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Spring 2021 Full Issue Naval War College Review Volume 74 Number 2 Spring 2021 Article 1 2021 Spring 2021 Full Issue The U.S. Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The U.S. (2021) "Spring 2021 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 74 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol74/iss2/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Spring 2021 Full Issue Spring 2021 Volume 74, Number 2 Spring 2021 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2021 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 74 [2021], No. 2, Art. 1 Cover The cover reproduces an oil-on-canvas painting by “Andy,” ca. 1970. In early October 1973, the U.S. Sixth Fleet, with USS Little Rock (CG 4) as flagship, mobilized in the eastern Mediterranean during that year’s Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Yom Kippur War. A Soviet fleet in the same area created a potential for the localized war to escalate, so Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr., USN, ordered the American ships to move westward to reduce the potential for provocation. In “The Transformation of the Israel Defense Forces,” Avi Jager traces the challenges and fortunes of the Israel Defense Forces following the 1973 conflict, especially with regard to low-intensity conflict with nonstate actors, and discusses the changes made to its various branches, units, and armaments to operate better in the modern environment. Source: Naval History and Heritage Command https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol74/iss2/1 2 Naval War College: Spring 2021 Full Issue NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Spring 2021 Volume 74, Number 2 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2021 3 Naval War College Review, Vol. 74 [2021], No. 2, Art. 1 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS ADVISORY BOARD PRESIDENT, NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Seth Cropsey Rear Adm. Shoshana S. Chatfield, USN Amb. Paula J. Dobriansky PROVOST Jeffrey Kline Dr. James E. Hickey Capt. Robert C. Rubel, USN (Ret.) Geoffrey Till DEAN OF NAVAL WARFARE STUDIES Francis J. West Thomas J. Culora Dov S. Zakheim NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS Carnes Lord, Editor NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW EDITORIAL BOARD Robert Ayer, Managing Editor Donald Chisholm Steven P. Stashwick, Associate Editor for Content Stephen Downes-Martin Kate Acosta, Associate Editor for Books Andrew S. Erickson Kaila Aguiar, Associate Editor for Review Col. Theodore L. Gatchel, USMC (Ret.) Timothy J. Demy and Brad Carter, Book Review Cdr. Sean Henseler, USN (Ret.) Editors Cdr. James Kraska, USN (Ret.) Lori A. Almeida, Administrative Assistant and Capt. Thomas Mangold, USN (Ret.) Circulation Manager John Maurer Col. Mackubin Owens, USMC (Ret.) Naval War College Review Capt. Derek S. Reveron, USNR Code 32, Naval War College Capt. Peter M. Swartz, USN (Ret.) 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207 Capt. Sam Tangredi, USN (Ret.) Fax: 401-841-1071 Scott C. Truver DSN exchange, all lines: 841 James J. Wirtz Website: www.usnwc.edu/Publications/ Naval-War-College-Press http://twitter.com/NavalWarCollege Editor, Circulation, or Business 401-841-2236 [email protected] Managing Editor 401-841-4552 [email protected] Book Reviews [email protected] Other Naval War College Offices 401-841-3089 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol74/iss2/1 4 Naval War College: Spring 2021 Full Issue The Naval War College Review was established in 1948 as a forum for discussion of public policy matters of interest to the maritime services. The thoughts and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. government, the U.S. Navy Department, or the Naval War College. The journal is published quarterly. Distribution is limited generally to commands and activities of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard; regular and reserve officers of U.S. services; foreign officers and civilians having a present or previous affiliation with the Naval War College; selected U.S. government officials and agencies; and selected U.S. and international libraries, research centers, publica- tions, and educational institutions. Contributors Please request the standard contributors’ guidance from the managing editor or access it online before submitting manuscripts. The Naval War College Review nei- ther offers nor makes compensation for articles or book reviews, and it assumes no responsibility for the return of manuscripts, although every effort is made to return those not accepted. In submitting work, the sender warrants that it is original, that it is the sender’s property, and that neither it nor a similar work by the sender has been accepted or is under consideration elsewhere. Permissions Reproduction and reprinting are subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and appli- cable treaties of the United States. To obtain permission to reproduce material bearing a copyright notice, or to reproduce any material for commercial pur- poses, contact the editor for each use. Material not bearing a copyright notice may be freely reproduced for academic or other noncommercial use; however, it is requested that the author and Naval War College Review be credited and that the editor be informed. Periodicals postage paid at Newport, RI. POSTMASTERS, send address changes to: Naval War College Review, Code 32S, Naval War College, 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207. ISSN 0028-1484 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2021 5 Naval War College Review, Vol. 74 [2021], No. 2, Art. 1 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol74/iss2/1 6 Naval War College: Spring 2021 Full Issue CONTENTS From the Editors � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 President’s Forum � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 The Middle East The Transformation of the Israel Defense Forces � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 13 Avi Jager Recent major changes to the Israel Defense Forces that reduced infantry, armor, and artillery ele- ments in response to the rise of nonstate adversaries mean that in any future multifront war it will be much more difficult for IDF ground forces to capture areas in the Gaza Strip, southern Lebanon, Syria, and elsewhere� Cultural Challenges for Israeli Sea Power in the Eastern Mediterranean � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 37 Samuel Helfont The strategic-military significance of the recent discovery of extensive natural gas fields in the eastern Mediterranean works against Israel’s traditional reluctance to become a sea power� But any “turn to the sea” will require adopting a broad national and strategic mind-set in the face of cultural constraints that keep Israel tied to the land� Asia Rising The 1988 Blues Admirals, Activists, and the Development of the Chinese Maritime Identity � � � � � � � � � 61 Andrew Rhodes In 1988, the views of the prodemocracy creators of a popular documentary had little in common with the PLAN leadership’s views regarding China’s governance, but there is surprising overlap in the way the two groups were “selling the sea,” helping to explain a critical moment in the evolution of China’s maritime identity and commitment to maritime power� Maritime Security The Middle Kingdom Returns to the Sea, While America Turns Its Back How China Came to Dominate the Global Maritime Industry, and the Implications for the World � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 81 Christopher J. McMahon China soon virtually will control the global seagoing supply chain, with staggering consequences for the United States, its allies, and the world� As a nation dependent on maritime transportation for its economy and the movement of its military forces, the United States must take immediate, decisive steps to promote the reestablishment of a healthy and competitive U�S� maritime industry� Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2021 7 2 NAVAL WARNaval COLLEGE War REVIEW College Review, Vol. 74 [2021], No. 2, Art. 1 Operational Art One Approach, Two Results The French Army, the U.S. Marines, and the Frontal Assault during the World Wars � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 115 Ethan S. Rafuse The French army’s 1940 campaign was disastrous, whereas the U�S� Marine Corps cracked the problem of making an opposed amphibious landing, keying victory over imperial Japan� But despite these military organizations’ different approaches, a closer examination reveals that the two services shared more in common in the problems they faced and the answers they developed than their operational results suggest� Allied Navies London and Washington Maintaining Naval Cooperation despite Strategic Differences during Operation EARNEST WILL � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 134 Richard A.
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