IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 13, Issue 3 Ser. II (March. 2019), PP 71-89 www.iosrjournals.org

Avifaunal Diversity in Western Ghats Regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur Districts, Karnataka, India

Sharath V.G1, Devi Prasad A.G2 1(Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangotri, Mysore- 570006,India) 2(Professor, Department of Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangotri, Mysore- 570006,India) Corresponding Author: Sharath V.G

Abstract: Diversity of birds and their status were examined in the western ghat regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur districts. Field exploration was made in these areas for a period of 2 years. The objective of the investigation included evaluation of species composition, relative abundance and distribution of avifauna in the selected region. Line and point transect method were used for the survey purpose. A total of 263 species of birds belonging to 61 families of 17 orders were recorded. In the present study 1.9% Anseriformes, 3.8% Columbiformes, 4.56% Galliformes, 3.8% Cuculiformes, 2.66 % Gruiformes, 9.88% Pelicaniformes, 2.28% Charadriiformes, 5.7% Acciptriformes, 0.38% Falconiformes, 2.28% Strigiformes, 0.38% Trogoniformes, 1.9% Bucerotiformes, 7.22% Piciformes, 4.56% Coraciiformes, 1.9% Psittaciformes, 0.76 Caprimulgiformes and 46.007% Passeriformes were recorded. ------Date of Submission: 04-03-2019 Date of acceptance: 20-03-2019 ------

I. Introduction Avian population is the key component of the forest ecosystem since they play major roles as consumers, pollinators, predators, dispersers, indicators etc,. (MacArthur and MacArthur 1961) Number of environmental factors are known to influence the population of birds directly, such as availability of food, nesting materials, location of nesting sites, developmental activities, presence of predators, presence of competitors etc,.are the major ones that influence the breeding and foraging of birds and simultaneously their population. Population studies have been traditionally used to monitor long term changes in avian population and to assess both habitat quality and the responses of birds to both natural and human caused environmental changes (A Temple and Wiens, 1989).The studies made byBasavarajappa (2006)on the avifauna of agro- ecosystems of maidan area has emphasized the need to conduct research on the status and biology of water birds to have exact information on the ecological role of birds associated with wetlands. Diversity of avifauna is one of the most important ecological indicators to evaluate the quality of habitats (Manjunath and Joshi, 2012). It is a well established fact that avifauna indicate the healthy status of a region owing to the availability of resources such as food, clean water, safe habitat for nesting and breeding. Species richness in an area is dependent on the availability of food, climate, evolutionary history and predation pressure (E.A Jayson and D N Mathew 2000).India being a mega diversity centre harbors about 1300 species of birds (Javed and Kaul 2000).The Western Ghats has about 508 bird species with 3.5% endemism has been reported (RajmohanaandRadhakrishnan 2008). Apparently the Indian bird population has been dwindling due to direct/indirect impact from increasing human population (Balachandran et al. 2005), habitat loss, fragmentation, and severe biotic pressure. As far as avian diversity of India is concerned, many workers have done a lot of work on this regard. While many common species are spread over large areas of the Indian subcontinent others may be limited to a region. Since the subcontinent has a dense population, the birds which adapt themselves to human habitat flourish well (Manjunath and Joshi, 2012).Bird community evaluation has become an important tool in biodiversity conservation which is necessitating documentation of the current status of bird species for future monitoring and conservation (Islam &Rahmani 2004). The present study is focused on the evaluation of distribution, diversity and abundance of avifauna in the chosen regions of Western ghats which will provide the baseline information for the conservation and management of their habitats.

DOI: 10.9790/2402-1303027189 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page Avifaunal Diversity in Western Ghats Regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur Districts, Karnat….

II. Materials And Methods STUDY AREA: Field exploration and survey was undertaken in western ghat regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur districts. Shimogalies between 13°21' to 14° 8'N and 75 °5' to 75° 45' E. Shimoga borders Davangere district in the north, Chikmagalur district in the south and south west, Dashina Kannada and Udupi districts in the west. The forests of the division almost entirely lie within Shimoga district extending over major parts of Shimoga and Thirthahallitaluks. The total forest area coming under the Shimoga as per working plan 2001 is 67551.44 hectares of which 26388.52 hectares are State forests and 35843.36 hectares are minor forests.The forest consists of about 13,000 hectares of evergreen and semi-evergreen forests about 23,000 hectares of closed deciduous forests about 12,500 hectares of plantations and about 19,000 hectares of degraded and open forest lands in the division (Sahyadri conservation series 2013)

. Fig 1: MAP SHOWING THE VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION OF SHIMOGA (Classification as per Champion and Seth, 1968)

Chickmagalur is surrounded by the Chandra Dronha hills and dense forests. The district is between 12° 54´ 42´´ and 13° 53´ 53´´ north latitude and between 75° 04´ 46´´ and 76° 21´ 50´´ east longitude.30% of the district (2108.62 km²) is covered with forests. Chickmagalur borders Shimoga district to the North, Davanagere district to the north-east, Chitradurga and Tumkur to the East, Hassan district to the south, Dakshina-Kannada to the southwest and Udupi district to the south-west. Chickmagalur has forest area of 3.49 lakhs Ha.

Fig 2: MAPS SHOWING THE VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION OF CHIKMAGALUR(Classification as per Champion and Seth, 1968)

DOI: 10.9790/2402-1303027189 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page Avifaunal Diversity in Western Ghats Regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur Districts, Karnat….

In this study, 30+ different habitats of Shimoga and Chickmagalur districts were selected after doing random sampling and surveyof the forest area. The selected places such as Agumbe reserve forest (13.310719°N & 75.052604°E - Woodland ecosystem, 13.310575°N & 75.052354°E -Grassland Ecosystem, 13.508779°N & 75.096358°E-Wetland Ecosystem), Mallandur (13.41992097°N & 75.12278584°E), Onakabbe (13.475951°N & 75.116063°E) Jogigundi (13.41992097°N & 75.107613°E) Doddamane (13.50920°N & 75.095329°E- Terrestrial Ecosystem, 13.508930°N & 75.092962°E–Wetland), Megalabailu (13.418805°N & 75.305223°E), Kerekatte (13.325205°N & 75.145068°E-Terrestrial, 13.325001°N & 75.145020°E), Sirimane falls, Yedahalli (13.386842°N & 75.180806°E), Theerthahalli (13.690360°N & 75.250693°E), Sagar (14.1514610°N & 75.032767°E), MallaliKoppa (13.878926°N & 75.204830°E) Soraba (14.334994°N & 75.052981°E-Terrestrial Ecosystem, 14.400775°N & 75.073137°E-Aquatic ecosystem) and few other random places of Shivmoga Districts. Vastre (13.272641°N & 75.713349°E), Menase (13.251201°N & 75.155494°E), Koppa (13.528728°N & 75.362397°E), Gonebidu (13.098847°N & 75.704617°E), Mudigere (13.137367°N & 75.704617E), Pura (13.134338°N & 75.739204°E), Aldur (13.246537°N & 75.643069°E), Huigere (13.277214°N & 75.496162°E), Hebri ( 13.273390°N & 74.593520°E), Sringeri ( 13.253838°N & 75.255932°E) of Chickmagalur districts were monitored regularly for 7-10 days in the different months of the year. The investigation was carried out at regular intervals from 2015 to 2017 and the checklist was regularly updated by surveying each area by foot. As the habitats varied considerably, the avifauna was assessed using both point count and line transect methods (variable width line transect method (Burnham et al 1980)). For point count method which was adapted for wetland birds had a fixed radius of 30m. About 30-45 minutes were spent in each point count site. 4-5 transect lines were plotted in each site which were of 300m roughly. The transect line was walked at a slow pace for about 30-45 minutes and Birding was done in the early hour’s i.e from morning 6.30 to 10.00AM and also 16.00 to 18.30 in the evening. A questionnaire was preparede to collect information from the villagers/tribes in our path. All the observed birds in the site were roughly enumerated and entered into a standard field data sheet which included physical parameters like temperature, cloud cover, wind, humidity etc. More than 80 transects lines were laid and observed for the birds. Point count method was carried out in the banks of lakes, rivers, on steeply areas and other places where transect method couldn’t be carried out. Birds were sighted using a 10X50 wide angle Celestron binocular and the birds were photographed using Canon 60d and 600d cameras using three different lens (i) 18-135mm (ii) 55-250mm & (iii) Tamron 150- 600mm telescopic lens. Birds were identified with the help of local bird watchers, farmers and wild life professionals and the identification was confirmed by authentic scientific literature on birds (felid books). Calls of invisible unknown birds whose voices clearly audible were also noted down while unrecognized bird calls were recorded using a recorder and identified later with the help of bird experts, internetand android apps‘Bird Sounds’ and ‘Indian Birds’. Birds which couldn’t be identified on spot were photographed or key identification characters were noted down and identified using felid guides viz (i) The book of Indian sub-continent by Dr. Salim Ali and (ii) Common birds of Indian sub-continent by Ananda Banerjee (iii) Hakki Pukka by Poorna Chandra Tejaswi & (iv) Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds by Word Life.The birds were categorized according to their respective status as Residents(Re), Migratory(M), Resident migratory or Local Migratory(ReM), Winter Migratory(WM), Very Common(VC), Common(C), Rare(R), Very Rare(VR) and the trends of population was determined by analyzing the regularly updated checklist of 2 years.The bird species were categorized order and wise family (Table 1).

Table 1:In this study, the following check list of the birds has been made which includes trends of population of every species as per the observations and discussions made with the experts, villagers, forest officials and tribes of the respected regions. H S MIG OC A NEST T TREND COMM SCIEN REGION RAT ORD FAMI CUR BI FO SE ING A OF SL.NO ON TIFIC AL ORY ER LY REN T OD X PERI T POPUL NAME NAME NAME STA CE A OD U ATION TUS T S Fulvous Dendroc Kandhush W Ali Jan- L Decreasi whistling ygnabicl illebaathu C ReM O L ke Mar C ng Duck our koli Lesser Dendroc Shillebaat W Ali Jan- L Decreasi whistling ygnajava C Re O hukoli L ke Mar C ng Duck nica Anser Anatid 1 Di iform ae Spot- Anaspoe Charlebaa W mo Jul- L Decreasi es billed cilorhyn VC Re H thukoli L rph Sep C ng Duck cha ic Bar- Anser Pattethale W Ali Apr- L Decreasi headed R M H indicus hebbathu L ke Jun C ng Goose

DOI: 10.9790/2402-1303027189 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page Avifaunal Diversity in Western Ghats Regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur Districts, Karnat….

Di Northern Anasclyp W mo Apr- L Decreasi Patte gore C M O Shoveler eata L rph Jun C ng ic Nilgiri Columba Ali Apr- V Decreasi Wood elphinsto - UC Re EF F ke Jun u ng Pigeon nii Laughing Spilopeli /Little a Kandu F/ Ali All L Brown/se C Re H Stable senegale beleva SL ke Year C negal nsis Dove Spotted/C hinese/M Spilopeli Chore ountain/L a hakki/Hor F/ Ali All L Increasi C Re H ace- chinensi asalu SL ke Year C ng neckd s hakki Dove Eurasian Streptop Collared/ Belavana Ali All L Increasi elia C Re SL H Ring hakki ke Year C ng decaocto Dove Emerald/ Di Green/Gr Chalcop Haralu Colu mo L Decreasi een haps chore C Re F H/F - mbifo Colum rph C ng 2 Winged indica hakki rmes bidae ic Dove

Pampado Treron Maniyada Ali L Decreasi ur Green VC Re F H/F - bicinthus lu hakki ke C ng Pigeon Yellow Footed/le Treron Ali Mar- L Increasi gged phoenico - C Re F F ke June C ng Green pterus Pigeon Green Ducula Gummad Ali Mar- L Decreasi Imperial UC Re F F aenea alu hakki ke Jun C ng Pigeon Rock F/ Pigeon/ Columba Paarivaal Ali All L Decreasi VC Re H H Rock livia a ke Year C ng S Dove Kem Red Streptop Di beleva/M Collared/ elia mo All L ani UC Re F H Stable Turtle tranqueb rph Year C horasalu Dove arica ic hakki Di Indian Pavocris mo Jan- L Navilu UC Re F O Stable Peafowl tatus rph Sep C ic Di Common Coturnix mo Aug- L Batera UC Re SL O Stable Quail coturnix rph Apr C ic Galloper Red Ali All L dixspadi Chittukoli UC Re F O Stable Spurfowl ke year C cea*

Gowjigan Gallar Francoli Phasia Grey ahakki/Te 3 iform nus C Ali All L nidae Patridge/ etar/ UC Re O Stable es pondicer L ke year C Francolin Boodu ianus Koujuga Di Black Couturm Kappubat mo Mar- L breasted ixcorom C Re SL O Stable era rph Oct C Quail andelica ic Di Jungle Perdicul Kaadubur mo Aug- L bush C Re SL O Stable aasiatica li/koli rph Mar C Quail ic Rock Perdicul Podhebur Di L Decreasi UC Re SL H - bush aargoon li m C ng

DOI: 10.9790/2402-1303027189 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page Avifaunal Diversity in Western Ghats Regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur Districts, Karnat….

Quail dah* mo rph ic Perdicul Di Painted Bannada aerythro mo L Decreasi bush podheburl UC Re SL H - rhyncha rph C ng Quail i * ic Di Francol Kemman Painted mo All L Decreasi onuspict degoujug UC Re SL O Francolin rph year C ng us ahakki ic Francoli Di Grey nus Goujalak mo L Decreasi UC Re SL O - Francolin pondicer ki rph C ng ianus ic Di Grey Gallus Boodhika C mo L Decreasi jungle sonnerat UC Re O - adukoli L rph C ng Fowl ti ic Di Red Gallus Kaadukol H mo L Decreasi jungle C Re O - gallus i S rph C ng Fowl ic Crow Centrop Pheasant/ Kemboot Ali Feb- L ussinensi VC Re F Cr Stable Greater ha ke Sep C s Coucal Centrop Lesser Kemboot Ali L usbengal C Re F Cr - Stable Coucal ha ke C ensis Clamato Pied Jaathakap Ali Jun- L rjacobin C M F O Stable Cuckoo akshi ke Aug C us Cuculus F/ Indian Ali Mar- L micropte - R M C Cr Stable Cuckoo ke Jun C rus L Cocoma Branded ntis Ali Mar- L Decreasi Bay - R M F Cr sonnerat ke Jun C ng Cuckoo ii

Common Hieroco 4 Cucul Cuculi Kogile Ali Mar- L hawk ccyxvari C Re F Cr Stable iform dae chaana ke Jun C Cuckoo us es Di Eudyna Asian H mo Apr- L mysscolo Kogile C Re O Stable Koel S rph Aug C paceus ic Fork Surnicul tailed Ali L uslugubr Inchara C Re F O - Stable drongo ke C is Cuckoo Blue Phaenic faced/Gre ophaeus Ali Mar- L - UC Re SL O Stable en Billed viridiros ke Aug C Malkoha tris Taccocu Sirkeer a Ali Mar- L - UC Re SL O Stable Malkoha leschena ke Aug C ulti Slaty Rallinae W Ali L Decreasi legged urizonoi - UC Re O - L ke C ng Crake ds Ruddy- Zaporni Kemneer W Ali L Unknow breasted UC Re O - afusca goli L ke C n Crake Gruiif Rallida Brown Zaporni W Ali May- L Unknow 5 - UC Re O ormes e Crake aakool L ke Aug C n White- Amauror Hundukol W Ali Jun- L breasted nisphoen UC Re O Stable i L ke Nov C Waterhen icurus Porphyri Purple Neelinaa W Ali Jun- L o UC Re O Stable Moorhen magoli L ke Sep C porphyri

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a Gallinul Indian Kappunaa W Ali Jun- L achlorop C Re O Stable Moorhen magoli L ke Sep C us Common Fulicaat Naamada W Ali Jul- L Decreasi C M H coot ra koli L ke Aug C ng Leptotilo Lesser W Ali V Decreasi sjavanci - R ReM Cr - adjutant L ke U ng us Mycteria Painted Daasakok W Ali Aug- N Decreasi leucocep C M P Stork kare L ke Jan T ng Ciconii hala dae Anastom Baaykala Openbill W Ali Nov- L Unknow usoscita kakokkar C Re P Stork L ke Sep C n ns e White- Bilikutthi Ciconiae W Ali All L Decreasi necked gekokkar C Re P piscopus L ke year C ng Stork e Spot- Pelecan JoligeKo Pelican W Ali Mar- N Decreasi billed usphilip kka/Hecc C Re P idae L ke Apr T ng Pelican pensis harle Di Eurasian Botaurus W mo Apr- L Decreasi Guppi UC Re Cr Bittern stellaris L rph Sep C ng ic Ixobrych Yellow Haladiba W Ali June - L Decreasi ussinensi UC Re Cr Bittern ka L ke Sep C ng s Ixobrych Cinnamo Kesari W Ali L Decreasi uscinna UC Re Cr - n Bittern guppi L ke C ng momeus Little Ixobrych Hasiru W Ali L Decreasi Green usminutu UC Re Cr - guppi L ke C ng Bittern s Ixobrych Di Black us Kari W mo June - L Decreasi UC Re Cr Bittern flavicolli guppi L rph Sep C ng s ic

Nycticor Katthala Night W Ali Dec- L Decreasi axnystic guppi/irul C Re Cr Heron L ke Feb C ng orax ubaka

Indian Ardeola Kolada W Ali May- L Pond C Re Cr Stable 6 Pelec Ardeid grayii baka L ke Sep C Heron anifor ae Patti mes Striated Butoride W Ali May- L Decreasi Kolada C Re Cr Heron s striata L ke Sep C ng baka Black Nycticor Nashe crowned ax W Ali Dec- L Decreasi Baka/Ratr UC Re Cr Night nycticor L ke Feb C ng i baka Heron ax Jaanuwar Cattle Bubulcu u W Ali Jun- L Increasi C Re Cr Egret s ibis bellakki/ L ke Aug C ng Govakki Great Ardea Doddabel W Ali Jul- L C Re Cr Stable Egret alba lakki L ke Sep C Intermedi Ardeaint W Ali Jul- L Bellakki C Re Cr Stable ate Egret ermedia L ke Sep C Kokkare/ Little Egrettag W Ali Nov- L Increasi Sannabell C Re Cr egret arzetta L ke sep C ng akki Grey Ardeacin Boodhuk W Ali Jun- L Decreasi C Re Cr Heron erea okkare L ke Mar C ng Purple Ardeapu Kanneeli W Ali Jun- L Decreasi C Re Cr Heron rpurea baka L ke Mar C ng Little Microca Puttaneer W Ali Jul- L C Re P Stable Phalacr darterant rboniger kaage L ke Sep C ocoraci Great Phalacr Bilikutthi W Ali Sep- L dae Cormora ocoraxfu geneerkaa UC M P Stable L ke Feb C nt scicillis ge Anhing Oriental Anhinga W Di Nov- N Decreasi Haavakki UC Re P idae Darter melanog L mo Feb T ng DOI: 10.9790/2402-1303027189 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page Avifaunal Diversity in Western Ghats Regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur Districts, Karnat….

aster rph ic Oriental Threskio white rnismela Bilikemb W Ali Nov- N Decreasi Ibis/Blac UC Re Cr nocephal aralu L ke Sep T ng k headed us Threski Ibis ornithi Psuedibi Kari Black W Ali Nov- N Decreasi dae spappill kembaral UC Re Cr Ibis L ke Dec T ng osa u Plegadis Glossy Minchuke W Ali May- N Decreasi falcinell UC Re Cr ibis mbaralu L ke Jul T ng us Eurasian Burhinus W Ali L Decreasi Thick- oedicne Gorava UC Re Cr - L ke C ng Burhini knee mus dae Great Esacusre Kallugora W Ali N Decreasi Thick- curvirost UC Re Cr - va L ke T ng knee ris Recurv Black- Himanto Mettugal W Ali Apr- L Increasi irostrid necked pusmexi UC M Cr Chara u hakki L ke Sep C ng ae Stilt canus 7 driifo Yellow- Vanellus rmes Halladhi G Ali Apr- L wattled malabari C Re Cr Stable tittibha L ke Jul C Charad Lapwing cus riidae Red- Thaeneha Vanellus G Ali Mar- L Unknow wattled kki/Kemp C Re Cr indicus L ke Aug C n Lapwing utittibha Indian Sterna Meenugut W Ali Mar- N Decreasi Laridae River C M Cr aurantia ara L ke May T ng Tern Indian Clanga Dodda Ali V Decreasi Spotted VC M F Cr - hastate garuda ke U ng Eagle Ictinaetu Black s Kappugar Ali Apr- L Decreasi UC F F Cr Eagle malaiens uda ke May C ng is Haavu Crested Spilornis Giduga/T F/ Ali Dec- L Serpent UC Re Cr Stable cheela uraayi SL ke Mar C Eagle pannagari Bonelli’s Aquila Ali Apr- L Decreasi - UC Re F Cr Eagle fasciata ke May C ng Booted Hieraaet G Ali L Decreasi Hawk us - C WM Cr - L ke C ng Eagle pennatus Pariah/Bl Milvus Ali L Decreasi Haddu VC Re F Cr - ack Kite migrans ke C ng Black- SL Elanus Ali All L Increasi shoulderd - C Re /G Cr Accip axillaris ke Year C ng Accipit Kite L 8 itifor ridae F/ mes Brahminy Haliastu Bili Ali Dec- L Decreasi C Re W Cr Kite r indus Garuda ke Mar C ng L Circus Pallid Hakki Ali N Decreasi marcour UC M F Cr - Harrier Seleva ke T ng us White- Batustur Ali Feb- N eyed Daege UC Re SL Cr Stable teesa ke May T Buzzard Di Oriental Pernis Jenu mo Apr- L Honey ptilorhyn UC Re RS O Stable Giduga rph July C Buzzard chus ic Eurasian/ W Di Circus Western L/ mo L Increasi aerugino Chaana C M Cr - Marsh G rph C ng sus Harrier L ic W Accipiter Crested Chotti L/ L Decreasi trivirgat UC M Cr - - Goshawk Haddu G C ng us L

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W Di Accipiter L/ mo Mar- L Shikra - C R Cr Stable badius G rph Jun C L ic Di Besra Kari Accipiter mo Mar- L Decreasi Sparrowh Gubbigid UC R SL Cr virgatus rph Jun C ng awk uga ic Di Falco Common/ Falco Falconi D mo L 8 nifor Eurasian tinnuncu - UC M Cr - Stable dae L rph C mes Kestrel lus ic Brown F/ Ninoxsc Meenu Ali N Decreasi Hawk UC Re W Cr - utulata gumma ke T ng Owl L Collared Otus Ali Jan- L Scops - UC Re F I Stable lettia ke Apr C Owl Ketupa Brown Ali Dec- L Decreasi Strigi zeylonen Goobe UC Re F I/F Strigini Fish Owl ke Mar C ng 9 forme sis dae s Brown Strix Ali Jan- L Decreasi Wood leptogra - UC Re F Cr ke Mar C ng Owl mmica Glaucidi Jungle Cheeru Ali Mar- L um C Re F Cr Stable owlet gumma ke May C radiatum Spotted Athenebr Ali Nov- L Haalakki C Re F Cr Stable owlet ama ke Mar C Di Trogo Harpact Benkihak Trogon Malabar mo Feb- L 11 nifor esfasciat ki/Kakarn UC Re F I Stable idae Trogan rph May C mes us* ehakki ic Di Great Buceros Doddama mo Jan- N Decreasi UC Re F O Hornbill bicornis ngatte rph Apr T ng ic Di Malabar Anthrac Maledasa mo All L Decreasi Pied ocerosco UC Re F Fr mangatte rph year C ng Hornbill ronatus Bucero ic Bucer tidae Di oti Malabar Boodhu 12 Ocycero mo All L Decreasi forme Grey male UC Re F Fr sgriseus rph year C ng s Hornbill mangatte ic Di Indian Acyceros Boodhum mo Apr- L Grey C Re F O Stable birostris angatte rph Jun C Hornbill ic Chandra Upupid Common Upupa Ali Feb- L Decreasi mukuta/N C Re SL I ae hoopoe epops ke May C ng elakutuka Common Dinopiu Suvarnab Di Flame- m ennina mo Mar- L backed C Re F I Stable javanens marakutu rph Aug C Woodpec e ka ic ker Black- rumped Dinopiu Hemmara Di flame m kutuka/K mo Mar- L C Re F I Stable back bengalen apppumar rph Aug C Woodpec se akutuka ic 13 Picifo Picidae ker rmes Little- Di Campeth Hasiru green mo L Decreasi eremucu marakutu UC Re F I _ Woodpec rph C ng losa ka ker ic Brown- capped Chhota Picoides F/ Ali Feb- L Increasi Pygmy marakutu UC Re I nanus SL ke Apr C ng Woodpec ka ker White- Dryocop Hemmara UC Re F I Ali - L Decreasi

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Bellied/G us kutuka ke C ng reat hodgei Indian Black Woodpec ker Greater Flame Chrysoc Haladi Di Back/Gre olaptes bennina mo L Decreasi UC Re F O - ater Guttacri marakutu rph C ng Golden status ka ic Back Streak- Picus Throated L Decreasi xanthopy - UC Re F I - - Woodpec C ng gaeus ker Yellow- Leiopicu crowned/ s Arishina L Unknow Mahratta UC Re F I - - maharatt moothi C n Woodpek esis er Micropte Di Rufous Kandu rnus mo Feb- L Decreasi Woodpec marakutu UC Re F I brachyur rph Apr C ng ker ka us ic Heart- Di Hemicir Chittu spotted mo Nov- L Decreasi cus marakutu C Re F I Woodpec rph Apr C ng canente ka ker ic Picumnu Speckule s L Decreasi - R Re F I - - d Piculet innomin C ng atus Megalai Malabar Goujalha Ali Jun- L mamala C Re F O Stable Barbet kki ke Jul C barica* Coppers Megalai Kalgojual Ali Jun- L mith mahaem C Re F O Stable hakki ke Jul C Barbet acephala Golden- Psilopog Ali L throated anfraklin Kutra UC Re F O _ Stable ke C Barbet ii Megala White- imidae cheeked/ Psilopog Sanna Ali Jan- L Small C Re F O Stable onviridis kutra ke Jun C Green Barbet Brown Psilopog Headed/L on Dodda Ali Feb- L arge C Re F O Stable zeylsnciu kutra ke Jun C Green s Barbet Jynx Ali May- L Decreasi Picidae Wryneck - UC M SL I torquilla ke Jun C ng Merops Green Sannakall Ali Feb- L Increasi orientali C Re SL I Bee-eater ipeera ke May C ng s Blue- Merops Neelibaal SL Ali Mar- L tailed philippin adakallip C M /W I Stable ke jun C Meropi Bee-eater us eera L dae Blue Nyctyorn SL Jenu Ali L Decreasi Bearded is UC M /W I - gutura ke C ng Corac Bee-eater Atherton L 14 iiform Chest-nut Merops SL Ali L Decreasi es headed leschena - R M /W I - ke C ng Bee-eater ulti L Oriental Sanna F/ dwarf Ceyxerit Ali Feb- L Decreasi kappu UC Re W Cr Kingfishe haca ke Jun C ng Alcedi minchulli L r nidae Black- Kari Halcyon Ali Mar- L Decreasi capped mande C Re W Cr pileata ke Apr C ng Kingfishe minchulli

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r White- F/ breasted/ Halcyon Gaddhe W Ali Mar- L Increasi Throated smyrnen C Re Cr minchulli L/ ke Jul C ng Kingfishe sis SL r Blue Alcedo F/ Eared Ali L Decreasi menintin UC Re W Cr - Kingfishe ke C ng g L r Stork- Pelargo billed Hemminc W Ali Mar- L Decreasi psiscape C Re Cr Kingfishe hulli L ke Jul C ng nsis r Small Blue/ Kiru/Neel Alcedo W Ali Mar- L Common iminchull C Re Cr Stable rudis L ke Jun C Kingfishe i r Di Pied Ceryle Kappu W mo Oct- L Unknow Kingfishe C Re Cr rudis minchulli L rph May C n r ic Indian Coracias G Coracii Neelakant Ali Mar- L Increasi Roller/Bl benghale C Re L/ Cr dae a ke Jul C ng ue Jay nsis SL Di Plum- Psittacul Kemman mo Dec- L Decreasi headed acyanoc de/Kenda C Re F Fr rph Mar C ng Parakeet ephala legili ic Di Rose- F/ Psittacul Gulabikor mo Feb- L Increasi ringed VC Re H Fr akrameri alinagili rph Apr C ng Parakeet S ic Di Psittacul 15 Psitta Psittac Malabar Neelirekk mo Jan- L Decreasi acolumb UC Re F Fr cifor ulidae Parakeet egili rph Apr C ng oides* mes ic Di Alexandri Psittacul Raamagil mo Dec- L Decreasi ne aeupatri UC Re F Fr i rph Apr C ng Parakeet a ic Vernal Loriculu Ali L Decreasi hanging Chittugili UC Re F Fr _ svernalis ke C ng Parrot Taale Cypsiuru Asian baanadi/T s C Ali L Capri Palm aale C Re I - Stable Apodid balasien L ke C mulgi Swift aakasha 16 ae sis forme gubbi

s Apus Sooru House H Ali Feb- L Increasi nipalensi aakashag C Re I swift S ke Sep C ng s ubbi Pericroc Di Sanna Small otus mo Feb- L chitrapak C Re F I Stable Minivet cinnamo rph Aug C shi meus ic Pericroc Di Gulaganji Scarlet otus mo Apr- L /chitrapak C Re F I Stable Minivet speciosu rph Jul C shi s ic Pericroc Di White- Passe Campe otus Kappu mo Jun- L Decreasi 17 bellied UC Re F I rifor phagid erythrop gulaganji rph Oct C ing Minivet mes ae ygius ic Pericroc Di Boodhi Ashy otus mo Apr- L chitrapak C Re F I Stable Minivet divaricat rph Jul C shi us ic Pericroc Di Orange otus Kittale mo Apr- L C Re F I Stable Minivet flammeu gulaganji rph Jun C s ic

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Large Coracin Ali Mar- L Decreasi Cuckoosh ajavensi Keechuga UC Re F O ke Aug C ng rike s Black- Lalagem Karimand headed Ali Mar- L Decreasi elanopte e/Dodda UC Re F O Cuckoosh ke Aug C ng ra keechuga rike Black- Karimand Di Oriolus F/ headed/h e/Kariara mo Apr- L Decreasi xanthorn C Re C O ooded sinaburud rph Jul C ng us L Oriole e ic Di Oriolid Eurasian Oriolus Arasina mo Apr- L Decreasi ae golden C Re F O oriolus burude rph Jul C ng Oriole ic Di Black- Oriolus F/ I/N/ mo May- L Unknow naped chinensi - C Re C F rph Jun C n Oriole s L ic Tephrod Kaadukal Common ornis inga/Ada Ali Mar- L Decreasi Woodshri UC Re F I pondicer vi ke Apr C ng ke ianus keechuga Large Tephrod Kaadu Ali L Unknow Woodshri ornis UC Re F I - keechuga ke C n ke gularis Malabar Tephrod Ali L Unknow Vangid Woodshri ornis - UC Re F I - ke C n ae ke sylvicola Bar- Di winged/P Hemipus mo Mar- L ied - UC Re F I Stable picatus rph May C Flycatche ic r-Shrike Pitta Hanaalu Indian Ali L Decreasi brachyur Gubbi/Na UC Re F I - Pitta ke C ng an varanga Galerida Malabar Ali Mar- L malabari - UC Re SL O Stable Lark ke Jun C Alaudi ca dae Oriental/ Alauda F/ Ali L Decreasi Small - UC Re O - gulgula SL ke C ng Skylark White/Pie Motacill Bili W Ali May- L C M I Stable d Wagtail a alba Sipale L ke Jul C White- Motacill G/ browed/L a Dodda Ali Mar- L C Re W I Stable arge Pied maderas Sipale ke Sep C L Wagtail patensis Motacill Grey Boodhu W Ali May- L Motaci a C M I Stable Wagtail sipale L ke Jul C llidae cinerea Anthus Ali May- L Decreasi Tree Pipit - UC M SL O trivialis ke Jul C ng Olive- backed/In Anthus Ali Apr- L dian/Hod - C M F I Stable hodgsoni ke Aug C gson’s

Pipit Pycnono Boodu Grey- tus mande F/ Ali Feb- L Decreasi Headed C Re I/F prioceph peekalaar SL ke Aug C ng Bulbul alus a Flame/Or Pycnono ange- Peekalaar Ali Feb- L Unknow tus UC Re F I/F Pychno throated a ke Apr C n gularis notidae Bulbul Red- Pycnono Kemmese F/ Ali Feb- L Decreasi whiskere tus Peekalaar C Re I/F SL ke Aug C ng d Bulbul jocosus a Red- Kempuba F/ Pycnono Ali Feb- L Increasi vented alada C Re H I/F tus cafer ke May C ng Bulbul Peekalaar S

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a Bili White- Pycnono hubbina browed I/F/ Ali Mar- L tus haladi UC Re SL Stable Yellow N ke Sep C luteolus peekalaar Bulbul a Yellow- Haladi Acritilla Ali Feb- L browed peekalaar UC Re F F/I Stable s indica ke May C bulbul a Square- Hypsipet Kappu Ali May- L tailed es peekalaar C Re F F/I Stable ke Jul C Bulbul ganeesa a Himalaya Hypsipet n Kari es Ali May- L Black/Asi Peekalaar C Re F F/I Stable leucocep ke Jul C an Black a halus Bulbul Golden- Yele Chlorop Di fronted hakki/Has sis F/ F/I/ mo May- L Leafbird/ uru C Re Stable aurifron SL N rph Aug C Chloropsi peekalaar s ic s a Blue- Chlorop Di winged sis Yele F/ mo N Decreasi Leafbird/ VR Re I - cochinch Hakki SL rph T ng Chloro Chloropsi inensis ic pseidae s Golden- Chlorop Di fronted sis Yele F/ I/F/ mo May- L Leafbird/ UC Re Stable aurifron hakki SL N rph Aug C Chloropsi s ic s Di Asian Irenida Irena Neeli I/F/ mo Feb- L Decreasi Fairy- UC Re F e puella Sillara N rph Apr C ng bluebird ic SL Brown Lanius Kandu Ali May- L Decreasi C M /D I Shrike cristatus kalinga ke Jun C ng L Bay- Kadugan Lanius Ali Apr- L backed du C Re SL I/C Stable vittatus ke Sep C Laniida Shrike kalinga e Kengand Long- hu tailed/Ruf Lanius bennina Ali Feb- L Unknow ous- C Re SL I/C schach kalinga/K ke Apr C n backed ebbe Shrike keechuga Blue- capped/B Monticol Di Neelithal lue- a mo Apr- L eya bande UC Re F I Stable headed cinclorh rph Jun C sillara Rock yncha ic Thrush Monticol Di Blue Neeli a mo Apr- L Rock kallu C Re F I/F Stable solitarie rph Jul C Thrush gutura s ic Orange- Geokichl Nelagutur Ali May- L Decreasi headed C Re F I/F Muscic a citrine a ke Jun C ng Thrush apidae Myopho Malabar Gopi nus Ali May- L Unknow Whistling hakki/Sar C Re F O horsfield ke Aug C n Thrush alu sillara ii Indian Di Chittu Blue Larvivor mo Apr- L Decreasi madivaal UC Re F I/N Robin/Ch a brunea rph Jul C ng a at ic Di Saxicolo Indian Madivaal mo Apr- L Decreasi ides C Re F I Robin a rph Jul C ng fulicatus ic

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Di Oriental Copsych Madivaal F/ mo Apr- L Magpie us C Re I/N Stable a SL rph Jul C Robin saularis ic White- Kittacinc Di rumped la mo Apr- L Decreasi Shama/S Shama UC Re F I malabari rph Jun C ng hama ca ic Thrush Di Pied Saxicola Neeliman W mo Feb- L C Re I Stable Bushchat caprata de peepi L rph May C ic Asian Muscica Ali Apr- L Brown pa Korala UC M F I Stable ke Jun C Flycather dauurica Brown- Muscipa breasted Hulagulu Ali L Decreasi pa UC M F I - Flycatche ka ke C ng muttui r Red- Di Nettaruga F/ breasted Ficedula mo L lla/Hulag C M W I/F - Stable Flycatche parva rph C uluka L r ic Di Verditer Eumyias Neeli mo Apr- L Flycatche thalassin hulaguluk UC Re F I Stable rph Jun C r us a ic Niligiri Eumyias Hulagulu Ali L Decreasi Flycatche albicaud UC M F I - ka ke C ng r ata White- Di Monar bellied Cyornis Hulagulu mo Feb- L Decreasi chidae Blue pallidipe UC Re F I ka rph Sep C ng Flycatche s ic r Tickell’s Blue Cyornis Hulagulu Ali Mar- L C Re F I Stable Flycatche tickelliae ka ke Aug C r Grey- Culicica Boodutha headed pa leya Ali Apr- L UC Re F I Stable canary- ceylonee nonahidu ke Jun C flycatcher nsis ka Asian Baaladan Di Terpsiph Paradise de mo Feb- L one UC Re F I Stable Flycatche Hakki/Ra rph Jul C paradise r ja hakki ic Black- Di naped Hypothy mo Apr- L Monarch/ mis - UC M F I Stable rph Aug C Flycatche azurea ic r/Warbler White- Rhipidur spotted/S a Beesanig F/ Ali Mar- L Unknow pot C Re I albogula e baala SL ke Aug C n Rhipid breasted ris uridae Fantail White- Rhipidur Ali L Decreasi browed a - UC Re F I - ke C ng fantail aureola Puff- Pellorne throated/ Chukke Ali Mar- L m C Re F I Stable Spotted chikka ke May C ruficeps Pellorn Babbler eidae Pomator Indian hinus Patti Ali Dec- L Increasi Scimitar UC Re F I/F horsfield chikka ke May C ng Babbler ii Dark- Rhopoco Timalii Fronted/ Ali May- L Decreasi chla Chikka UC Re F I dae Black- ke Jul C ng atriceps headed/

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Babbler Rufous Turdoide Kempu Ali L Decreasi Bellied s geejagaar UC Re F I - ke C ng Babbler subrufus lu Yellow- Chrysom Sylviid Arashina F/ Ali Jun- L eyed ma C Re I/F Stable ae kannu SL ke Sep C Babbler sinense Kaadu Jungle Turdoide Ali All L geejagarl C Re F O Stable Leitric Babbler s striata ke Year C u hidae Common Argya Geejagarl Ali Mar- L C Re SL O Stable Babbler caudate u ke Jul C Di Velvet- Makmal Sitta mo Feb- L Decreasi Sittidae fronted netthi/Ma C Re F I frontalis rph Apr C ng Nuthatch ragubbi ic Di Turdus Kari Turdid Indian mo May- L simillim goravank C Re F I/F Stable ae Blackbird rph Aug C us a ic Common/ Kavaluth Hirundo W Ali Apr- L Decreasi Barn oke/Amb C Re I rustica L ke Jul C ng Swallow ara gubbi Hirund Tanthi idinida Wire- baalada e Hirundo W Ali All L Increasi tailed kavalutho C Re I smithii L ke Year C ng Swallow ke/ambar a gubbi Grey- Prinia Ali Jun- L breasted hodgsoni - C Re SL I/N Stable ke Oct C Prinia i G Jungle Prinia Suvvi Ali Mar- L Decreasi C Re L/ I Prinia sylvatica Hakki ke Oct C ng SL Plain G Prinia/Pla Prinia Ali Mar- L - C Re L/ I Stable in Wren inornata ke Sep C Cistico F Warbler lidae Ashy Prinia/As Prinia Tuvvi F/ Ali Mar- L C Re I Stable hy Wren socialis Hakki SL ke Sep C Warbler Di Common Orthoto Simpiga/ F/ mo Apr- L Tailorbir mus Hasuru C Re I/N Stable SL rph Sep C d sutorius tuvvi ic Di Aegithi Common Aegithin Madhura mo May- L Unknow C Re F I nidae Iora atiphia kanta rph Sep C n ic Greater Brunga Dicrurus Racker- raja/Bhee Ali Apr- L Decreasi paradise UC Re F O tailed maraja/K ke Aug C ng us Drongo aajana White- Dicrurus Bilihottey F/ Ali Mar- L Decreasi bellied caerules UC Re O akaajana SL ke Jun C ng Drongo cens Dicrurus Ashy Bhoodhi F/ Ali L Unknow Dicruri leucopha C Re O - Drongo bhujanga SL ke C n dae eus Dicrurus Kari Black F/ Ali Apr- L macroce bhujanga/ VC Re O Stable Drongo SL ke Aug C rcus Kaajana Bronzed Dicrurus F/ Ali L Unknow C Re O - Drongo aeneus SL ke C n Dicrurus Spangled F/ Ali L Unknow bracteat C Re O - Drongo SL ke C n us Mata Dendroc Rufous pakshi/N F/ Ali Mar- L Corvid ittavaga C Re O Stable Treepie ookareba SL ke May C ae bunda ala White- Dendroc Bilinooka C Re F/ O Ali Mar- L Stable

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bellied ittaleuco rebaala SL ke May C Treepie gastra* House Corvoss Oorukaag H Ali Apr- L VC Re O Stable crow plendens e S ke Jun C Corvus Jungle Kaadukaa H Ali Dec- L Stable macrorh VC Re O Crow ge S ke Apr C ynchos Di Ploceus Neygaara Ploceid Baya mp Jun- L philippin pakshi/Ge C Re SL H/I Stable ae Weaver orp Sep C us ejuga hic Badanike Flowerpe Dicaeum Ali Feb- L Decreasi pakshi/H C Re SL H cker concolor ke Jun C ng ookutuka Thick- Dappako billed Dicaeum Ali Jan- L kkina C Re F O Stable Flowerpe agile ke Jun C Badanike cker Dicaei Tickell’s/ dae Pale- Dicaeum Ali Feb- L billed erythror Badanike C Re G F/N Stable ke Jun C Flowerpe hynchos cker Niligiri Dicaeum Pelava D Ali L Flowerpe C Re F/N - Stable concolor badanike F ke C cker Leptoco Di Purple- Haladi ma mo All L rumped hoogubbi/ C Re F I/N Stable zeylonic rph Year C Sunbird Soorakki a ic Kari Di Purple Cinnyris hoogubbi/ mo All L C Re F I/N Stable Sunbird asiaticus Nerale rph Year C soorakki ic Vigors’s/ Di Western Aethopy mo Apr- L Crimson/ ga - UC Re F I/N Stable rph Oct C Sahyadri vigorsii ic Sunbird Di Crimson- Leptoco Sanna mo Dec- L Unknow backed ma C Re* F I/N Soorakki rph Apr C n Sunbird minima ic Di Loten’s Cinnyris mo L Unknow Soorakki C Re F I/N - Sunbird lotenius rph C n ic Nectari Arahnot niidae Little hera Baale Ali Mar- L Spiderhu C Re F I/N Stable longirost gubbi ke Sep C nter rs Scaly- Lonchur F/ Chukke Ali Jul- L breasted apunctul C Re G O Stable muniya ke Oct C Munia ata L Black- F/ Lonchur Kari Ali L throated C Re G O - Stable akelaarti muniya ke C Munia L Black- Lonchur Kappu F/ Ali Jul- L headed a thaleyam C Re G O Stable ke Oct C Muniya Malacca uniya L White- Biliprusht F/ rumped Lonchur Ali All L ada C Re G H Stable Munia/M a striata ke Year C raatavala L annikin Red Amanda Di Avadavat va Kempu mo Jun- L /Munia/St UC Re SL H Stable amandav raatavaala rph Oct C rawberry a ic Finch Zosterop Biliganni Oriental Zostero s na I/N/ Ali Apr- L Decreasi White C Re SL pidae palpebro chitagubb F ke Jul C ng Eye sus i/Belgann

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a Carpoda Di Common Fringill cus Kesari mo Jun- L Decreasi Rosefinc UC M SL H/F idae erythrin gubbi rph Aug C ng h us ic White- Sturnia L Decreasi headed erythrop - UC M SL H/I - - C ng Starling ygia Sturnia Brahminy Karithale F/ Ali May- L Unknow pagodar C Re I/F Starling kabbakki SL ke Jul C n un Indian/Co Acridoth F/ Sturnid Goravank Ali Apr- L Increasi mmon eres C Re H I/F ae a/Myna ke Aug C ng Myna tristis S Acridoth Jungle Kaadu F/ Ali Feb- L Decreasi eres C Re I/F Myna goravaka SL ke Jul C ng fuscus Lesser Gracula Ali L Decreasi Hill Kaamalli C Re F I/F - religiosa ke C ng Myna Acrocep Blyth halus Ali L Increasi Reed - UC M SL I - dumento ke C ng Warbler rum Clamorou Acrocep W s/Great halus L/ Ali May- L Indian Tuvvi C WM I Stable stentore R ke Aug C Reed us B Warbler Greenish/ Indian Phyllosc Warren/D opus Kiru Ali May- L Increasi UC M SL I ull Green trochiloi tuvvi ke Aug C ng Acroce Leaf des phalida Warbler e Large- Acrocep billed Ali D Decreasi halus - R M SL I - Reed- ke D ng orinus Warbler Western- Phyllosc crowned opus Ali L - UC M SL I - Stable Leaf occipital ke C Warbler is Sulphur- bellied/Ol Phyllosc ivaceous Ali L opus - C M F I - Stable Leaf ke C griselous Warbler Warbler Great Parus Kaanu Ali Feb- L Increasi Tit/Ciner C Re SL O major Gubbi ke Nov C ng eous Tit Indian Paridae Yellow Parus Karichotti Ali Apr- L Tit/Indian aplonotu Kaanugu C Re F I/F Stable ke Sep C Black- s bbi lored Tit Chest- Sitta Kempu Ali L Unknow bellied cinnamo Maragub R M F F - ke C n Nuthatch ventris bi Sittidae Di Velvet- Makmaln Sitta D mo Feb- L Decreasi fronted etthi/Mar C Re I frontalis F rph Apr C ng Nuthatch agubbi ic Di Passer House Gubbacch H mo All L Decreasi domestic C Re O sparrow i S rph year C ng us ic Passeri Chestnut- dae Gymnori Arashina Di shouldere s kutthige F/ mo Apr- L d C Re O Stable xanthoco gubbacch SL rph Jun C Petronia/ llis i ic Yellow-

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throated Sparrow Ashy Woodswa Artami llow/Ash Artamus Ali Apr- L - UC Re F I Stable dae y fuscus ke Jun C Swallow- shrike

ReM-Resident Migratory, Re-Resident, M-Migratory, WM=Winter Migratory WL-Wetland, RS-River Side, F-Forest, EF- Evergreen Forest, DF- Decidious Forest, G-Garden, SL-Scrubland, CL-Cultivated Land, HS-Human Settlements, G-Garden, DL-Desert Land, RB-Reed Beds, O-Omnivores, H-Herbivores, I-Insectivores, Cr-Carnivores, Fr-Frugivores, P-Piscivores, N-Nector, LC-Least Concerned, NT-Near Threatened, VU-Vulnerable, DD-Date Deficient*-Endemicto Region Abundance: VC-Very Common(>10 Sightings), C-Common(5-10 Sightings), UC-Uncommon(3-5 Sightings), R-Rare(<3 Sightings)

III. Results And Discussions A total of 263 birds belonging to 17 Orders and 63 Families have been identified in the present study which includes220 resident birds (83.6%), 2 resident migratory, 2 Winter Migratory birds and 37 migratory birds (Fig 1).

Figure-1

According to the present study Anseriformes are 1.90%, Columbiformes-3.80%, Galliformes-4.56, Cuculiformes are 3.80, Gruiformes-2.66 %, Pelicaniformes are 9.88%, Charadriiformes are 228%, Acciptriformes are 5.7%,Falconifornes are 0.38%, Strigiformes are 2.28%, Trogoniformes are 0.38%, Bucerotiformes are 1.9%, Piciformes are 7.22%, Coraciiformes are 4.56%, Psittaciformes are 1.9%, Caprimulgiformes are 0.76% and Passeriformes are 46.007% (Fig 2).

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Our studies reveal that of the 263 species of birds documented only 41.06% (108 species) of birds are maintaining stable population while the population of 42.58% (112 species) of species are found to be decreasingand only 7.98% (22 species)species population was found to be increasing (Fig-3). The decreased population of most of the species is due to the following reasons;  Developmental activities like road extension, construction of bridges, and construction of huts/houses by the villagers.  Expansion of agriculture to forest areas by the people who do not own land  Poaching of song birds for trade and to keep them as pets.  Hunting of heavy birds by humans and other predators for food.  The eggs of certain birds like Red/yellow Watlled Lapwing are believed to have medicinal values and thus the local medicine practitioners of the village are known to steal the eggs of these birds.  The flesh of few birds such as Grey partridge (Teetar), Jungle fowl, Jungle quail, Bush quail, Red spurfowl, Spotted pigeon, Rock pigeon are most popularly consumed by the local people by hunting/poaching as they believe these birds are good for health and gives strength.  Sole dependence of food option by many of the birds (Eg. Pelicans are solely dependent on fish for their food). The depletion in the food sources is also leading to the depletion of bird population.

Figure-3

The most important data are population size and range, and trends in one or other of these. Trends are impossible to measure unless some baseline has previously been set. For most species this has yet to be done. Nutritional behavior of the birds recorded have shown that, about 8.64% are Omnivores (insects, nectar, grains, seeds, fruits, reptiles, fishes etc), 12.54% are Herbivores (grains, seeds, sea plants, weeds Nectar and etc), 48.67% are Carnivores (Fishes, Reptiles, Insects, Cocoons, Amphibians, Small Birds etc) respectively(Fig 4). The population percentage of Carnivores (46.87) is almost in concurrence with the combined population of Omnivores (38.64) and Herbivores (12.54%).

Figure-4

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Among the recorded species 21.29% of the species depend on Wetlands (Lakes, channels, reservoirs, swamps, marshes, rivers, riverside etc), 41.44% of the species are dependent on Forests (Woodland, Decidious Forests, Evergreen Forests etc), 23.19% of the species are dependent on Mixed type of habitats, and the remaining 14.08% are dependent on other habitats (Human settlements, Grasslands, Cultivated lands etc) (Fig- 5).

Figure-5

The coverage region for the present study is almost uniform. Most of the species have been sighted in evergreen and moist deciduous forests. About 83.6% species are found to be resident ones while 16.4% species are migratory. Bird surveys have become popular in the western ghat regions of Chikmagalur and Shimoga districts. The region is still characterized by high habitat structural complexity and heterogeneity. It is a well established fact that anthropogenic activities are disturbing the distribution and diversity of bird species. In the studied area the decrease in migratory species as well as wetland are birds due to such disturbances. The study furnishes the information related to the status of the avifauna of the region. Baseline data will come to be greatly valued when repeated in the future. The status of these species is helpful in proper management of them from becoming threatened or extinct.

Acknowledgement I am thankful to Mr. Abhishek Bharadwaj, Mr. Gunashekar H.B, Mrs. Shruthi and Mr. Varun for their support.The Range Forest Officer and the villagers of Shimoga and Chikmagalur districts for their help during field exploration.

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Sharath V.G. “Avifaunal Diversity in Western Ghats Regions of Shimoga and Chikmagalur Districts, Karnataka, India." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food

Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) 13.3 (2019): 71-89.

DOI: 10.9790/2402-1303027189 www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page