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Synergies of Cutting Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions by the End-Of-Pipe Treatment Facilities in a Typical Chinese Integrated Steel Plant

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Synergies of Cutting Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions by the End-Of-Pipe Treatment Facilities in a Typical Chinese Integrated Steel Plant sustainability Article Synergies of Cutting Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions by the End-of-Pipe Treatment Facilities in a Typical Chinese Integrated Steel Plant Haoyue Tang 1, Ping Jiang 1,2,*, Jia He 1 and Weichun Ma 1,2,* 1 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (J.H.) 2 Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (P.J.); [email protected] (W.M.) Received: 18 May 2020; Accepted: 18 June 2020; Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: Reducing industrial emissions has become increasingly important, given China’s ongoing industrialization. In this study, the reduction in CO2 emissions and air pollutants due to end-of-pipe treatment in a typical integrated steel plant in China was assessed. The emissions were subdivided into sector levels, including main production and auxiliary departments. The synergies of reducing air pollutants and CO2 emissions using end-of-pipe treatment technologies were quantified, including direct and indirect effects. The results show that (1) using the carbon balance method is more suitable for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the steel plants in China at the enterprise and sector levels. The carbon-related parameters adopted in the carbon balance method strongly impact the accuracy of the emission calculation. (2) Compared with the direct synergistic CO2 emissions caused by chemical reactions, the indirect emissions due to the power consumption of the end-of-pipe facilities is more significant. (3) To achieve the control of local air pollutants and CO2 emissions, the negative effects of CO2 emissions caused by the end-of-pipe treatment technologies should be considered. Keywords: steel plant; local atmospheric pollutant control; greenhouse gas emission; synergies; China 1. Introduction Addressing global climate change and the air pollution problem is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. The various local industrial air pollutants include particulate matter (PM), SO2, NOx, and CO2, and the majority of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are mainly generated by combusting fossil fuels. As such, there are synergies between reducing air pollutants and controlling GHG emissions. The iron and steel industry (ISI) is the source of a large amount of GHGs and local air pollutant emissions, so research has focused on the control of these emissions. During the past 10 years, with the implementation of structural adjustment and output control, the annual output of crude steel in China’s steel industry has stabilized at approximately 800 Mt, accounting for nearly 50% of the world’s total output [1] (Figure1). The high production of China’s ISI generates a large amount of SO2 and total suspended particulate (TSP) [2] (Figure2) emissions, so air pollutant reduction and energy e fficiency use improvement in the ISI have gradually become the focus of environmental protection. China’s total GHG emissions were 1.19 1010 t CO eq in 2012, of which the energy-related emissions accounted for 78.5% and industrial × · 2 process emissions for 12.3% [3]. The ISI is the third largest GHG emission source after thermal power and construction in China due to its coal-based energy structure and the large amount of carbon-related materials used [4]. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5157; doi:10.3390/su12125157 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020, 12, x 2 of 24 1,800,000 60% 1,600,000 50% t) 3 1,400,000 1,200,000 40% Sustainability 2020, 12, 5157 2 of 23 1,000,000 Sustainability 2020, 12, x 30% 2 of 24 800,000 Proportion 1,800,000600,000 20%60% 1,600,000400,000 Annual production(×10 Annual 10%50% t) 3 1,400,000200,000 1,200,0000 0%40% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1,000,000 China World Proportion 30% 800,000 Proportion 600,000Figure 1. Crude steel production in the world and China [1]. 20% 400,000 The highproduction(×10 Annual production of China’s ISI generates a large amount of SO2 and10% total suspended 200,000 particulate (TSP) [2] (Figure 2) emissions, so air pollutant reduction and energy efficiency use improvement in the ISI0 have gradually become the focus of environmental protection.0% China's total GHG emissions were 1.19 ×2008 1010 2009t·CO2 2010eq in 20112012, 2012of which 2013 the 2014 energy-related 2015 2016 2017 emissions accounted for 78.5% and industrial process emissionsChina for 12.3%World [3]. The ISI isProportion the third largest GHG emission source after thermal power and construction in China due to its coal-based energy structure and the large amount of carbon-related materials used [4]. Figure 1. Crude steel production in the world and China [1]. [1]. The high production4,500,000 of China’s ISI generates a large amount of SO2 and total suspended particulate (TSP) [2] (Figure 2) emissions, so air pollutant reduction and energy efficiency use 4,000,000 improvement in the ISI have gradually become the focus of environmental protection. China's total GHG emissions 3,500,000were 1.19 × 1010 t·CO2eq in 2012, of which the energy-related emissions accounted for 78.5% and industrial3,000,000 process emissions for 12.3% [3]. The ISI is the third largest GHG emission source after thermal power and construction in China due to its coal-based energy structure and the large 2,500,000 amount of carbon-related materials used [4]. 2,000,000 1,500,000 4,500,000 1,000,000 4,000,000 Air pollutant emissions (t) emissions Air pollutant 500,000 3,500,000 0 3,000,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2,500,000 SO2(t) TSP(t) 2,000,000 1,500,000 Figure 2. The emissions of SO and total suspended particulate (TSP) in the iron and steel industry [2]. Figure 2. The emissions of SO2 2 and total suspended particulate (TSP) in the iron and steel industry [2]. 1,000,000 In the current context, China’s emission control of local air pollutants is becoming increasingly Air pollutant emissions (t) emissions Air pollutant 500,000 strict.In The the implementation current context, of China's China’s emission Air Pollution control Prevention of local air and pollutants Control Action is becoming Plan [3 ]increasingly has brought China’s thermal power0 industry ultra-low-emission transformation close to completion, and the strict. The implementation of2005 China’s 2006 Air 2007 Pollution 2008 2009 Preventi 2010on 2011 and 2012Control 2013 Action 2014 Plan [3] has transformationbrought China's in thermal the ISI is power still underway industry ultra-low-em [5]. Of the SOission2 and PMtransformation2.5 discharged close in the to sinteringcompletion, process, and 65.62% is mainly from the converter process in China’s ISI [6], and end-of-pipe treatment is widely the transformation in the ISI is still underwaySO2(t) [5]. Of theTSP(t) SO2 and PM2.5 discharged in the sintering usedprocess, to reduce 65.62% the is mainly emission from of airthe pollutants.converter proces Flue gass in desulfurizationChina’s ISI [6], and (FGD) end-of-pipe technologies, treatment such is as limestone–gypsum wet FGD, rotary spray semi-dry FGD, ammonia desulphurization, and flue gas circulatingFigure fluid2. The bed emissions desulfurization, of SO2 and are total generally suspended applied particulate during (TSP sintering) in the iron [7]. and Besides steel theindustry bag filters and electrostatic[2]. precipitators (ESPs), which are the most commonly used industrial dedusting facilities, oxygen converter gas recovery systems and the Lurgi–Thyssen dust removal (LTDR) system are the In the current context, China's emission control of local air pollutants is becoming increasingly dust removal technologies used in the process of dedusting the converter fume [8]. strict. The implementation of China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan [3] has End-of-pipe treatment technologies for local air pollutants significantly reduce the emission of brought China's thermal power industry ultra-low-emission transformation close to completion, and local air pollutants, but some of them actually increase the emission of GHGs. To achieve synchronous the transformation in the ISI is still underway [5]. Of the SO2 and PM2.5 discharged in the sintering process, 65.62% is mainly from the converter process in China’s ISI [6], and end-of-pipe treatment is Sustainability 2020, 12, 5157 3 of 23 control, the production and emissions of local air pollutants and GHGs must be accurately calculated to study their correlation. Many energy efficiency improvement and energy-saving measures can simultaneously abate air pollutants and GHG emissions [9], which means that they have positive synergies. For example, Kuramochi, Xuan et al. found that using imported scrap steel in the steel industry can reduce CO2, SO2, and PM simultaneously [10,11]. SO2, NOx, PM, and CO2 emissions can be simultaneously reduced using energy-saving technologies [12,13] and industrial restructuring [14–16] in the steel industry. Most of the research has focused on the benefits produced by increasing energy efficiency, reducing energy use, reducing product output, and using alternative raw materials. However, some local air pollutant emission reduction technologies can increase the GHG emissions, especially end-of-pipe technologies [17,18], which are negative synergies. In the future, for industries with high energy consumption and high air pollutant emissions in China, such as the ISI, reducing air pollutants is more of a priority than reducing GHGs [18], and the end-of-pipe treatment technologies have the largest reduction potential to achieve local air pollution mitigation [19]. Although adopting end-of-pipe facilities is one of the main approaches to reducing local air pollutants, research is lacking on the synergies of air pollution control through end-of-pipe technologies, especially the co-effect of carbon emissions produced.
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