WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Vijay et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences SJIF Impact Factor 7.632 Volume 9, Issue 5, 1477-1484 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS EXTRACT OF JASMINUM OFFICINALE & KLEINIA BALSAMICA

Vijay Nigam1*, Prashant Gupta2, Shruti Mittal2 and Sanjay Kumar Jain3

1Department of Pharmacognosy, Daksh Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (DIPS), Distt: Chattarpur (M.P.) Pin Code- 471001, India. 2Department of Pharmacology, Daksh Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (DIPS), Distt: Chattarpur (M.P.) Pin Code- 471001, India. 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Daksh Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (DIPS), Distt: Chattarpur (M.P.) Pin Code- 471001, India.

Article Received on ABSTRACT 14 March 2020, The antibacterial activity of crude petroleum ether, benzene, Revised on 02 April 2020, Accepted on 22 April 2020 chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Jasminum

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20205-16130 officinale (Family: ) & Kleinia balsamica (Family: Compositae). Aerial parts were tested against Staphylococcus capitis,

*Corresponding Author Staphylococcus mutans, Pseudomonas mirabilis and Bacillus fragillis.

Dr. Vijay Nigam The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion Department of method. The zone of inhibition was compared with the standard drug Pharmacognosy, Daksh i.e. Penicillin. Petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and ethanol Institute of Pharmaceutical extracts were effective against the entire four test microorganism used Science (DIPS), Distt: Chattarpur (M.P.) Pin Code- respectively when compared to standard drug penicillin. The minimum

471001, India. inhibitory concentration [MIC] for S.capitis was 10,750,10,10,10 and 1000 mg/ml; MIC for S. mutans was 10,125,10,10,10 and 10 mg/ml;

MIC for P.mirabilis was 20, 10,10,10,20 and 10 mg/ml and MIC for B. fragillis was

10,10,10,20,10 and 20 mg/ml for petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively suggesting the antibacterial activity of Jasminum officinale &

Kleinia balsamica. Acetone extract was more effective followed by ethanol extract as

antibacterial agents when compared to other extracts of aerial parts of Jasminum officinale &

Kleinia balsamica. Work is under progress to reveal the chemical nature of the active constituents responsible for the antibacterial activity.

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020. 1477

Vijay et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

KEYWORDS: Aerial parts, antibacterial activity, Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica, minimum inhibitory concentration, zone of inhibition.

INTRODUCTION Jasminum officinale (Family: Oleaceae) & Kleinia balsamica (Family: Oleaceae). Jasminum officinale (Family: Oleaceae) is cultivated throughout India particularly Himalayas, Kulu valley, Shimla, Nepal, western China, Romania etc. It is commonly known as in English.[1,2] Jasminum officinale is commonly known as Jasmine. Jasmine can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow in color, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell- shaped. They are usually very fragrant. The fruits of are berries that turn black when ripe. The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). Kleinia in Maharashtra and Southern India that deviate from the typical Kleinia grandiflora with its whitish, disk-like, and erect flowers and short flower stems. Recently a new species of Kleinia from Kerala that closely resembles Kleinia balsamica.[3,4]

In Tradition System of Medicine, it is used as an anthelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, contraceptive, odontalgic, laxative, cardiotonic, antiscorbutic, blood purifier, hepatic disorder, spleen enlargement, biliousness, intestinal ulcers, digestive, carminative, aphrodisiac, dyspepsia, flatulence, strangury, seminal weakness, pharyngopathy, splenopathy, hemorrhoids, ophthalamopathy, cardiac disorder and general debility.[5,6,7,8] The phytoconstituents isolated so far from the are ascorbic acid, β-carotene, catechin, gallocatechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, xanthotoxin, stigmasterol, n-triacontanol, imperatorin, ecdysteroid,[9] cinnamic acid amide alkaloid,[7] phenol, saponin, apocartenoids,[11] crytomeridiol,[12] n-trans-feruloyl-4-O-methyl dopamine and syringaresinol[11] and β-sitosterol, lupeol and 3 hydroxy nonadecyl henicosanoate.[12] The pharmacological activity reported so far from this plant are antipruritic and antinociceptive activity,[13] anthelmintic activity[14] and as vaginal contraceptive.[15]

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020. 1478

Vijay et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

However there is no report on antibacterial activity of this plant. In the light of the above information, the present investigation was under taken to evaluate the antibacterial potential of different extracts of aerial parts of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material Plant material used in the study consisted of aerial parts of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica collected from the local area of Himalayas and authenticated by Dr. Anupam Shrivastava, Botany Department, Patanjali Research Institute (PRI), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. A voucher specimen is preserved in the Department.

Preparation of plant extract The dried aerial parts were coarsely powdered and subjected to successive extraction by soxhlation. The extraction was done with different solvents in their increasing order of polarity such as petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and distilled water. Each time the marc was dried and later extracted with other solvents. All the extract were concentrated by rotary vacuum evaporator and evaporated to dryness. 5 mg of the extract was weighed and dissolved in 5ml of DMSO which was labeled as stock 1. From stock 1 further dilution were made so as to get 10, 20, 50, 125, 250, 750 and 1000 µg/ml concentrations by using DMSO as solvent.

Microorganisms used All the microbial cultures, used for antimicrobial screening were procured from Microbiology Department, Patanjali Research Institute (PRI), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. The bacterial culture were maintained on Muller Hinton agar slants which were stored at 4oC.

Antibacterial activity Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) The extract were screened for their antibacterial activity in vitro by disc diffusion method[16] using S. capitis, S. mutans, P. mirabilis and B. fragillis as test organism. Agar cultures of the test microorganisms were prepared. Three to five similar colonies were selected and transferred to 5 ml broth with a loop and the broth cultures were incubated for 24 h at 37oC and suspension was checked to provide approximately 10[10] colony forming units per ml. 0.1 ml of organism’s suspension were spread evenly on the agar plates. For screening, sterile 3 mm diameter disc (Whatman filter paper No. 1) were impregnated with different www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020. 1479

Vijay et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

concentration till saturation, dried and placed in inoculated plates of Muller Hinton agar medium. DMSO solvent was used as negative control. The plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 h. After incubation for 24 h, the results were recorded by measuring the zones of inhibition surrounding the disc and the lowest concentration of each extract which is showing inhibition of growth of bacteria was determined as MIC. Penicillin (10µg/ml) was used as standard for bacteria.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The antibacterial activity of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica aerial part extracts was studied by employing disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus mutans, Pseudomonas mirabilis and Bacillus fragillis. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition are given in Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1: MIC values of different extracts of aerial parts of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica. MIC with concentration of extract [mg/ml] Microorganism used Petroleum ether Benzene Chloroform Acetone Ethanol Water Staphylococcus capitis 10 750 10 10 10 1000 Staphylococcus mutans 10 125 10 10 10 10 Pseudomonas mirabilis 20 10 10 10 20 10 Bacillus fragillis 10 10 10 20 10 20

Table 2: Zone of inhibition values (mm) of different extracts of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica. Zone of inhibition (mm) of extracts and standard Microorganism used Petroleum ether Benzene Chloroform Acetone Ethanol Water Penicillin Staphylococcus capitis 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 Staphylococcus mutans 7 7 7 8 7 7 11 Pseudomonas mirabilis 7 7 8 8 8 7 7 Bacillus fragillis 7 7 8 8 7 7 10

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020. 1480

Vijay et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica

Fig 1: Zone of inhibition [mm] of different extracts of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica.

It is clear from the Table 1 and 2 and Fig 1, Petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and ethanol extracts were effective against the entire four test microorganism used respectively when compared to standard drug penicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] for S.capitis was 10,750,10,10,10 and 1000 mg/ml; MIC for S. mutans was 10,125,10,10,10 and 10 mg/ml; MIC for P.mirabilis was 20, 10,10,10,20 and 10 mg/ml and MIC for B. fragillis was 10,10,10,20,10 and 20 mg/ml for petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively suggesting the antibacterial activity of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica . Work is under progress to reveal the chemical nature of the active constituents responsible for the antibacterial activity.

Fig. 2: Antibacterial activity.

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020. 1481

Vijay et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

CONCLUSION The above results suggest that acetone extract was more effective followed by ethanol extract as antibacterial agents when compared to other extracts of aerial parts of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to Chairman (Dr. Ashok Nigam) and Director (Ajay Lal Nigam), Daksh Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (DIPS), Distt: Chattarpur (M.P.) Pin Code- 471001, India, for providing necessary facilities.

REFERENCES 1. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley, 2008; 1136: ISBN 1405332964. 2. "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on, 2015; 01: 25. Retrieved 2014; 10: 17. 3. "Kleinia". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant , 2006; 02: 20. Retrieved 2008; 05: 02. www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020. 1482

Vijay et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

4. "Kleinia Mill". African plants database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. Retrieved, 2008; 04: 24. 5. S. S. Agarwal, B. P. Yamrekar, M. Paridhavi. Clinical Useful Herbal Drug. New Delhi: Abuja Publishing House, 2005; 10: 12. 6. H. Panda. Handbook on Medicinal Herbs with Uses. New Delhi: Asia Pacific Business Press, 2005; 325: 26. 7. K. Pramila, S. Neetu, R. Anju. Medicinal plants used in traditional health care system prevalent in Western Himalaya. Indian J. Traditional Knowle, 2006; 5(3): 300-309. 8. C. P. Khare. Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Springer International Publication, 2007; 141-142. 9. R. P. Rastogi, B. N. Mehrotra. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Lucknow: CDRI, 1998; 3: 162-163. 10. M. Della Greca, B. D’Abrosca, A. Fiorentino, H. Previtera, A. Zarrelli. Structure elucidation and phytotoxicity of ecdysteroids from Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica . Chem. Biodivers, 2005; 2(4): 457-62. 11. M. Della Greca, C. Di Marino, A. Zarrelli, B. D’Abrosca. Isolation and phytotoxicity of apocarotenoids from Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica . J. Nat. Prod, 2004; 67(9): 1492-5. 12. F. Cutillo, B. D’Abrosca, M. Della Greca, A. Zarrelli. Chenoalbicin, a novel cinnamic acid amide alkaloid from Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica. Chem. Biodivers, 2004; 1(10): 1579-83. 13. F. Cutillo, M. Della Greca, M. Gionti, H. Previtera, A. Zarrelli. Phenol and lignans from Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica. Phytochemical Anal, 2006; 17(5): 344-9. 14. D. Jhade, M. P. Padmaa, G. Usha, G. Isolation of phytoconstituents from the leaves of Jasminum officinale & Kleinia balsamica n. J. of Pharmacy Res, 2009; 2(7): 1192-1193. 15. Y. Dai, W. C. Ye, Z. T. Wang, H. Mastuda, M. Kubo, P. P. But. Antiprurutic and antinociceptive effect of Jasminum Officinale & Kleinia Balsamica L in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2002; 81(2): 245-50. 16. A. Jabbar, M.A. Zaman, Z. Labal, M. Yaseen, A. Shamin. Anthelmintic activity of Jasminum Officinale & Kleinia Balsamica L and Caesalpinia crista L against trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2007; 114(1): 86-91.

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020. 1483

Vijay et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

17. S.Kumar, S. Biswas, D. Mandal, H.N. Roy, S. Chakraborty, S.N. Kabir. Jasminum Officinale & Kleinia Balsamica seed extract: a potent sperm immobilizing agent both in vivo and in vitro. Contraception. 2007; 75(1): 71-8. 18. Greenwood, Slack CB, Peutherer TT. Medical Microbiology, a Guide to Microbial Infections, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. London: Churchill Livingston, 2002; 225-285. 19. M., Ghosh A.K.M., Saluja A.K. "Antifertility activity of the floral buds of Jasminum officinale Var. grandiflorum in rats" Phytotherapy Research, 1993; 7(1): 5-8. 20. P. Joy and D.P. Raja. "Antibacterial activity studies of and ." Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2008; 12: 481-483. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=ebl 21. Gledhill, Davi "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback), 2008; 220.

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020. 1484