusted Strength Envelope .............................................................. 107 6.10.2 Recovery-adjusted Strength Envelope ........................................................... 108 6.11 Summary ................................................................................................................... 110 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 132 APPENDIX A ROCK CORE DESCRIPTIONS ......................................................................................... 136 B ROCK CORE PICTURES ................................................................................................... 138 C ROCK TRIAXIAL TEST PROCEDURE ........................................................................... 149 C.1 Sigma-1 Features ....................................................................................................... 149 C.2 Sample Preparation ................................................................................................... 150 C.3 Isotropic Loading to 3max ......................................................................................... 151 C.3 Deviatoric (Shear) Loading ....................................................................................... 152 C.4 End Test .................................................................................................................... 152 D PICTURES OF SPECIMENS AFTER TRIAXIAL TESTS ............................................... 153 E REPRESENTATIVE INDIVIDUAL TEST RESULTS ..................................................... 156 F RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE TO ESTABLISH STRENGTH ENVELOPE OF A DESIGN PROJECT ............................................................................................................. 171 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 178 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...................................................................................................... 182 5 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Mineral specific gravities from literature ......................................................................... 38 3-2 Proposed vug descriptions ................................................................................................ 38 3-3 Proposed porosity descriptions ......................................................................................... 38 3-4 Typical carbonate-rock strengths ...................................................................................... 38 4-1 List of projects in data set #1 ............................................................................................ 50 4-2 List of projects in data set #2 ............................................................................................ 51 4-3 Carbonate content versus XRD interpreted results ........................................................... 52 4-4 Estimated mineral components from carbonate content and specific gravity results ....... 52 5-1 Splitting tension formation factor (Ft) .............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Exhibit Specimen List FLORIDA SUBMERGED the Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene (145 to 34 Million Years Ago) PARADISE ISLAND
    Exhibit Specimen List FLORIDA SUBMERGED The Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene (145 to 34 million years ago) FLORIDA FORMATIONS Avon Park Formation, Dolostone from Eocene time; Citrus County, Florida; with echinoid sand dollar fossil (Periarchus lyelli); specimen from Florida Geological Survey Avon Park Formation, Limestone from Eocene time; Citrus County, Florida; with organic layers containing seagrass remains from formation in shallow marine environment; specimen from Florida Geological Survey Ocala Limestone (Upper), Limestone from Eocene time; Jackson County, Florida; with foraminifera; specimen from Florida Geological Survey Ocala Limestone (Lower), Limestone from Eocene time; Citrus County, Florida; specimens from Tanner Collection OTHER Anhydrite, Evaporite from early Cenozoic time; Unknown location, Florida; from subsurface core, showing evaporite sequence, older than Avon Park Formation; specimen from Florida Geological Survey FOSSILS Tethyan Gastropod Fossil, (Velates floridanus); In Ocala Limestone from Eocene time; Barge Canal spoil island, Levy County, Florida; specimen from Tanner Collection Echinoid Sea Biscuit Fossils, (Eupatagus antillarum); In Ocala Limestone from Eocene time; Barge Canal spoil island, Levy County, Florida; specimens from Tanner Collection Echinoid Sea Biscuit Fossils, (Eupatagus antillarum); In Ocala Limestone from Eocene time; Mouth of Withlacoochee River, Levy County, Florida; specimens from John Sacha Collection PARADISE ISLAND The Oligocene (34 to 23 million years ago) FLORIDA FORMATIONS Suwannee
    [Show full text]
  • Lacustrine Coquinas and Hybrid Deposits from Rift Phase Pre-Salt
    Journal of South American Earth Sciences 95 (2019) 102254 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of South American Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsames Lacustrine coquinas and hybrid deposits from rift phase: Pre-Salt, lower T Cretaceous, Campos Basin, Brazil Vinicius Carbone Bernardes de Oliveiraa,b,*, Carlos Manuel de Assis Silvaa, Leonardo Fonseca Borghib, Ismar de Souza Carvalhob a Petrobras Research and Development Center (CENPES), Avenida Horacio de Macedo, 950, Ilha do Fundao – Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-915, Brazil b Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciencias Matematicas e da Natureza, Instituto de Geociencias, Departamento de Geologia, Programa de Pos-graduacao em Geologia, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, Bloco F, Ilha do Fundao – Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This study presents a facies characterization, facies succession and conceptual depositional model of the Pre-salt Coqueiros Formation, Lower Cretaceous of Campos Basin, based on core analyses of two wells. WELL-1 is a Rift sedimentation shallow water drilling located at south of Campos Basin within the Badejo structural high, and WELL-2 is an ultra Coquinas deep water drilling located at north, over the “External High”. Ten carbonate facies, three siliciclastic facies, two Hybrid deposits magnesium clay mineral rich facies and two hybrid facies were identified. The carbonate facies were defined as Lower cretaceous rudstone, grainstone, packstone and mud supported carbonate rock, composed of bivalves, ostracods, and rare gastropods. Bivalve shells, mostly disarticulated with distinct degrees of fragmentation, characterized the main components of the ten carbonate facies.
    [Show full text]
  • How Pumping Sands on NC Beaches
    The Risks of Renourishment: North Carolina Coastal Federation How pumping sand on North Carolina’s beaches can affect Sea Turtles, Mole Crabs and other Critters April 2002 Who We Are The North Carolina Coastal Federation (NCCF) is the state’s largest non-profit organization working to restore and protect the coast. NCCF headquarters are at 3609 Highway 24 in Ocean between Morehead City and Swansboro and are open Monday through Friday. The headquarters houses NCCF’s main offices, a nature shop, library, and information area. NCCF also operates a field office at 3806-B Park Avenue in Wilmington. For more information call 252-393-8185 or visit our website at www.nccoast.org. This report was written by Ted Wilgis, the Federation’s Cape Fear Coastkeeper, and edited by Frank Tursi, the Cape Lookout Coastkeeper, and Jim Stephenson, Program Analyst. All are closely monitoring beach renourishment projects in North Carolina during the time covered in this report. Wilgis and Tursi also took all of the photographs. Cover Photo Bulldozers work the new sand being pumped onto the beach at Fort Macon State Park in Carteret County. 2 Index Executive Summary.................................................4 Recommendations....................................................5 Background..............................................................6 Sea Turtles ........................................................ 7-11 Mole Crabs and Other Critters...............................12 Other Effects ..........................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Ordovician and Silurian Stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley and Parts of the Adjacent Valley and Ridge, Tennessee
    Upper Ordovician and Silurian Stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley and Parts of the Adjacent Valley and Ridge, Tennessee GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 996 Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Division of Geology Upper Ordovician and Silurian Stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley and Parts of the Adjacent Valley and Ridge, Tennessee By ROBERT C. MILICI and HELMUTH WEDOW, JR. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 996 Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Division of Geology UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1977 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Milici, Robert C 1931- Upper Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley and parts of the adjacent valley and ridge, Tennessee. (Geological Survey professional paper; 996) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:996 1. Geology, Stratigraphic--Ordovician. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic--Silurian. 3. Geology--Tennessee--Sequatchie Valley. 4. Geology--Tennessee--Chattanooga region. I. Wedow, Helmuth, 1917- joint author. II: Title. Upper Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley .... III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper; 996. QE660.M54 551.7'310976877 76-608170 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-03002·1 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • GROUND-WATER RESOURCES of FLAGLER COUNTY, FLORIDA by A.S
    GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF FLAGLER COUNTY, FLORIDA By A.S. Navoy and L.A. Bradner U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4021 Prepared in cooperation with FLAGLER COUNTY and the ST. JOHNS RIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Tallahassee, Florida 1987 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL MODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can write to: be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section Suite 3015 Federal Center, Bldg. 810 227 North Bronough Street Box 25425 Tallahassee, Florida 32301 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................. 1 Introduction......................................................... 2 Purpose and scope............................................... 2 Previous investigations.......................................... 2 Acknowledgments................................................. 4 Environmental setting........................... ..................... 4 Physiography and drainage....................................... 4 Rainfall and evapotranspiration................................. 6 Geology......................................................... 6 Hydrogeology......................................................... 8 Aquifers........................................................ 8 Upper Floridan aquifer..................................... 8 Intermediate aquifer system...............................
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Facies/Geometries of the Pre-Salt Limestone Units and Newly-Identified Exploration Trends Within the Santos and Campos Basins, Brazil
    Seismic facies/geometries of the pre-salt limestone units and newly-identified exploration trends within the Santos and Campos basins, Brazil Senira Kattah *, PGS Petroleum Geo-Services Yermek Balabekov, PGS Petroleum Geo-Services Copyright 2015, SBGf - Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica exploration targets in the pre-salt succession of Campos and Santos basins, proven by successful performance This paper was prepared for presentation during the 14th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 3-6, 2015. tests on Búzios and Libra discoveries. Contents of this paper were reviewed by the Technical Committee of the 14th The pre-salt hydrocarbon play fairway extends from the International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society and do not necessarily represent any position of the SBGf, its officers or members. Electronic reproduction or Santos basin in the south through the Campos basin to storage of any part of this paper for commercial purposes without the written consent the north, possibly reaching the Espirito Santo Basin. It is of the Brazilian Geophysical Society is prohibited. ____________________________________________________________________ approximately 800 km from SW to NE and 200 km from NW to SE, extending into water depths exceeding 2,000 Abstract m. The NE trend approximates to the crustal extension of Based on preliminary seismic/geological the Early Cretaceous rift fabric, whereas the NW trend interpretation of nearly 36,000 sq. km of 3D PSDM reflects transfer/accomodation zones with transpression surveys and analogies with the pre-salt hydrocarbon and/or transtension regimes, mostly active during late commercial and sub-commercial discoveries, this phases of the rift development.
    [Show full text]
  • Simulation of Ground-Water Discharge to Biscayne Bay, Southeastern Florida
    Simulation of Ground-Water Discharge to Biscayne Bay, Southeastern Florida U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared as part of the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PLACE-BASED STUDIES PROGRAM and in cooperation with the U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS Rainfall Surface water in Everglades Biscayne Evapotranspiration Recharge Bay Submarine ground-water Canal Canal discharge Water table Water table Lateral BISCAYNE boundary AQUIFER flow Freshwater Municipal Municipal well field well field Brackish water Seawater Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4251 Simulation of Ground-Water Discharge to Biscayne Bay, Southeastern Florida By Christian D. Langevin U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4251 Prepared as part of the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Place-Based Studies Program and in cooperation with the U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS Tallahassee, Florida 2001 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director Use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Suite 3015 Box 25286 227 N. Bronough Street Denver, CO 80225-0286 Tallahassee, FL 32301 888-ASK-USGS Additional information about water resources in Florida is available on the World Wide Web at http://fl.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Florida Local Abundance of Quartz Sand
    28390_00_cover.qxd 1/16/09 4:03 PM Page 1 Summary of Content The geologic past of Florida is mostly out of sight with its maximum elevation at only ~105 m (in the panhandle) and much of south Florida is virtually flat. The surface of Florida is dominated by subtle shorelines from previous sea-level high-stands, karst-generated lakes, and small river drainage basins What we see are modern geologic (and biologic) environments, some that are world famous such as the Everglades, the coral reefs, and the beaches. But, where did all of this come from? Does Florida have a geologic history other than the usual mantra about having been “derived from the sea”? If so, what events of the geologic past converged to produce the Florida we see today? Toanswer these questions, this module has two objectives: (1) to provide a rapid transit through geologic time to describe the key events of Florida’s past emphasizing processes, and (2) to present the high-profile modern geologic features in Florida that have made the State a world-class destination for visitors. About the Author Albert C. Hine is the Associate Dean and Professor in the College of Marine Science at the University of South Florida. He earned his A.B. from Dartmouth College; M.S. from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst; and Ph.D. from the University of South Carolina, Columbia—all in the geological sciences. Dr. Hine is a broadly-trained geological oceanographer who has addressed sedimentary geology and stratigraphy problems from the estuarine system out to the base of slope.
    [Show full text]
  • BISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK the Florida Keys Begin with Soldier Key in the Northern Section of the Park and Continue to the South and West
    CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND HISTORY GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF BISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK The Florida Keys begin with Soldier Key in the northern section of the Park and continue to the south and west. The upper Florida Keys (from Soldier to Big Pine Key) are the remains of a shallow coral patch reef that thrived one hundred thousand or more years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch. The ocean level subsided during the following glacial period, exposing the coral to die in the air and sunlight. The coral was transformed into a stone often called coral rock, but more correctly termed Key Largo limestone. The other limestones of the Florida peninsula are related to the Key Largo; all are basically soft limestones, but with different bases. The nearby Miami oolitic limestone, for example, was formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from seawater into tiny oval particles (oolites),2 while farther north along the Florida east coast the coquina of the Anastasia formation was formed around the shells of Pleistocene sea creatures. When the first aboriginal peoples arrived in South Florida approximately 10,000 years ago, Biscayne Bay was a freshwater marsh or lake that extended from the rocky hills of the present- day keys to the ridge that forms the current Florida coast. The retreat of the glaciers brought about a gradual rise in global sea levels and resulted in the inundation of the basin by seawater some 4,000 years ago. Two thousand years later, the rising waters levelled off, leaving the Florida Keys, mainland, and Biscayne Bay with something similar to their current appearance.3 The keys change.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Background and Anthropogenic Arsenic Enrichment in Florida Soils, Surface Water, and Groundwater: a Review with a Discussion on Public Health Risk
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Natural Background and Anthropogenic Arsenic Enrichment in Florida Soils, Surface Water, and Groundwater: A Review with a Discussion on Public Health Risk Thomas M. Missimer 1,*, Christopher M. Teaf 2, William T. Beeson 3, Robert G. Maliva 1,4, John Woolschlager 1 and Douglas J. Covert 5 1 Emergent Technologies Institute, U. A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 16301 Innovation Lane, Fort Myers, FL 33913, USA; [email protected] (R.G.M.); [email protected] (J.W.) 2 Center for Biomedical & Toxicological Research, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA; [email protected] 3 Beeson Consulting, Inc., 12836 Kedleston Circle, Fort Myers, FL 33912, USA; [email protected] 4 WSP USA Inc., 1567 Hayley Lane, Suite 202, Fort Myers, FL 33907, USA 5 Hazardous Substance & Waste Management Research, 2976 Wellington Circle West, Tallahassee, FL 32309, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +239-810-3009 Received: 29 August 2018; Accepted: 14 October 2018; Published: 17 October 2018 Abstract: Florida geologic units and soils contain a wide range in concentrations of naturally- occurring arsenic. The average range of bulk rock concentrations is 1 to 13.1 mg/kg with concentrations in accessary minerals being over 1000 mg/kg. Florida soils contain natural arsenic concentrations which can exceed 10 mg/kg in some circumstances, with organic-rich soils often having the highest concentrations. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic have added about 610,000 metric tons of arsenic into the Florida environment since 1970, thereby increasing background concentrations in soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Biscayne Aquifer of Dade and Broward Counties, Florida
    Biscayne aquifer in Dade and Broward Counties, Florida Item Type monograph Authors Schroeder, Melvin C.; Klein, Howard; Hoy, Nevin D. Publisher Florida Geological Survey Download date 07/10/2021 07:06:01 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/19701 STATE OF FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF CONSERVATION Ernest Mitts, Director FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Herman Gunter, Director REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS NO. 17 BISCAYNE AQUIFER OF DADE AND BROWARD COUNTIES, FLORIDA By Melvin C. Schroeder, Howard Klein, and Nevin D. Hoy U. S. Geological Survey Prepared by the UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY in cooperation with the FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT DADE COUNTY CITIES OF MIAMI, MIAMI BEACH and FORT LAUDERDALE TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 1958 c-,3 .,r' to,/7 FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF CONSERVATION LEROY COLLINS Governor R. A. GRAY RICHARD ERVIN Secretary of State Attorney General J. EDWIN LARSON RAY E. GREEN Treasurer Comptroller THOMAS D. BAILEY NATHAN MAYO Superintendentof Public Instruction Commissioner of Agriculture ERNEST MITTS Director of Conservation ii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Tallahassee December 5, 1957 Mr. Ernest Mitts, Director Florida State Board of Conservation Tallahassee, Florida Dear Mr. Mitts: I am forwarding to you a report entitled, BISCAYNE AQUIFER OF DADE AND BROWARD COUNTIES, FLORIDA, which was pre- pared by Melvin C. Schroeder, Howard Klein, and Nevin D. Hoy, Geologists of the United States Geological Survey. The report was sub- mitted for publication March 15, 1956, and it is recommended that it be published as Report of Investigations No. 17. The Biscayne Aquifer is the principal source of water for the heavily populated area in the vicinity of West Palm Beach and Miami.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Histology of Acanthodian Fin Spines from the Late Silurian Ramsasa E Locality, Skane, Sweden Anna Jerve, Oskar Bremer, Sophie Sanchez, Per E
    Morphology and histology of acanthodian fin spines from the late Silurian Ramsasa E locality, Skane, Sweden Anna Jerve, Oskar Bremer, Sophie Sanchez, Per E. Ahlberg To cite this version: Anna Jerve, Oskar Bremer, Sophie Sanchez, Per E. Ahlberg. Morphology and histology of acanthodian fin spines from the late Silurian Ramsasa E locality, Skane, Sweden. Palaeontologia Electronica, Coquina Press, 2017, 20 (3), pp.20.3.56A-1-20.3.56A-19. 10.26879/749. hal-02976007 HAL Id: hal-02976007 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02976007 Submitted on 23 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Morphology and histology of acanthodian fin spines from the late Silurian Ramsåsa E locality, Skåne, Sweden Anna Jerve, Oskar Bremer, Sophie Sanchez, and Per E. Ahlberg ABSTRACT Comparisons of acanthodians to extant gnathostomes are often hampered by the paucity of mineralized structures in their endoskeleton, which limits the potential pres- ervation of phylogenetically informative traits. Fin spines, mineralized dermal struc- tures that sit anterior to fins, are found on both stem- and crown-group gnathostomes, and represent an additional potential source of comparative data for studying acantho- dian relationships with the other groups of early gnathostomes.
    [Show full text]