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(Diptera: Bombyliidae), a Parasite of the Alkali Bee
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All PIRU Publications Pollinating Insects Research Unit 1960 The Biology of Heterostylum rubustum (Diptera: Bombyliidae), a Parasite of the Alkali Bee George E. Bohart Utah State University W. P. Stephen R. K. Eppley Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/piru_pubs Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Bohart, G. E., W. P. Stephen, and R. K. Eppley. 1960. The Biology of Heterostylum rubustum (Diptera: Bombyliidae), a Parasite of the Alkali Bee. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53(3): 425-435. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Pollinating Insects Research Unit at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All PIRU Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ( Reprinted from fu'<NALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF rumRJCA Vol. 53, No. 3, May, 1960 THE BIOLOGY OF HETEROSTYLUM ROBUSTUM (DIPTERA: BOMBYLIIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE ALKALI BEE1 G . E. BOHART,' W. P. STEPHEN, Ai\ID R. K. EPPLEY3 ABSTRACT H eterostylum robustu m. (Osten Sacken) is the principal very brief second ins ta r, and a soft, helpless third ins tar , parasite of the a lkali bee (Nomia mela11deri Ckll.) in the to a tough, more active fourth instar. Some lat vae Northwestern States. It also parasitizes other species apparently mature on a single host, but others pa rt ially of Nomia and at least one species of both Nomadopsis and drain the fluids from a second as well. In the late Halictus. It eject-s eggs into and near the nest mounds summer or fall the mature larva makes an overwin tet ing of its host, but does not readily discr iminate between nest cell in the upper few inches of soil. -
The Pollination Deficit Towards Supply Chain Resilience in the Face of Pollinator Decline
The pollination deficit Towards supply chain resilience in the face of pollinator decline Acknowledgements This resource is an output of the Cambridge Conservation Initiative (CCI), supported by the Arcadia Fund. We are grateful for the inputs of all the companies, interviewees and workshop attendees who contributed their time and expertise. Particular thanks go to Dr Alexandra-Maria Klein and Dr Virginie Boreux, to Mars, The Jordans & Ryvita Company, Sustainable Agriculture Network and The Body Shop for inputting into this report. Thanks also to Dr Chloe Montes for her work in shaping this project and to Professor Simon Potts and Dr Tom Breeze. Project partners The University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL) www.cisl.cam.ac.uk The University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership empowers business and policy leaders to make the necessary adjustments to their organisations, industries and economic systems in light of this challenge. By bringing together multidisciplinary researchers with influential business and policy practitioners across the globe, we foster an exchange of ideas across traditional boundaries to generate new solutions- oriented thinking. Fauna & Flora International (FFI) www.fauna-flora.org Fauna & Flora International (FFI) protects threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, based on sound science and that take account of human needs. Operating in more than 50 countries worldwide, FFI saves species from extinction and habitats from destruction, while improving the livelihoods of local people. Founded in 1903, FFI is the world’s longest established international conservation body and a registered charity. UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) www.unep-wcmc.org UNEP-WCMC is the specialist biodiversity assessment arm of United Nations Environment, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. -
Decline of Six Native Mason Bee Species Following the Arrival of an Exotic Congener Kathryn A
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Decline of six native mason bee species following the arrival of an exotic congener Kathryn A. LeCroy1*, Grace Savoy‑Burke2, David E. Carr1, Deborah A. Delaney2 & T’ai H. Roulston1 A potential driver of pollinator declines that has been hypothesized but seldom documented is the introduction of exotic pollinator species. International trade often involves movement of many insect pollinators, especially bees, beyond their natural range. For agricultural purposes or by inadvertent cargo shipment, bee species successfully establishing in new ranges could compete with native bees for food and nesting resources. In the Mid‑Atlantic United States, two Asian species of mason bee (Osmia taurus and O. cornifrons) have become recently established. Using pan‑trap records from the Mid‑Atlantic US, we examined catch abundance of two exotic and six native Osmia species over the span of ffteen years (2003–2017) to estimate abundance changes. All native species showed substantial annual declines, resulting in cumulative catch losses ranging 76–91% since 2003. Exotic species fared much better, with O. cornifrons stable and O. taurus increasing by 800% since 2003. We characterize the areas of niche overlap that may lead to competition between native and exotic species of Osmia, and we discuss how disease spillover and enemy release in this system may result in the patterns we document. International trade creates opportunities for plant and animal species to be intentionally or inadvertently intro- duced into novel ecosystems where they may interact with native species. One outcome of species introductions is the potential for competitive interactions with native species, especially those that are most closely related to the introduced species. -
Crop Pollination Management Needs Flower‐Visitor Monitoring and Target Values
Received: 30 July 2019 | Accepted: 21 December 2019 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13574 PRACTITIONER'S PERSPECTIVE Crop pollination management needs flower-visitor monitoring and target values Lucas A. Garibaldi1,2 | Agustín Sáez3 | Marcelo A. Aizen3 | Thijs Fijen4 | Ignasi Bartomeus5 1Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Abstract Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, San 1. Despite the crucial importance of biotic pollination for many crops, land managers Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina rarely monitor the levels of crop pollination needed to guide farming decisions. 2Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo 2. The few existing pollination recommendations focus on a particular number of Rural, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones honeybee or bumblebee hives per crop area, but these guidelines do not accu- Científicas y Técnicas, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina rately predict the actual pollination services that crops receive. 3Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, 3. We argue that pollination management for pollinator-dependent crops should be INIBIOMA, CONICET—Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, based on direct measures of pollinator activity. We describe a protocol to quickly Argentina perform such a task by monitoring flower visitation rates. 4 Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation 4. We provide target values of visitation rates for crop yield maximization for several Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands important crops by considering the number of visits per flower needed to ensure 5Department of Integrative Ecology, full ovule fertilization. If visitation rates are well below or above these target val- Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, ues, corrective measures should be taken. -
Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P. -
Tropilaelaps Species Identification and Viral Load Evaluation
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 170 (2020) 107324 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Tropilaelaps species identification and viral load evaluation of Tropilaelaps and Varroa mites and their Apis mellifera hosts in Palawan, Philippines T ⁎ Lilia I. de Guzmana, , Michael Simone-Finstroma, Cleofas Cervanciab, Philip Tokarza, Amanda M. Frakea a USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA b Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Apis mellifera pupae and their parasites Tropilaelaps and Varroa destructor were collected from honey bee hives in Tropilaelaps mercedesae Palawan, Philippines for species identification of the Tropilaelaps and viral analyses. Genetic analysis identified Apis mellifera Tropilaelaps mercedesae infesting A. mellifera on the island. Viral analyses showed that all pupae and their in- Deformed Wing Virus festing Tropilaelaps or Varroa shared the same Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) variant infections with DWV-B being Palawan more prevalent than DWV-A. Pupae infested with either Varroa or Tropilaelaps had higher levels of both DWV variants than uninfested pupae. Vigilance is needed to prevent the spread of Tropilaelaps clareae into Palawan and T. mercedesae and DWV variants from Palawan to other provinces. Apis mellifera colonies in Asia have been facing serious problems -
Protocol for Using Pollinators in Hybrid Vegetable Seed Production an Outline for Improving Pollinator Effectiveness FEBRUARY 2018
Protocol for using pollinators in hybrid vegetable seed production An outline for improving pollinator effectiveness FEBRUARY 2018 APPROVED BY ISF Working Group Vegetable Seed Production EDITTED BY The listed pollination researchers : Avi GABAI - Hazera, Israel Bernard E. VAISSIÈRE - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon cedex, France Tjeerd BLACQUIÈRE - Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands Breno M. FREITAS - Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil Mike ALLSOPP - Plant Protection Research, Agricultural Research Council, Stellenbosch, South Africa Stan CHABERT - Association Nationale des Agriculteurs Multiplicateurs de Semences Oléagineuses, 17700 Saint Pierre d'Amilly, France Arnon DAG - Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel Protocol for using pollinators in hybrid vegetable seed production 2 1. INTRODUCTION Pollination in hybrid vegetable seed production is the transfer of pollen from the anthers of the male fertile flowers to the stigma of the male sterile (female) flowers. The pollination phase has a significant impact on final seed yield and quality. In many vegetable crops, such as onion (Allium cepa), carrot (Daucus carota), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cauliflower (B. oleracea) and radish (Raphanus sativus), pollination is performed mainly by honey bees (Apis mellifera). However, although it is the main managed pollinator, there are other wild and managed pollinators that can be of significant commercial value. Pollination quality is expressed as the quantity of pollen moved to the female flower; this depends on the pollinators’ activity and their mobility between the flowers of the two lines. 2. OBJECTIVES This document details the essential points in using pollinators for commercial hybrid seed production: Honey bee hive management and colony (populated beehive) strength regulations. -
Successful Reproduction of Unmated Tropilaelaps Mercedesae and Its Implication on Mite Population Growth in Apis Mellifera Colon
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 153 (2018) 35–37 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Short Communication Successful reproduction of unmated Tropilaelaps mercedesae and its T implication on mite population growth in Apis mellifera colonies ⁎ Lilia I. de Guzmana, , Patcharin Phokasemb,c, Kitiphong Khongphinitbunjongd, Amanda M. Frakea, Panuwan Chantawannakulb,e a USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA b Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Thailand c Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand d School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand e International College of Digital Innovation, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Thailand ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Successful reproduction by unmated Tropilaelaps mercedesae is reported here for the first time. Of the eight Tropilaelaps mercedesae mature daughters that did not have male mates within their natal cells, four produced both mature sons and Apis mellifera daughters, and four produced mature daughters only. Overall, 78% of the new daughters that had no egg-laying Reproductive success experience, and 84% of the foundresses that had or had not laid previously reproduced. Both inoculum daughter Deuterotoky and foundress mites were collected from tan-bodied pupae and inoculated immediately. Therefore, our results Symbionts suggest that phoresy is not required for reproduction in tropilaelaps mites. The ability of virgin females to lay Phoretic period both males and females (deuterotoky), and to reproduce without spending a phoretic period on adult bees may play major roles in tropilaelaps mites’ competitive advantage over varroa mites in Apis mellifera colonies. -
PARASITIC MITES of HONEY BEES: Life History, Implications, and Impact
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2000. 45:519±548 Copyright q 2000 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved. PARASITIC MITES OF HONEY BEES: Life History, Implications, and Impact Diana Sammataro1, Uri Gerson2, and Glen Needham3 1Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel; e-mail: [email protected] 3Acarology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, 484 W. 12th Ave., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; e-mail: [email protected] Key Words bee mites, Acarapis, Varroa, Tropilaelaps, Apis mellifera Abstract The hive of the honey bee is a suitable habitat for diverse mites (Acari), including nonparasitic, omnivorous, and pollen-feeding species, and para- sites. The biology and damage of the three main pest species Acarapis woodi, Varroa jacobsoni, and Tropilaelaps clareae is reviewed, along with detection and control methods. The hypothesis that Acarapis woodi is a recently evolved species is rejected. Mite-associated bee pathologies (mostly viral) also cause increasing losses to apiaries. Future studies on bee mites are beset by three main problems: (a) The recent discovery of several new honey bee species and new bee-parasitizing mite species (along with the probability that several species are masquerading under the name Varroa jacob- soni) may bring about new bee-mite associations and increase damage to beekeeping; (b) methods for studying bee pathologies caused by viruses are still largely lacking; (c) few bee- and consumer-friendly methods for controlling bee mites in large apiaries are available. -
Precision Pollinator Management: Strategies for Supporting Pollinators on Your Crop $240,355,000 $144,207,000 $52,137,000 $31,371,000
Precision Pollinator Management: Strategies for supporting pollinators on your crop $240,355,000 $144,207,000 $52,137,000 $31,371,000 New York crops dependent on pollination Values from: New York State Agricultural Overview. 2014, USDA $2,800,000 $3,042,000 $20,493,000 $12,640,000 $10,091,000 $7,520,000 $3,472,000 Both wild native bees and honey bees are crucial to agricultural production Wild bee Honey bee 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1. Lewis & Smith 1969, Russo et al 2017, Petersen et al 2013, O’Neill et al, 20??, Winfree et al 2008. Pesticide Management • Growers should follow integrated pest & disease management practices • scouting early and often • Use disease risk models • Spray between late afternoon and very early morning • Select fungicides with lower risk rankings • Grower should consider increasing natural habitat floral diversity within 250 meters of crop • Growers and beekeepers need to communicate more Make and effort to meet local beekeepers • Make pollination contracts • Grower communicates with beekeeper when intending to spray • Beekeeper lets growers know when they put their hives nearby (1-2 miles radius. • Beekeeper educates grower • Grower educates beekeeper Habitat Management 1. Provide a diversity of wild foraging plants species 2. Push for 3-5 species blooming at all times across season • At least before and after crop bloom • At least 30-100 meters from crop margin 3. Provide safe nesting sites for native bees 30-100 meters from crop margin (away from drift) 4. Mow small areas on margins to provide bareground for the ground-nesting species – Manage 1/3 area each year. -
1. Padil Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Common Name Image Library Partners for Australian Biosecurity Image Library
1. PaDIL Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Tropilaelaps clareae Delfinado and Baker, 1962 (Arachnida: Acari: Dermanyssoidea: Laelapidae) Common Name Asian bee mite Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/Pest/Main/136499 Image Library Australian Biosecurity Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/ Partners for Australian Biosecurity image library Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment https://www.awe.gov.au/ Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia https://dpird.wa.gov.au/ Plant Health Australia https://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/ Museums Victoria https://museumsvictoria.com.au/ 2. Species Information 2.1. Details Specimen Contact: CSIRO, ANIC - http://www.csiro.au/places/ANIC.html Author: Walker, K. Citation: Walker, K. (2009) Asian bee mite(Tropilaelaps clareae)Updated on 12/9/2020 Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au Image Use: Free for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY- NC 4.0) 2.2. URL Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/Pest/Main/136499 2.3. Facets Status: Exotic species - absent from Australia Group: Non-insects Commodity Overview: Medical & Veterinary Commodity Type: Animal Distribution: South and South-East Asia 2.4. Diagnostic Notes Mites in the genus Tropilaelaps (Acari: Laelapidae) are ectoparasites of the brood of honeybees (Apis spp.). Tropilaelaps mites can easily be recognised and separated from the Varroa mite. The body of the Varroa mite is wider than it is long and it moves slowly, whereas the body of Tropilaelaps iselongated, with a heavily sclerotised holoventral or similar shield and it is a fast-running mite. -
Studies in the Alkali Bee (Nomia Melanderi CU.)
(mcHNIcALBULLETIN 52 AUGUST 1960 Studies in the Alkali Bee (Nomia melanderi CU.) 1. Soil Physical Requirements for Bee Nesting W. P. Stephen D. D. Evans 11. Preliminary Investigations on the Effect of Soluble Salts on Alkali Bee Nesting Sites W. P. Stephen III. Management and Renovation of Native Soils for Alkali Bee Inhabitation W. P. Stephen Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Corvallis Table of Contents Page 1. SOIL PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BEE NESTING------------ 3 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Methods ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Results------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Discussion---------------- --------------------------------------------------------11 References-------------------------------- --------------------------------------14 II. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF SOLUBLE SALTS ON ALKALI BEE NESTING SITES---------------- 15 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 Methods---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Results and Discussion----------------------------------------------------------------18 References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26 III. MANAGEMENT AND RENOVATION OF NATIVE SOILS FOR ALKALI BEE INHABITATION---------------------------------------------------