Threatsaurus the A-Z of Computer and Data Security Threats
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Threatsaurus The A-Z of computer and data security threats In collaboration with the Center for Internet Security The A-Z of computer and data security threats Whether you’re an IT professional, use a computer The company has more than two decades at work, or just browse the Internet, this book is of experience and a global network of threat for you. We explain the facts about threats to your analysis centers that allow us to respond rapidly computers and to your data in simple, easy-to- to emerging threats. Our headquarters are understand language. located in Boston, Mass., and Oxford, UK. Sophos frees IT managers to focus on their businesses. We provide endpoint, encryption, email, web and network security solutions that are simple to deploy, manage and use. Over 100 million users trust us for the best protection against today’s complex threats, and analysts endorse us as a leader. Copyright 2013 Sophos Limited. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise unless you have the prior permission in writing of the copyright owner. Sophos and Sophos Antivirus are registered trademarks of Sophos Limited, a company registered in England number 2096520, The Pentagon, Abingdon Science Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 3YP, UK and Sophos Group. All other product and company names mentioned are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Subscribe to our company blog blogs.sophos.com, and follow us on Twitter @Sophos_News and Facebook facebook.com/securitybysophos. The Center for Internet Security, Inc. is a 501c3 nonprofit organization focused on enhancing the cyber security readiness and response of public and private sector entities. CIS produces consensus-based, best practice secure configuration benchmarks and security automation content; serves as the key cyber security resource for state, local, territorial and tribal governments; and provides resources that help partners achieve security goals through expert guidance and cost-effective solutions. Learn more at cisecurity.org or @CISecurity. 1 Contents Introduction 3 A-Z of threats 5 Security software and hardware 53 Safety tips 73 Malware timeline 91 2 Introduction Everyone knows about computer viruses. Or at least they think they do. Thirty years ago, the first computer virus Today, malware is unlikely to delete your hard appeared, Elk Cloner, displaying a short poem disk, corrupt your spreadsheet, or display a when an infected computer booted up for the message. Such cyber-vandalism has given way 50th time. Since then, cybercriminals have to more lucrative exploits. Today’s viruses might created millions of viruses and other malware— encrypt all your files and demand a ransom. email viruses, Trojans, Internet worms, spyware, Or a hacker might blackmail a large company by keystroke loggers—some spreading worldwide threatening to launch a denial-of-service attack, and making headlines. which prevents customers from accessing the company’s website. Many people have heard about viruses that fill your computer screen with garbage or delete your More commonly, though, viruses don’t cause any files. In the popular imagination, malware still apparent damage or announce their presence means pranks or sabotage. The early 1990s saw at all. Instead, a virus might silently install a global panic about the Michelangelo virus. In the keystroke logger, which waits until the victim 2000s, when millions of computers were infected visits a banking website and then records with the SoBig-F virus and primed to download the user’s account details and password, and unknown programs from the web at a set time, forwards them to a hacker via the Internet. antivirus companies scrambled to persuade The hacker is an identity thief, using these details Internet service providers to shut down servers to clone credit cards or plunder bank accounts. to avoid a doomsday scenario. Hollywood movies The victim isn’t even aware that the computer has like Independence Day reinforced this perception, been infected. Once the virus has done its job, with virus attacks signaled by flashing screens it may delete itself to avoid detection. and alarms. Another trend is for malware to take over your However, this is far from the truth today. computer, turning it into a remote-controlled The threats are no less real now, but they are zombie. It uses your computer without your low-profile, well-targeted, and more likely to be knowledge to relay millions of profit-making about making cash than creating chaos. spam messages. Or, it may launch other malware attacks on unsuspecting computer users. 3 And as social networks like Facebook and Stealthy, small-scale, well-targeted: for now, Twitter have grown in popularity, hackers and this seems to be the way that security threats cybercriminals are exploiting these systems to are going. find new ways of infecting computers and stealing What of the future, though? Predicting how identities. security threats will develop is almost impossible. Hackers may not even target large numbers Some commentators assumed that there would of victims any more. Such high-visibility never be more than a few hundred viruses, attacks bring unwanted attention, and antivirus and Microsoft’s Bill Gates declared that spam companies can soon neutralize malware that is would no longer be a problem by 2006. It’s not widely reported. In addition, large-scale exploits clear where future threats will come from, or can bring hackers more stolen data than they can how serious they will be. What is clear is that handle. Because of this, threats are becoming whenever there is an opportunity for financial more carefully focused. gain, hackers and criminals will attempt to access and misuse data. Spearphishing is an example. Originally, phishing involved sending out mass-mail messages that appeared to come from banks, asking customers to re-register confidential details, which could then be stolen. Spearphishing, by contrast, confines itself to a small number of people, usually within an organization. The mail appears to come from colleagues in trusted departments, asking for password information. The principle is the same, but the attack is more likely to succeed because the victim thinks that the message is internal, and his or her guard is down. 4 A-Z of threats 5 Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) An advanced persistent threat is a type of targeted attack. APTs are characterized by an attacker who has time and resources to plan an infiltration into a network. These attackers actively manage their attack remain on a network for some time. APTs once they have a foothold in a network and should not be confused with botnets, which are are usually seeking information, proprietary or usually opportunistic and indiscriminate attacks economic, rather than simple financial data. seeking any available victim rather than specific APTs are persistent in that the attackers may information. 6 Adware Adware is software that displays advertisements on your computer. Adware displays advertising banners or pop-ups Ì gathers data on your web browsing without on your computer when you use an application. your consent and sends it to others via the This is not necessarily a bad thing. Such Internet (see Spyware) advertising can fund the development of useful Ì is designed to be difficult to uninstall software, which is then distributed free (for example, Android apps and browser toolbars, Adware can slow down your PC. It can also slow many of which are adware funded). down your Internet connection by downloading advertisements. Sometimes programming flaws Adware becomes a problem if it: in the adware can make your computer unstable. Ì installs itself on your computer without your Some antivirus programs detect adware and consent report it as potentially unwanted applications. Ì installs itself in applications other than the one You can then either authorize the adware program it came with and displays advertising when you or remove it from your computer. There are also use those applications dedicated programs for detecting adware. Ì hijacks your web browser in order to display more ads (see Browser hijacker) 7 Anonymizing proxy Anonymizing proxies allow the user to hide their web browsing activity. They are often used to bypass web security filters—e.g., to access blocked sites from a work computer. Anonymizing proxies hold security and liability Ì Liability: Organizations can be legally liable if risks for organizations: their computers are used to view pornography, hate material or to incite illegal behavior. There Ì Security: The anonymizing proxy bypasses are also ramifications if users violate third-party web security and allows users to access licenses through illegal MP3, film and software unauthorized webpages downloads 8 Autorun worm Autorun worms are malicious programs that take advantage of the Windows AutoRun feature. They execute automatically when the device on which they are stored is plugged into a computer. Autorun worms are commonly distributed on On patched and newer operating systems, USB drives, automatically infecting computers Microsoft has set AutoRun to off by default. as soon as the USB is plugged in. AutoPlay is a As a result, autorun worms should pose less of similar technology to AutoRun. It is initiated on a threat in the future. removable media prompting users to choose to listen to music with the default media player, or to open the disk in Windows Explorer. Attackers have similarly exploited AutoPlay, most famously via the Conficker worm. 9 Backdoor Trojan A backdoor Trojan allows someone to take control of a user’s computer without their permission. A backdoor Trojan may pose as legitimate Well-known backdoor Trojans include Netbus, software to fool users into running it. OptixPro, Subseven, BackOrifice and, more Alternatively—as is increasingly common—users recently, Zbot or ZeuS.